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歷史淵源

常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)迄今為(wei)止，已有(you)(you)(you)三千年以(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳承(cheng)歷史。考察其(qi)源流，最早可以(yi)追溯(su)到先秦時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)唱(chang)（吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)），肇始于(yu)戰(zhan)國時(shi)代(dai)(dai)，經唐宋發展，明清走向繁盛。常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古屬(shu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)念最先源于(yu)春秋(qiu)后期五霸(ba)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國，當時(shi)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)國的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)疆(jiang)域(yu)大(da)致在(zai)(zai)今天的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)南(nan)太湖流域(yu)、浙北地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)和皖東(dong)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)，狹義上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)一(yi)般就是(shi)指的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蘇(su)南(nan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)（蘇(su)錫常）。關于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)許(xu)多(duo)(duo)記載(zai)，最早出現(xian)在(zai)(zai)《戰(zhan)國策·秦策二》：“臣不知其(qi)思(si)與不思(si)。誠思(si)則將(jiang)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，今軫將(jiang)為(wei)王吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)。”吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)和人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)文地(di)(di)(di)理，也(ye)造就了(le)(le)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音樂、語言(yan)和文學藝(yi)術(shu)，吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)基于(yu)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)，有(you)(you)(you)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)音調，李白在(zai)(zai)他(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)詩文中(zhong)多(duo)(duo)次提到“吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)歌)”，“我有(you)(you)(you)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)趨(qu)曲,無(wu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)知此音”(《贈薛(xue)校(xiao)書》)、“試發清秋(qiu)興,因為(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”(《送麹十少府》)、“昨夜誰為(wei)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)會(hui)(hui)(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)?風生萬壑振空林”(《夜泊黃山聞殷十四吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)》)等。所以(yi)，后人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)說“平頭均楚制，長耳嗣(si)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)”。 常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)與江(jiang)南(nan)吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)地(di)(di)(di)先民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)生活方(fang)(fang)(fang)式(shi)密不可分，既凝(ning)聚了(le)(le)常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)文歷史，又飽含著(zhu)先輩(bei)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)基因。據載(zai)，盛唐時(shi)常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“茶山境會(hui)(hui)(hui)”，宋代(dai)(dai)時(shi)常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)每年春季借(jie)“勸農”之(zhi)(zhi)機舉(ju)行“春游詩酒會(hui)(hui)(hui)”，明代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)亦有(you)(you)(you)“詩酒藝(yi)會(hui)(hui)(hui)”。但隨著(zhu)科舉(ju)制和私塾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消亡，傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)為(wei)西方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)朗誦(song)取(qu)代(dai)(dai)，漸趨(qu)沉寂(ji)。有(you)(you)(you)幸的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)，在(zai)(zai)上世紀20年代(dai)(dai)國學大(da)師趙(zhao)元(yuan)任(ren)先生首次研究吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)，1971年趙(zhao)元(yuan)任(ren)先生在(zai)(zai)美(mei)國康(kang)奈爾大(da)學舉(ju)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“中(zhong)國演唱(chang)文藝(yi)研究會(hui)(hui)(hui)”活動中(zhong)，主講《各種不同形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)》，并用常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)方(fang)(fang)(fang)言(yan)示(shi)范吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)了(le)(le)多(duo)(duo)種不同形(xing)(xing)式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)古詩文，并錄唱(chang)片，為(wei)后來(lai)(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)再(zai)次興起留下了(le)(le)火種。近現(xian)代(dai)(dai)以(yi)來(lai)(lai)，“常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)”領域(yu)擁(yong)有(you)(you)(you)諸多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)名家，先后出現(xian)了(le)(le)趙(zhao)元(yuan)任(ren)、周有(you)(you)(you)光、鄒(zou)宗浩、丁彥(yan)士、吳(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)玉良、史肇美(mei)、何祖述、陸汝挺(ting)、屠(tu)岸、羊淇、史曼倩、錢璱之(zhi)(zhi)、鄒(zou)醒國、惲(yun)正(zheng)平、羊漢等一(yi)批(pi)代(dai)(dai)表性(xing)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)物，其(qi)影響遍及海內外華(hua)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)界與深受中(zhong)華(hua)文化(hua)影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)日(ri)本、韓國及東(dong)南(nan)亞(ya)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)。近年來(lai)(lai)，常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)加大(da)了(le)(le)非物質(zhi)文化(hua)遺產(chan)保護的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力度，成立了(le)(le)常州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)藝(yi)術(shu)協(xie)會(hui)(hui)(hui)，促(cu)進了(le)(le)研究和傳承(cheng)工作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深入。

藝術特色

東(dong)漢以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)歌(ge)有(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，是(shi)否有(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)尚不明(ming)。盡管有(you)(you)(you)個別文(wen)(wen)(wen)獻提到了吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)，但是(shi)語焉不詳。東(dong)漢以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)歌(ge)有(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。凡詩文(wen)(wen)(wen)皆可(ke)(ke)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，歷(li)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)歌(ge)詩(詩、騷、樂府、詞(ci)、曲(qu)等)在(zai)不能(neng)歌(ge)之后(hou)，亦(yi)用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)之法(fa)(fa)傳(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)。凡文(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)皆會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，唱(chang)和酬(chou)答，教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)學習，皆用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。歷(li)史上有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)名(ming)家，如謝(xie)安、王陽明(ming)等。明(ming)清兩(liang)朝，吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)尤為(wei)發(fa)達，更為(wei)學習詩詞(ci)文(wen)(wen)(wen)賦和八股文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)方法(fa)(fa)。桐城(cheng)派創(chuang)其獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)法(fa)(fa)，倡(chang)導(dao)“因(yin)聲求(qiu)氣(qi)”，其法(fa)(fa)流(liu)傳(chuan)(chuan)至今(jin)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)主(zhu)要(yao)通過古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)系統(tong)(私(si)塾(shu)和公學，前(qian)者(zhe)為(wei)主(zhu))傳(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)。老(lao)師(shi)把對詩文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)解，灌(guan)注在(zai)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)之中，整個兒(er)傳(chuan)(chuan)給學生。所(suo)(suo)(suo)謂讀(du)書聲，即吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)聲。一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)有(you)(you)(you)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)有(you)(you)(you)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，詩詞(ci)多(duo)(duo)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)而文(wen)(wen)(wen)賦多(duo)(duo)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)在(zai)古(gu)代(dai)，是(shi)如同識字(zi)、寫字(zi)一(yi)(yi)樣，是(shi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)技能(neng)，只要(yao)上過幾(ji)(ji)年私(si)塾(shu)，就會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。因(yin)此(ci)，幾(ji)(ji)乎沒有(you)(you)(you)人(ren)專(zhuan)門(men)研究吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，幾(ji)(ji)乎沒有(you)(you)(you)關于吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)專(zhuan)門(men)論述。我們(men)對古(gu)代(dai)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)普及(ji)程度的(de)(de)(de)印象(xiang)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)偏差(cha)。在(zai)古(gu)代(dai)，農(nong)村普遍有(you)(you)(you)族館村學，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)(ban)為(wei)三年義務教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)制，所(suo)(suo)(suo)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)一(yi)(yi)些農(nong)民(min)也(ye)會(hui)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)。鄉鎮(zhen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)地方，婦女也(ye)多(duo)(duo)可(ke)(ke)讀(du)家館。文(wen)(wen)(wen)盲率竄升(sheng)，乃(nai)近代(dai)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后(hou)之事(shi)，實是(shi)新學堂勃興之后(hou)，師(shi)資不繼(ji)，而私(si)塾(shu)消(xiao)亡(wang)，所(suo)(suo)(suo)造成的(de)(de)(de)惡果(guo)。吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)是(shi)完(wan)全口(kou)傳(chuan)(chuan)心(xin)授，純粹的(de)(de)(de)口(kou)頭非物質文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)。因(yin)此(ci)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)也(ye)無定調(diao)，也(ye)無曲(qu)譜。日本(ben)、朝鮮(xian)、越南等國(guo)，皆有(you)(you)(you)漢詩文(wen)(wen)(wen)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)，傳(chuan)(chuan)承(cheng)(cheng)達千年以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上。有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)轉讀(du)音(yin)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)漢語吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)，有(you)(you)(you)用(yong)本(ben)國(guo)語吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)的(de)(de)(de)，各(ge)分流(liu)派。其吟(yin)(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)(song)調(diao)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)雅俗(su)樂之別。

同時，吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)也是一(yi)種語言(yan)形(xing)式(shi)，吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)其(qi)實(shi)是吟(yin)(yin)(yin)和誦(song)(song)的(de)合稱，吟(yin)(yin)(yin)，即吟(yin)(yin)(yin)詠；誦(song)(song)，即誦(song)(song)讀。古代詩詞文(wen)賦大部分(fen)是使(shi)用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)方式(shi)創(chuang)作(zuo)，作(zuo)為文(wen)化的(de)有聲傳(chuan)承方式(shi)，吟(yin)(yin)(yin)誦(song)(song)既不同于(yu)朗誦(song)(song)，又(you)不同于(yu)一(yi)般的(de)歌唱。

代表作品

趙元任首開以音(yin)樂為視(shi)角對(dui)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)進行理(li)論研究的(de)先河，親(qin)自進行吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)錄音(yin)，記寫《靜夜思》、《楓橋夜泊》、《長(chang)恨歌》、《江(jiang)城(cheng)子(zi)》等(deng)著(zhu)名(ming)詩詞名(ming)篇的(de)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)樂譜，并(bing)頗具匠心地運用(yong)吟(yin)(yin)誦(song)音(yin)調(diao)創作了《瓶花》、《聽雨》等(deng)歌曲。

傳承意義

吟誦(song)是(shi)中國優秀的非(fei)物(wu)質文化遺產代表作，是(shi)公(gong)認的中國文化獨特(te)魅(mei)力之(zhi)一(yi)，在國際上享有很高(gao)的聲譽(yu)。不僅華(hua)人吟誦(song)，在日(ri)本、韓國、越南(nan)等很多國家中，吟誦(song)漢(han)詩的傳(chuan)(chuan)統也一(yi)直流傳(chuan)(chuan)不衰(shuai)。但是(shi)，作為吟誦(song)之(zhi)根，遠為豐厚璀璨的中華(hua)吟誦(song)卻幾乎(hu)沒有了傳(chuan)(chuan)承。

吟誦(song)通過私塾和(he)官學(xue)教(jiao)育體(ti)系(xi)口傳(chuan)心授，流傳(chuan)至(zhi)今(jin)。吟誦(song)的(de)(de)內容是(shi)經典和(he)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)文(wen)，吟誦(song)的(de)(de)形式(shi)是(shi)依照漢語(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)特點和(he)詩(shi)(shi)(shi)詞(ci)格律而進行，從內到(dao)外，都是(shi)中華文(wen)明精(jing)神的(de)(de)結晶，體(ti)現(xian)著(zhu)大雅君(jun)子風(feng)范。它是(shi)中國傳(chuan)統(tong)文(wen)化尤(you)其是(shi)儒(ru)家(jia)禮樂文(wen)化的(de)(de)重要(yao)組(zu)成部(bu)分。常州吟誦(song)作為(wei)一項國家(jia)級非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺產，是(shi)一種集詩(shi)(shi)(shi)詞(ci)、音樂、語(yu)(yu)言于(yu)一體(ti)的(de)(de)藝術形式(shi)，具有(you)跨(kua)學(xue)科的(de)(de)研究價(jia)值和(he)傳(chuan)承性的(de)(de)保護價(jia)值。