1、聚元號弓箭制作技藝(北京市),編號:Ⅷ-44
(1)批次/類型:2006年(第一批),新增項目
(2)申報地區或單位:北京市朝陽區
(3)保護單位:北京市朝陽區文化館
2、弓箭制作技藝(蒙古族牛角弓制作技藝),編號:Ⅷ-44
(1)批次/類型:2011年(第三批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:內蒙古師范大學
(3)保護單位:內蒙古師范大學
3、弓箭制作技藝(錫伯族弓箭制作技藝),編號:Ⅷ-44
(1)批次/類型:2008年(第二批),擴展項目
(2)申報地區或單位:新疆維吾爾自治區
(3)保(bao)護單位(wei):察布(bu)查爾錫伯自治縣文化(hua)館
弓箭的(de)起(qi)源很早,這與先民(min)的(de)狩獵活動有(you)關。早期的(de)弓箭很難留存(cun),由于弓體、箭干是以(yi)竹、木制成(cheng),極(ji)易腐爛,所以(yi)在新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)和夏代(dai)遺址的(de)發掘中(zhong),還一直沒有(you)獲得過完整的(de)標本。而石(shi)(shi)鏃、骨鏃和青銅鏃則易留存(cun),考古中(zhong)也(ye)多有(you)發現。從鏃的(de)形制和材料(liao)上可以(yi)看出(chu),從新石(shi)(shi)器(qi)時代(dai)晚期經(jing)夏商到春(chun)秋,弓箭一直在不(bu)斷改(gai)進。
在(zai)歷代經驗積(ji)累的(de)(de)(de)基礎上,到春秋時期形成(cheng)了有(you)關弓(gong)(gong)箭(jian)制(zhi)造的(de)(de)(de)詳細記(ji)錄,見之(zhi)于《考工(gong)(gong)記(ji)》,文(wen)中(zhong)給予明確規定,用以(yi)指導精良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)箭(jian)生產。《考工(gong)(gong)記(ji)·弓(gong)(gong)人》指出,制(zhi)弓(gong)(gong)所需干、角(jiao)、筋、膠、絲、漆六種材(cai)(cai)料(liao),“六材(cai)(cai)既(ji)聚,巧者和之(zhi)。”將六材(cai)(cai)合(he)制(zhi)成(cheng)弓(gong)(gong),短時間內不(bu)(bu)可奏功(gong),不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序需選不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)季節,以(yi)保證弓(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)質量。“凡為(wei)弓(gong)(gong),冬析干而春液角(jiao),夏治(zhi)筋,秋合(he)三(san)材(cai)(cai),寒奠體。”古代制(zhi)成(cheng)一張良(liang)弓(gong)(gong),至少(shao)需二至三(san)年才成(cheng)。
聚(ju)元(yuan)號弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)制作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)技藝已歷經(jing)300多年。清朝(chao)時(shi)期,聚(ju)元(yuan)號弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪位于北京東四十字(zi)路(lu)口西南(nan)角(jiao)的(de)原弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)院內。這一時(shi)期的(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)院屬于皇(huang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)特設的(de)兵(bing)工場(皇(huang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)坊),那里的(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪均(jun)屬皇(huang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)專有,從業者(zhe)大(da)(da)多為(wei)皇(huang)親,并以滿族為(wei)主(zhu),其產品(pin)均(jun)上交(jiao)兵(bing)部、禮部、戶部等,不得外(wai)賣。當時(shi),聚(ju)元(yuan)號做的(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以供(gong)應皇(huang)宮(gong)為(wei)主(zhu),定期由宮(gong)中按弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)大(da)(da)院的(de)人數發(fa)放(fang)錢糧。清末,弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)兵(bing)器已被洋槍(qiang)洋炮取代。清朝(chao)國庫(ku)空虛,這些(xie)皇(huang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)工場淪(lun)為(wei)民間作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)坊。這時(shi)執掌聚(ju)元(yuan)號的(de)是第七代店主(zhu)王氏(同行(xing)稱其為(wei)小(xiao)王)。小(xiao)王夫(fu)婦因(yin)吸(xi)食毒品(pin)而無(wu)心經(jing)營(ying)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)(jian)(jian)鋪,最終山(shan)窮(qiong)水盡,只好將其祖業變賣給(gei)楊家(jia)(jia)(jia)。
民國時,弓(gong)箭大院(yuan)里,只剩“聚元(yuan)(yuan)”、“天元(yuan)(yuan)”、“廣生(sheng)(sheng)”、“隆生(sheng)(sheng)”、“全順齋”、“天順成”和“德紀(ji)興(xing)”7家。
1957年(nian)聚(ju)元(yuan)號被改造后(hou)遷至(zhi)北京(jing)第一體(ti)育用(yong)品廠,成為現在朝陽區的(de)區屬單位,位于現在的(de)國際貿易大廈(sha)附近。1998年(nian),聚(ju)元(yuan)號第九代傳人楊文(wen)通(tong)在朝陽區的(de)團結湖居民區內設鋪,重(zhong)興舊(jiu)業(ye)。
由于弓箭制作(zuo)工藝繁(fan)雜,要求又高,到(dao)現在只剩(sheng)下楊福喜一個傳人了。
聚(ju)元(yuan)號(hao)到(dao)今(jin)天已流傳(chuan)了近300年(nian),歷經(jing)十代(dai)傳(chuan)人(ren)。在聚(ju)元(yuan)號(hao)弓(gong)箭鋪中,保存(cun)著一張(zhang)由第十代(dai)傳(chuan)人(ren)楊福喜(xi)在文(wen)革中保護下來(lai)的(de)古弓(gong),弓(gong)上有"道光三年(nian)毅甫制"的(de)款(kuan)印,弓(gong)上另(ling)有銘文(wen)解(jie)釋(shi),說這把弓(gong)是為聚(ju)元(yuan)號(hao)100周年(nian)慶(qing)典而特(te)制的(de)。據此(ci)推斷(duan),聚(ju)元(yuan)號(hao)的(de)初創年(nian)代(dai)應在1720年(nian)至1721年(nian)間。
聚(ju)元號楊氏(shi)制(zhi)弓(gong)世家(jia)早(zao)年曾榮獲(huo)巴拿馬萬(wan)國博覽會獎項。出于對弓(gong)箭(jian)傳統技(ji)藝的熱愛和文化(hua)傳承的自覺,楊福(fu)喜毅然(ran)放棄了(le)原(yuan)有工作,改從其父(fu)楊文通學藝,全(quan)面(mian)繼(ji)承了(le)聚(ju)元號清代皇(huang)家(jia)弓(gong)箭(jian)作坊的全(quan)套(tao)技(ji)藝。聚(ju)元號制(zhi)作弓(gong)箭(jian)所(suo)用原(yuan)料(liao)、工具、技(ji)法與《考工記》、《夢(meng)溪(xi)筆談(tan)》、《天工開物》 所(suo)載相近,所(suo)制(zhi)各類(lei)弓(gong)箭(jian)品質精善,深受各界好評,曾應(ying)邀赴香港參與亞(ya)洲射(she)藝交(jiao)流(liu)活動。
弓(gong)箭(jian)制作(zuo)的精(jing)確程序和(he)許(xu)多(duo)關(guan)鍵流程完全依仗工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠的精(jing)湛技藝(yi)和(he)經(jing)驗,以眼為尺,以手為度,很少有具體(ti)數(shu)據(ju)可以參考。制作(zuo)一把弓(gong)需要利用上百件專(zhuan)用工(gong)(gong)(gong)具對二十多(duo)種天然(ran)材料(liao)進行純手工(gong)(gong)(gong)加工(gong)(gong)(gong),通過(guo)200多(duo)道工(gong)(gong)(gong)序,歷時三四個(ge)月,才能制成一張中國傳(chuan)統弓(gong)箭(jian)。
聚元號(hao)弓(gong)(gong)箭制(zhi)作技藝承襲了(le)中(zhong)國雙曲反(fan)彎復合弓(gong)(gong)的優良傳(chuan)統,弓(gong)(gong)的主體內胎為竹、外貼牛(niu)(niu)(niu)角、內貼牛(niu)(niu)(niu)筋、兩(liang)端安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)木質(zhi)弓(gong)(gong)。弓(gong)(gong)的制(zhi)作分成弓(gong)(gong)的"白活"和(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾的"畫活"兩(liang)個環節(jie)。弓(gong)(gong)弦(xian)一般有(you)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)皮和(he)棉(mian)線兩(liang)種,聚元號(hao)多采用(yong)棉(mian)線制(zhi)作。外形(xing)結構簡單(dan)的弓(gong)(gong)箭制(zhi)作工(gong)序卻(que)有(you)制(zhi)胎、插(cha)銷子、鋪(pu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)角、鋪(pu)牛(niu)(niu)(niu)筋、上板凳五大道,細分則有(you)200道。制(zhi)箭步驟(zou)主要(yao)包括(kuo)調桿、打(da)皮、刮桿、安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)箭頭和(he)尾羽(yu)等。
使用(yong)工具有板(ban)凳、鋸刀、木(mu)銼、筋(jin)梳子、弓枕等十(shi)多種。尤其是,聚元號弓箭對材(cai)料要求(qiu)非(fei)常嚴格,比如木(mu)材(cai)要用(yong)榆樹或水(shui)曲柳,牛角用(yong)南方水(shui)牛角,而且必須長(chang)于60厘(li)米,箭的羽毛一般要用(yong)扇起風來比較硬的法國鵝毛等。
弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)行業(ye)(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)流傳著一(yi)個古老(lao)的(de)(de)傳說:軒轅黃(huang)帝(di)某(mou)次外(wai)出,在(zai)密林之中(zhong)(zhong)遇到了一(yi)只老(lao)虎,情急之下(xia),軒轅黃(huang)帝(di)爬上(shang)(shang)了路(lu)邊的(de)(de)大(da)(da)樹(shu)(shu),并在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)上(shang)(shang)折斷(duan)樹(shu)(shu)枝、綁上(shang)(shang)藤蔓做成了最原始(shi)的(de)(de)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian),打(da)退了老(lao)虎。由(you)此(ci),軒轅黃(huang)帝(di)被奉為(wei)(wei)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)行業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)祖師爺。每年(nian)陰(yin)歷四月二十一(yi)日(ri),是弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)行業(ye)(ye)祭(ji)祖的(de)(de)日(ri)子,由(you)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)大(da)(da)院各弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)輪(lun)流坐莊承(cheng)辦。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)天,所有弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)的(de)(de)手藝人都歇業(ye)(ye),到弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)大(da)(da)院的(de)(de)家(jia)(jia)廟參加(jia)慶典(dian),燒香(xiang)祭(ji)祝,設(she)宴唱戲(xi),擦(ca)凈(jing)佛像(xiang),并為(wei)(wei)祖師像(xiang)穿(chuan)上(shang)(shang)樹(shu)(shu)葉做的(de)(de)衣(yi)服,披上(shang)(shang)大(da)(da)袍。在(zai)家(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)婦女和兒童吃(chi)白煮肉、黃(huang)花魚,燒香(xiang)磕頭。祭(ji)祖活動的(de)(de)花銷(xiao)由(you)弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)大(da)(da)院全體弓(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)箭(jian)鋪(pu)(pu)均攤。這(zhe)(zhe)個活動一(yi)直持續到1952年(nian)。
聚元號具有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)文化價值。它承襲(xi)了中國(guo)傳(chuan)統(tong)手工(gong)工(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)風俗習慣(guan),如收徒(tu)、祭祖等(deng)。據聚元號第十代傳(chuan)人(ren)楊福喜介紹,弓箭行業收徒(tu)非常(chang)嚴(yan)格,要(yao)求必(bi)須是15歲以下人(ren)品端正的(de)(de)孩(hai)子,踏實肯干,愿意吃苦且(qie)淡泊名利。一(yi)個學徒(tu)從拜師(shi)到出師(shi)起碼要(yao)3年以上時間。徒(tu)弟的(de)(de)日常(chang)花銷由師(shi)傅全包,還有(you)零花錢。
聚元號的(de)(de)(de)弓(gong)箭(jian)制作技(ji)(ji)藝(yi)是(shi)中國傳(chuan)統手(shou)工工藝(yi)的(de)(de)(de)典(dian)型代表,它的(de)(de)(de)生產工藝(yi)流程復雜,每道工序(xu)的(de)(de)(de)細膩程序(xu)和(he)要求極(ji)高。這些生產技(ji)(ji)藝(yi)是(shi)中國勞動人民長期的(de)(de)(de)智慧結晶,難以(yi)為現(xian)代技(ji)(ji)術所替(ti)代。它蘊含著豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)科學技(ji)(ji)術基因,是(shi)一份極(ji)其寶(bao)貴的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史遺產。
雖(sui)然(ran)古(gu)代文獻中記(ji)載了(le)弓(gong)箭的制(zhi)(zhi)作工藝(yi),但(dan)古(gu)文非常精練,如果沒有實(shi)(shi)物,很(hen)難印(yin)證。聚(ju)元號弓(gong)箭制(zhi)(zhi)作技藝(yi)重現了(le)弓(gong)箭真實(shi)(shi)的操(cao)作過程(cheng),具有重大的工藝(yi)價(jia)值。
聚元號(hao)是清(qing)末北京東四大街"弓箭大院"十七(qi)家弓箭鋪(pu)中惟一(yi)幸存(cun)者。它完整地保存(cun)了(le)傳統(tong)弓箭制作(zuo)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產工(gong)(gong)藝流程(cheng)、細膩的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)序和(he)精湛的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術,濃縮(suo)了(le)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)弓箭發(fa)展軌跡和(he)弓箭文化(hua)(hua)。這些技藝難以(yi)為現代技術所(suo)替(ti)代,是中國(guo)(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)手(shou)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)杰出代表,是一(yi)份極(ji)其(qi)寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史(shi)遺產。它是中國(guo)(guo)(guo)傳統(tong)弓箭發(fa)展軌跡和(he)相關文化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)縮(suo)影(ying),它所(suo)制作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓箭除了(le)作(zuo)為兵器和(he)娛樂、收藏品外,更有著任何(he)現代技術仿制的(de)(de)(de)(de)弓弩或(huo)其(qi)他類似(si)工(gong)(gong)具無法替(ti)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)特殊(shu)作(zuo)用。
聚元號(hao)弓箭制作技藝的(de)傳承(cheng)發展(zhan)現在面臨很大的(de)困難,楊福喜生活窘(jiong)迫(po),工作條件(jian)與環境(jing)都很差(cha),而且沒有(you)徒弟繼(ji)承(cheng)他的(de)手藝,亟待采取保護措施。