一.產品介紹
簡介
西峽香菇(gu),河南(nan)省南(nan)陽(yang)市(shi)西峽縣特(te)產(chan),中國國家地理(li)標志產(chan)品。西峽香菇(gu)品質優(you),味道好,花(hua)菇(gu)率(lv)高,深受消費者歡迎(ying),遠銷(xiao)廣州、深圳、福(fu)建、浙江、日本、韓國、新(xin)加坡、臺灣、香港等地。
種植環境
西峽是一個深(shen)山縣,自然狀況為“八山一水(shui)零點七(qi)分(fen)田”,既具有北亞熱(re)帶向暖溫帶過渡(du)的氣候(hou)特點,又有冬(dong)季偏暖地(di)區的氣候(hou)差異。海拔181米(mi)至2212米(mi),年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)氣溫15.1℃,相(xiang)對濕度69%,年(nian)(nian)均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)881.6毫(hao)米(mi)。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)日照2019小時,無(wu)霜(shuang)期236天,森林(lin)覆(fu)蓋率76.8%,生(sheng)(sheng)態環境優(you)越,適宜多種(zhong)類農作物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)長,是香菇(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)產的黃金地(di)帶。
生產情況
2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),西(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)從事香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)種植(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)戶達3萬余戶,超過(guo)農(nong)(nong)戶總(zong)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/3,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)種植(zhi)規模保持在1億袋左右,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)量(干品)3.5萬噸左右,占全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)1/10,成為(wei)“南(nan)菇(gu)(gu)北移”后中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)生產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)。形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)市(shi)場年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)交易(yi)額(e)穩定(ding)(ding)在10億元(yuan)左右,成為(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)集(ji)(ji)散(san)地(di)(di)、加(jia)工(gong)地(di)(di),每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)從這里(li)運出的(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)占全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)出口(kou)(kou)干香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)70%以(yi)上、占全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)總(zong)產(chan)(chan)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)近1/5,由此奠定(ding)(ding)了全(quan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)干香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價格形成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)和出口(kou)(kou)貨源集(ji)(ji)散(san)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)地(di)(di)位。西(xi)峽(xia)先后被(bei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家農(nong)(nong)業部(bu)等部(bu)委確定(ding)(ding)為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園藝產(chan)(chan)品出口(kou)(kou)示(shi)范區,被(bei)全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)協(xie)會(hui)評為(wei)十佳商品基(ji)地(di)(di)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)標(biao)準化示(shi)范縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、全(quan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)優秀基(ji)地(di)(di)縣(xian)(xian)(xian);通過(guo)了國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家原產(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)地(di)(di)理(li)保護認(ren)證。2009年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)食用(yong)菌(jun)(jun)協(xie)會(hui)授予“中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)之鄉(xiang)”稱號。2010年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),河南(nan)西(xi)峽(xia)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)出口(kou)(kou)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)7422噸,出口(kou)(kou)額(e)11874萬美元(yuan)。
產地范圍
西(xi)峽香菇(gu)地理標志產品保護范(fan)圍為河(he)南省(sheng)西(xi)峽縣丹水鎮(zhen)(zhen)、田關鄉(xiang)、陽城鄉(xiang)、回車鎮(zhen)(zhen)、五里橋鎮(zhen)(zhen)、丁(ding)河(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、重(zhong)陽鄉(xiang)、西(xi)坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、寨根鄉(xiang)、桑坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、石界河(he)鄉(xiang)、米坪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、軍馬河(he)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、雙龍(long)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、二(er)狼坪鄉(xiang)等(deng)15個鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)現轄行政(zheng)區域。
專用標志使用
西峽香菇地(di)理(li)標志產品保護范圍內的(de)生產者,可向(xiang)南陽出入境檢(jian)驗檢(jian)疫局提出使用“地(di)理(li)標志產品專用標志”的(de)申請,由國家質檢(jian)總(zong)局公(gong)告批準。
技術要求
(一)菌種。
9608等優質香菇(gu)菌種的(de)1、2、3級(ji)菌種。
(二)立體(ti)條(tiao)件。
保護(hu)區范(fan)圍內海拔200m至800m。
(三)原料(liao)要求。
1、主料:為殼斗科(ke)的麻(ma)櫟屬(shu)、青岡屬(shu)和(he)樺科(ke)的樺木(mu)屬(shu)的木(mu)屑(xie)(xie)(xie)。木(mu)屑(xie)(xie)(xie)直徑3mm至8mm,鮮木(mu)屑(xie)(xie)(xie)含(han)水量40%以下(xia)、干(gan)木(mu)屑(xie)(xie)(xie)含(han)水量13%以下(xia),無霉爛、腐(fu)朽、污染。
2、輔料:
(1)麥麩:無霉變、結(jie)塊、污染(ran),含水量13%以(yi)下。
(2)白(bai)砂糖:食(shi)用菌糖。
(3)石膏:生、熟(shu)均可(ke),色白,無雜(za)質(zhi)。
(四)栽培管(guan)理。
1、拌料(liao)、裝(zhuang)袋:
(1)栽(zai)培(pei)期:2至4月生產栽(zai)培(pei)。
(2)配方:木屑78%至(zhi)80%、麥(mai)麩18%至(zhi)20%、糖0.8%至(zhi)1%、石膏1%的(de)比例,把料拌勻,兌(dui)水(shui)至(zhi)含(han)水(shui)量58%至(zhi)60%。pH值(zhi)5至(zhi)7。
(3)裝袋(dai):松緊適中、每袋(dai)干(gan)料(liao)1.3kg至(zhi)1.5kg,栽培(pei)袋(dai)濕重3至(zhi)3.3kg。
2、常壓(ya)滅菌:料溫整體(ti)達(da)到100℃后,保持18個小時以上(shang)。
3、接種:料溫下(xia)降到28℃以下(xia)時,在無菌條件下(xia)接種。
4、發(fa)菌(jun)(jun):發(fa)菌(jun)(jun)需45d至50d,保持發(fa)菌(jun)(jun)室干凈(jing)、干燥(zao)、暗光(guang)、通風,溫度維持在20℃至25℃,適當(dang)刺(ci)孔(kong)增氧(yang),注意散堆(dui)降溫。
5、越夏管理:越夏場地(di)通風向(xiang)陽、地(di)勢高燥、水源(yuan)潔凈、周邊環境(jing)干(gan)凈、整潔、無污(wu)染。
6、棚架環境要(yao)求(qiu)及進棚管(guan)理:外棚四(si)周要(yao)比內架寬出2米,遮(zhe)陰(yin)網不(bu)少于二層(ceng),層(ceng)間有35cm至(zhi)40cm間距。遮(zhe)陰(yin)度60%至(zhi)70%,溫度在28℃以下,濕度75%至(zhi)80%,通風良好。自然(ran)轉色,自然(ran)養菌,不(bu)隨(sui)意(yi)翻動。150天(tian)至(zhi)180天(tian)。
7、出(chu)菇(gu)管理:氣溫(wen)穩定(ding)在20℃以下(xia),10月中(zhong)下(xia)旬以后(hou)催菇(gu)。菌袋(dai)含水(shui)量在原袋(dai)重的80%至(zhi)85%,濕度(du)60%至(zhi)85%,溫(wen)度(du)8℃至(zhi)18℃,溫(wen)差8℃至(zhi)10℃。適當(dang)通風,保(bao)持空(kong)氣新鮮(xian)。初(chu)冬(dong)(dong)出(chu)菇(gu),保(bao)持半(ban)陰半(ban)陽;冬(dong)(dong)季出(chu)菇(gu),全光照。
(五(wu))采收與加工。
1、采(cai)收:10月中旬(xun)至(zhi)翌年4月采(cai)收,采(cai)收標準為子實(shi)體7至(zhi)8成熟。
2、加工(gong):烘(hong)干脫水(shui)加工(gong),含水(shui)量≤13%。
西峽香菇的(de)醫(yi)用價(jia)值
中國不少古籍中記載香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇“益氣不饑,治風(feng)破血和益胃助(zhu)食”。民間用(yong)(yong)來助(zhu)痘瘡(chuang)、麻疹(zhen)的誘(you)發,治頭痛、頭暈。現代研究證明,香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇多糖可(ke)調(diao)節人體內有免疫功能的T細(xi)胞活(huo)性(xing),可(ke)降低甲基膽蒽誘(you)發腫(zhong)瘤的能力。香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇對癌(ai)細(xi)胞有強烈(lie)的抑制(zhi)作用(yong)(yong),對小白鼠肉(rou)瘤180的抑制(zhi)率為97.5%,對艾氏癌(ai)的抑制(zhi)率為80%。香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇含有雙鏈核(he)糖核(he)酸,能誘(you)導(dao)產生干擾素,具有抗病毒能力。西峽香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇還對糖尿病、肺結核(he)、傳染性(xing)肝炎(yan)、神經炎(yan)等起治療作用(yong)(yong),又可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于消化不良、便秘(mi)、減肥等。
1. 提(ti)高(gao)機體免疫功能:香菇多糖(tang)可(ke)提(ti)高(gao)巨噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的吞(tun)噬功能,還可(ke)促(cu)進T淋巴(ba)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的產生,并提(ti)高(gao)T淋巴(ba)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的殺傷(shang)活性,從而(er)增(zeng)強(qiang)人體體液(ye)免疫功能。
2. 西峽香菇還對糖尿病、肺(fei)結核、傳染性(xing)肝炎、神(shen)經炎等起(qi)治療作(zuo)用,又可用于消化(hua)不良、便秘(mi)等。
3. 延(yan)緩衰老:香菇的水提取物(wu)對(dui)過(guo)(guo)氧化氫有清除(chu)作用(yong),對(dui)體內的過(guo)(guo)氧化氫有一(yi)定的消除(chu)作用(yong);
4. 降(jiang)(jiang)血壓、降(jiang)(jiang)血脂、降(jiang)(jiang)膽固(gu)醇(chun):香(xiang)菇中含有嘌呤、膽堿、酪氨酸(suan)(suan)、氧化酶(mei)以及某些(xie)核酸(suan)(suan)物質,能起到降(jiang)(jiang)血壓、降(jiang)(jiang)膽固(gu)醇(chun)、降(jiang)(jiang)血脂的作用,又可(ke)預防動脈硬(ying)化、肝硬(ying)化等疾病。
5. 防癌抗癌:香菇菌蓋部分含有(you)雙鏈(lian)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)核糖核酸,進入人體后,會產(chan)生(sheng)具(ju)有(you)抗癌作用的(de)(de)干擾(rao)素(su)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
2.1土(tu)(tu)壤地(di)(di)貌情況 西峽(xia)地(di)(di)處(chu)秦嶺(ling)東(dong)支(zhi)脈伏牛山(shan)(shan)南麓,海拔高度從181米(mi)到2212.5米(mi)。縣(xian)境自西北向東(dong)南依次為(wei)(wei)深(shen)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、淺山(shan)(shan)區(qu)、山(shan)(shan)谷(gu)盆地(di)(di)和(he)(he)丘陵區(qu)4種類(lei)型。西峽(xia)縣(xian)土(tu)(tu)壤系第四紀堆積(ji)、洪積(ji)型骨架土(tu)(tu)。其(qi)中(zhong)黃棕壤類(lei)占總面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)82%、為(wei)(wei)總耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)60.7%;紫色土(tu)(tu)類(lei)占總面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)10%、為(wei)(wei)總耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)35.1%;棕壤土(tu)(tu)類(lei)占總面積(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)7.7%;潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)類(lei)占總耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)3%;河(he)灘(tan)地(di)(di)僅(jin)占耕地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.2%,獨特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)小氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou),適(shi)宜香菇的(de)(de)(de)(de)生產。 2.2 水(shui)文情況 境內溪流密(mi)布,共有(you)大小河(he)流520余條(tiao),其(qi)中(zhong)有(you)灌河(he)、淇河(he)兩條(tiao)過(guo)境河(he)。全縣(xian)水(shui)資源(yuan)總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)18.54億立方(fang)米(mi),其(qi)中(zhong)年(nian)地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)水(shui)總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)14.06億立方(fang)米(mi),地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)4.48億立方(fang)米(mi)。地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)水(shui)可開(kai)發(fa)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)11.6億立方(fang)米(mi),地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)可開(kai)發(fa)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)2.6億立方(fang)米(mi)。伏牛山(shan)(shan)生態環境良好,地(di)(di)表(biao)(biao)(biao)水(shui)基本無污染(ran)。 2.3 氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)情況 西峽(xia)處(chu)于亞(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)向暖(nuan)濕(shi)(shi)帶(dai)(dai)過(guo)度地(di)(di)帶(dai)(dai),屬北亞(ya)熱帶(dai)(dai)季(ji)風區(qu)大陸性(xing)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou),氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)溫和(he)(he),雨(yu)量(liang)適(shi)中(zhong),光照(zhao)(zhao)充(chong)足(zu),年(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫15.0攝氏(shi)度,年(nian)均(jun)降雨(yu)量(liang)878.1毫(hao)米(mi)左右,年(nian)均(jun)無霜期(qi)236.2天,年(nian)均(jun)日照(zhao)(zhao)時數(shu)1924.9小時,年(nian)均(jun)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)度69%,季(ji)風平(ping)均(jun)風速2.1米(mi)每秒。由于境內多(duo)山(shan)(shan),地(di)(di)勢復雜,有(you)明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)區(qu)立方(fang)體氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)特(te)(te)點,四季(ji)分(fen)明。充(chong)足(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)光照(zhao)(zhao),適(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)雨(yu)量(liang),溫和(he)(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)(hou)給西峽(xia)食(shi)用菌產業帶(dai)(dai)來了良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展條(tiao)件。
三.地域范圍
西峽香(xiang)(xiang)菇農(nong)產品地(di)(di)理(li)標志登記地(di)(di)域(yu)保護,覆蓋西峽境內全域(yu)除(chu)城區外(wai)16個(ge)(ge)鄉(xiang)鎮(zhen):丹水、田關、陽城、回車、丁河(he)、重陽、西坪、桑(sang)坪、米坪、石界河(he)、軍馬河(he)、二郎坪、五(wu)里橋、雙龍、太平鎮(zhen)、寨根。涉及242個(ge)(ge)行政村,其保護范圍地(di)(di)理(li)坐標為北緯33°05′—33°48′東經111°01′—111°46′,地(di)(di)處河(he)南省西南部、南陽市西部、伏牛山腹地(di)(di)、豫(yu)鄂陜三省交(jiao)匯地(di)(di)帶,,總面積3454平方公(gong)里,香(xiang)(xiang)菇生產面積約1000公(gong)頃,年均總產量(liang)穩定在15萬噸左右。
四.產品品質特性特征
4.1外在感(gan)官特征(zheng) 4.1.1 菇(gu)形 朵形圓整,中(zhong)大葉(xie)型,菇(gu)質(zhi)(zhi)密,菇(gu)肉厚(hou)。 4.1.2 菌蓋色(se)澤 鮮菇(gu)菌蓋淺(qian)褐色(se)—褐色(se)。 4.1.3 菌柄(bing) 菌柄(bing)中(zhong)長型,3—5厘米,中(zhong)等(deng)(deng)粗。 4.1.4 菌褶(zhe) 整齊,中(zhong)等(deng)(deng)密度(du),淺(qian)白色(se)。 4.1.5 口感(gan) 脆嫩,爽滑,肉質(zhi)(zhi)無(wu)海綿感(gan)。
五.特定生產方式
3.1場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇(ze) 3.1.1 無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)害香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di) 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源影響,或(huo)(huo)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)物(wu)(wu)(wu)含(han)量限制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)允(yun)許(xu)范圍之內,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態環(huan)境良好,具體要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):周(zhou)(zhou)圍100米無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)工業三廢、垃圾(糞便(bian)(bian))場(chang)、各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)污(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)及其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源(如大(da)量揚(yang)灰的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)泥廠、窯灰廠等),并(bing)且遠離醫院、學校和(he)公(gong)(gong)共場(chang)所(suo)(suo);對農(nong)戶(hu)獨(du)立(li)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)點(dian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)30米以(yi)內無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畜禽圈舍(she)和(he)家用(yong)(yong)(yong)廁所(suo)(suo)(衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)間(jian));土(tu)(tu)壤、空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(312國道兩側50米以(yi)內)中重(zhong)金(jin)屬背景值偏(pian)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu),與土(tu)(tu)壤、水(shui)(shui)(shui)源環(huan)境有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方病高(gao)發(fa)區(qu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)作為(wei)(wei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)公(gong)(gong)害香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。 3.1.2空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)環(huan)境要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)周(zhou)(zhou)圍不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)淅(xi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體排放,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)(yong)燃(ran)煤鍋爐需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)防塵(chen)除硫裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置。環(huan)境空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)質(zhi)量指(zhi)標(biao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)附(fu)表1標(biao)準。 3.1.3水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)擇(ze)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)表水(shui)(shui)(shui)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)清潔無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)(包(bao)(bao)(bao)括重(zhong)金(jin)屬、放射(she)性(xing)元素及其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超標(biao))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu);水(shui)(shui)(shui)域(yu)或(huo)(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)源上(shang)(shang)游沒有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)對產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)構成威(wei)脅(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)井水(shui)(shui)(shui)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)質(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)附(fu)表2標(biao)準。 3.1.4其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu) 場(chang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向陽,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)勢高(gao)燥(zao)(zao),水(shui)(shui)(shui)源較(jiao)(jiao)近,交(jiao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)方便(bian)(bian),并(bing)相對集中連(lian)片(pian)。 3.2栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)季(ji)(ji)節(jie) 依據所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫型、菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)齡要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)、當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)海拔高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)、氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條件(jian)(jian)及適(shi)宜出(chu)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,因地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)制(zhi)(zhi)宜,靈(ling)活推算確(que)(que)定最(zui)(zui)佳(jia)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian),使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)春栽(zai) 模式點(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)2-4月(yue)份(fen)進(jin)行(xing)。 3.3品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)選(xuan)擇(ze) 所(suo)(suo)選(xuan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),須(xu)經正(zheng)規食用(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科研部門試驗示范后(hou)確(que)(que)定該品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對溫度(du)(du)(du)、濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)、溫差(cha)、光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)、海拔高(gao)度(du)(du)(du)和(he)栽(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)措施與本地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)候條件(jian)(jian)相適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)。同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),還(huan)必(bi)須(xu)具備(bei)(bei)抗(kang)性(xing)好、優(you)質(zhi)豐(feng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)。我縣春栽(zai)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)當(dang)家品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)西峽(xia)縣食用(yong)(yong)(yong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)科研中心生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“9608”品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 3.4菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)量標(biao)準 3.4.1標(biao)名 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓶(ping)(袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai))上(shang)(shang)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)注(zhu)冊商標(biao)標(biao)示、溫型、接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)日期、檢(jian)(jian)驗合(he)(he)(he)格證(zheng)等。 3.4.2純度(du)(du)(du) 外(wai)觀看瓶(ping)(袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai))無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)破(po)損(sun),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)和(he)病蟲侵染(ran)(ran),菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)粗(cu)壯整齊,分枝(zhi)濃密(mi),色(se)(se)澤潔白(bai)呈(cheng)現(xian)絨毛狀,鏡檢(jian)(jian)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)透明,呈(cheng)分枝(zhi)狀,有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)橫(heng)隔(ge)、鎖狀聯(lian)合(he)(he)(he)明顯(xian),具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同(tong)品(pin)(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)固有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征。 3.4.3香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)味 優(you)質(zhi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)具有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)獨(du)特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)味而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)異雜(za)(za)味。 3.4.4長(chang)勢 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)形(xing)(xing)態正(zheng)常,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)旺盛而(er)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)抑制(zhi)(zhi)線,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)吐水(shui)(shui)(shui)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)畏縮現(xian)象,菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)形(xing)(xing)態呈(cheng)絨毛狀濃密(mi),粗(cu)壯均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻齊整,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)速(su)度(du)(du)(du)快(kuai)。 3.4.5活力 從(cong)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)瓶(ping)(袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai))中隨機(ji)挖取(qu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)塊菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),感覺(jue)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)韌性(xing),不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)松(song)散(san)(san),培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)呈(cheng)淡黃色(se)(se),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)29℃下培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)塊四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)萌(meng)發(fa)快(kuai),向四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)擴(kuo)展快(kuai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)則(ze)說明吃料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)能(neng)(neng)(neng)力強。 3.5培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)配(pei)方 培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)配(pei)方有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)若干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方案,西峽(xia)縣春栽(zai)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)配(pei)方一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般采用(yong)(yong)(yong):木屑(xie)(xie)84%、麩(fu)皮15%、石膏1%。 3.6培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)基(ji)備(bei)(bei)制(zhi)(zhi) 3.6.1木屑(xie)(xie) 樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong):在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)源影響,重(zhong)金(jin)屬、放射(she)性(xing)元素及其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超標(biao)區(qu)域(yu)內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)闊葉硬雜(za)(za)木均(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)含(han)松(song)、柏、樟、杉樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)),其(qi)(qi)(qi)砍伐季(ji)(ji)節(jie)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)冬季(ji)(ji)休(xiu)眠(mian)期砍伐為(wei)(wei)好;木屑(xie)(xie)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):用(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)粉(fen)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)機(ji)粉(fen)碎,顆粒應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)尖刺,細度(du)(du)(du)和(he)大(da)片(pian)麥麩(fu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,粉(fen)碎后(hou)可(ke)曬(shai)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)備(bei)(bei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。 3.6.2麥麩(fu) 麩(fu)皮要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)大(da)片(pian)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霉(mei)變、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)質(zhi)、干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)松(song)散(san)(san)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)農(nong)藥污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新鮮(xian)(xian)麩(fu)皮。 3.6.3石膏 生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)熟均(jun)(jun)(jun)可(ke),需經檢(jian)(jian)驗合(he)(he)(he)格,潔白(bai)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)質(zhi),無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)毒(du)(du)(du)害。 3.8拌料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao) 按照(zhao)木屑(xie)(xie)84%、麩(fu)皮15%、石膏1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)配(pei)方比例(li),含(han)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量維(wei)(wei)持(chi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)55%-58%之間(jian),把(ba)各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)及水(shui)(shui)(shui)混合(he)(he)(he)攪拌均(jun)(jun)(jun)勻。 3.9裝(zhuang)(zhuang)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai) 一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般用(yong)(yong)(yong)對折(zhe)17-18公(gong)(gong)分寬(kuan),55公(gong)(gong)分長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)塑料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai),松(song)緊適(shi)度(du)(du)(du),口要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)扎(zha)緊,輕拿(na)輕放,防破(po)損(sun)、防污(wu)染(ran)(ran)。 3.10滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun) 料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)進(jin)入(ru)滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)爐后(hou),2-3小時(shi)(shi)(shi)內料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)溫應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)100℃以(yi)上(shang)(shang),保(bao)(bao)持(chi)100℃不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)下降(jiang)連(lian)續維(wei)(wei)持(chi)18個(ge)(ge)小時(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)。如袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo),可(ke)酌情(qing)適(shi)當(dang)延長(chang)滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)。 3.11冷(leng)卻(que) 滅菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)后(hou),停止(zhi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)熱(re)(re),任其(qi)(qi)(qi)自(zi)然(ran)冷(leng)卻(que)到(dao)(dao)70℃以(yi)下,可(ke)出(chu)鍋放入(ru)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)室(shi),繼續冷(leng)卻(que)到(dao)(dao)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)溫達(da)(da)28℃以(yi)下時(shi)(shi)(shi),才能(neng)(neng)(neng)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 3.12接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong) 使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)箱(xiang)必(bi)須(xu)提前進(jin)行(xing)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)處理,并(bing)檢(jian)(jian)查接(jie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)箱(xiang)嚴(yan)密(mi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)漏(lou)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)可(ke)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)入(ru)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao),再用(yong)(yong)(yong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)霧(wu)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)劑按1-2g/m3點(dian)燃(ran)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)30分鐘(zhong)后(hou)才能(neng)(neng)(neng)接(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),點(dian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu):快(kuai)、凈(jing)(jing)、滿(man)、實。 3.13培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang) 接(jie)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)后(hou),需及時(shi)(shi)(shi)搬(ban)入(ru)用(yong)(yong)(yong)石灰水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)霧(wu)消(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)劑消(xiao)過(guo)(guo)毒(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)室(shi)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般單層(ceng)單行(xing)擺放,高(gao)1米左右(you),溫度(du)(du)(du)控制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)20℃-25℃為(wei)(wei)好,同(tong)時(shi)(shi)(shi),致一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)死適(shi)度(du)(du)(du)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)培(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)室(shi)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)、暗光(guang)(guang)、無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)、易(yi)于通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)、溫度(du)(du)(du)適(shi)宜。 3.14刺孔(kong)(kong)增(zeng)氧(yang) 為(wei)(wei)滿(man)足菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)絲(si)對氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao),養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)期間(jian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)刺孔(kong)(kong)2-3次(ci),刺孔(kong)(kong)多(duo)少應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)與菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)大(da)小、水(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)多(duo)少成正(zheng)比例(li),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般每袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)刺孔(kong)(kong)總數(shu)50-80個(ge)(ge)為(wei)(wei)宜。刺孔(kong)(kong)后(hou)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)特(te)別注(zhu)意,嚴(yan)防超溫燒堆(dui),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)注(zhu)意通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)降(jiang)溫。 3.15轉(zhuan)色(se)(se) 養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)結束(shu)后(hou),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)靈(ling)活調控溫度(du)(du)(du)、濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)、光(guang)(guang)照(zhao)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)促使(shi)(shi)(shi)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)自(zi)然(ran)轉(zhuan)色(se)(se),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)皮厚薄適(shi)中,茶褐色(se)(se)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彈性(xing)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)光(guang)(guang)澤為(wei)(wei)好。 3.16越(yue)夏(xia) 越(yue)夏(xia)主要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)任務是(shi)(shi)防高(gao)溫、防暴曬(shai),一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般情(qing)況(kuang)下必(bi)須(xu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)5月(yue)上(shang)(shang)旬將菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)移到(dao)(dao)室(shi)外(wai),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)室(shi)外(wai)陰棚(peng)內越(yue)夏(xia),遮陰棚(peng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)搭高(gao)、塔(ta)寬(kuan)、搭厚,陰棚(peng)凈(jing)(jing)高(gao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)3.5米以(yi)上(shang)(shang),蔭棚(peng)四(si)周(zhou)(zhou)距離內架(jia)2米以(yi)上(shang)(shang),厚度(du)(du)(du)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)隔(ge)熱(re)(re)隔(ge)光(guang)(guang),伏天(tian)棚(peng)內溫度(du)(du)(du)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超過(guo)(guo)30℃為(wei)(wei)好。 3.17催菇(gu)(gu)(gu) 時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)10月(yue)下旬,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)白(bai)天(tian)蓋膜(mo)、夜(ye)晚揭膜(mo),拉(la)大(da)溫差(cha)達(da)(da)10℃ 3.18疏蕾養(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)蕾,培(pei)(pei)(pei)育花菇(gu)(gu)(gu) 菌(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)袋(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)現(xian)蕾后(hou),應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)割(ge)口選(xuan)蕾,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般留10個(ge)(ge)左右(you),嚴(yan)格調控溫度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)(wei)15—18℃,濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)70%~80%,并(bing)注(zhu)意通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)換氣(qi)(qi)(qi),調節(jie)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao);如果生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)花菇(gu)(gu)(gu)須(xu)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)低溫13℃~15℃,干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao),濕(shi)度(du)(du)(du)控制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)60%~70%,還(huan)須(xu)適(shi)當(dang)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)光(guang)(guang)照(zhao),拉(la)大(da)溫差(cha)。 3.19采收、加(jia)(jia)(jia)工與貯運(yun)(yun) 3.19.1 采收 可(ke)根據客商要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),適(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)采摘,采摘時(shi)(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)分級放入(ru)干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)凈(jing)(jing)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)污(wu)染(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)竹(zhu)筐內,嚴(yan)禁(jin)落入(ru)泥土(tu)(tu)、木屑(xie)(xie)或(huo)(huo)其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)雜(za)(za)物(wu)(wu)(wu),確(que)(que)保(bao)(bao)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)。 3.19.2 加(jia)(jia)(jia)工 一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian)。可(ke)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian)庫低溫(2~3℃)保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian),按客商要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)進(jin)行(xing)挑揀分級、包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang),再利用(yong)(yong)(yong)冷(leng)藏車及時(shi)(shi)(shi)運(yun)(yun)銷(xiao)。二是(shi)(shi)烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)專用(yong)(yong)(yong)烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)機(ji)烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan),重(zhong)點(dian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)掌握起始溫度(du)(du)(du)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)低于35℃,一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般每小時(shi)(shi)(shi)上(shang)(shang)升1~2℃,逐步升溫慢慢把(ba)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)體水(shui)(shui)(shui)份(fen)蒸發(fa)掉,最(zui)(zui)后(hou)階段(duan)溫度(du)(du)(du)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)超過(guo)(guo)65℃,這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)關(guan)閉進(jin)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)口和(he)出(chu)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)口,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱(re)(re)循(xun)環(huan)并(bing)維(wei)(wei)持(chi)2小時(shi)(shi)(shi)左右(you),能(neng)(neng)(neng)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)味,當(dang)達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)烘干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)后(hou),要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)及時(shi)(shi)(shi)密(mi)封包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)出(chu)售。 3.19.3 貯存和(he)運(yun)(yun)輸 香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)貯存、運(yun)(yun)輸應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)保(bao)(bao)持(chi)低溫、干(gan)(gan)(gan)(gan)燥(zao)(zao)、衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、通(tong)(tong)(tong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)避風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),防鼠、防曬(shai)、防震、防雨淋、防塵(chen)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)得(de)與有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)品(pin)(pin)(pin)混裝(zhuang)(zhuang)混運(yun)(yun)。 3.19.4 注(zhu)意事項 3.19.4.1 在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工過(guo)(guo)程中不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)允(yun)許(xu)為(wei)(wei)了達(da)(da)到(dao)(dao)防腐(fu)、保(bao)(bao)鮮(xian)(xian)或(huo)(huo)漂白(bai)等目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)對人體有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)良影響的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)藥劑對香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)進(jin)行(xing)處理。 3.19.4.2 不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)允(yun)許(xu)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)過(guo)(guo)農(nong)藥、化(hua)肥及其(qi)(qi)(qi)它(ta)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)毒(du)(du)(du)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)害物(wu)(wu)(wu)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)容器包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)香(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)菇(gu)(gu)(gu)。 3.19.4.3 包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)材料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)須(xu)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)國家有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu),包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)過(guo)(guo)程應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)確(que)(que)保(bao)(bao)無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)霉(mei)變,無(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)雜(za)(za)質(zhi),并(bing)符(fu)合(he)(he)(he)國家有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)食品(pin)(pin)(pin)衛(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。
六.包裝標識相關規定
包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝主要(yao)采用(yong)袋式或箱式包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝,包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝材料必(bi)須符合國家強制性技術規(gui)范要(yao)求(qiu)。產(chan)(chan)(chan)品有明(ming)確標(biao)簽,內容包(bao)(bao)(bao)括: 產(chan)(chan)(chan)品名稱(cheng)、商標(biao)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品執(zhi)行(xing)標(biao)準、生產(chan)(chan)(chan)者及詳細地(di)址、凈含量及包(bao)(bao)(bao)裝日期,要(yao)求(qiu)字跡清(qing)晰、完整(zheng)、準確。