簡介
福州文廟，又稱“先師廟”，俗稱“圣人殿”，在福州市鼓樓區圣廟(miao)(miao)路(lu)。唐大(da)(da)(da)歷八(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)773年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))觀察使李(li)椅將州儒學移建于此(ci)，后(hou)梁(liang)龍德元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)(yuan)921年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))閩王王審(shen)知置(zhi)四門(men)(men)學。宋(song)太平興國(guo)中轉運使楊克(ke)讓始作孔子廟(miao)(miao)。景祐四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1037年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))權州事(shi)謝(xie)微表請于廟(miao)(miao)立學。其(qi)后(hou)，郡守范亢、許(xu)宗壽(shou)踵其(qi)事(shi)，歷五載乃成(cheng)(cheng)。明洪武(wu)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1374年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))構大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)，建明倫堂。永樂四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1406年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))以學廳為(wei)(wei)鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)，成(cheng)(cheng)化(hua)十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1477年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)(da)(da)修(xiu)廟(miao)(miao)學，鑿泮池(chi)，為(wei)(wei)橋其(qi)上(shang)。弘治初，改作欞星(xing)門(men)(men)，易(yi)木為(wei)(wei)石。嘉靖(jing)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1532年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))詔(zhao)廟(miao)(miao)稱先師廟(miao)(miao)。清康熙十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1672年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))大(da)(da)(da)修(xiu)廟(miao)(miao)學、欞星(xing)門(men)(men)。咸豐元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1851年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))八(ba)月初三遭火災。現存廟(miao)(miao)宇建于咸豐元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)十(shi)二月至(zhi)四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)六月，按(an)中軸線(xian)自(zi)南至(zhi)北依次為(wei)(wei)外門(men)(men)埕、欞星(xing)門(men)(men)，泮池(chi)，左右有(you)廊對列(lie)，大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)的樓廳，東、西有(you)殿(dian)廡對列(lie)，月臺、大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)、后(hou)照壁等，占地7552平方米(mi)，建筑(zhu)面積4000平方米(mi)。解放(fang)后(hou)，曾作為(wei)(wei)學校、紅衛商場、少年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)宮等場所。1961年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月被(bei)福州市人(ren)民(min)(min)委員會公布(bu)為(wei)(wei)第(di)一批市級(ji)文物保(bao)護單位；1996年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月2日被(bei)福建省(sheng)人(ren)民(min)(min)政府公布(bu)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)級(ji)文物保(bao)護單位。
建筑
欞(ling)星門亦(yi)稱先(xian)師門。現(xian)存(cun)石構件屬明代所建。六(liu)柱(zhu)(zhu)三開間，對稱布局(ju)，每根(gen)柱(zhu)(zhu)腳用兩塊(kuai)夾桿(gan)石前(qian)后對夾鎖固。東西(xi)兩翼(yi)墻(qiang)上(shang)鑲嵌著“江(jiang)漢秋陽”、“金(jin)聲玉(yu)振”聯句石刻(ke)，花崗巖，長(chang)2．62米、寬0．73米、楷書(shu)、陰文。
大成(cheng)門(men)(men)古稱(cheng)戟門(men)(men)，面闊五間，進深二間。中三間屋面高(gao)出兩邊間，青(qing)石抱鼓(gu)石3對(dui)，石檐柱八根。大成(cheng)門(men)(men)左內側(ce)豎著《咸豐(feng)元年重(zhong)建福州文(wen)廟(miao)碑(bei)(bei)記》石碑(bei)(bei)二方，通高(gao)2．68米(mi)、寬0．84米(mi)、厚0．21米(mi)，郭柏蔭撰文(wen)并書寫190字碑(bei)(bei)文(wen)，劉永松篆書碑(bei)(bei)額，匠蔣學心(xin)。站立二碑(bei)(bei)前，靜(jing)心(xin)凝視陰刻的碑(bei)(bei)文(wen)會逐漸地(di)凸現出來(lai)，呈現陽文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)刻的奇異效果。左右出檐殿廡各(ge)11間連接大成(cheng)殿是辟作《孔子圣(sheng)跡展》和《福州教育史展》的兩個展廳(ting)。
大成殿前建有突出式(shi)長(chang)32米，寬9米，高出埕(cheng)面(mian)1．2l米，周邊飾以欄(lan)板欄(lan)桿的(de)月臺。臺面(mian)鋪作大石板，內中空(kong)。每當太陽東升西降橫照(zhao)月臺埕(cheng)面(mian)上(shang)，人們可(ke)從欄(lan)桿下平(ping)視(shi)埕(cheng)面(mian)，可(ke)見石埕(cheng)面(mian)冉(ran)(ran)冉(ran)(ran)上(shang)升之瑞氣的(de)奇異景觀(guan)。
大成(cheng)殿(dian)雄(xiong)踞(ju)于高出埕面(mian)1．46米(mi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)臺基上(shang)。面(mian)闊七(qi)間，進深四間，重檐歇山頂，穿斗式木結構鋪(pu)(pu)以石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)，用石(shi)(shi)檐柱(zhu)22根(gen)，石(shi)(shi)內柱(zhu)8根(gen)。石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)頭(tou)之(zhi)上(shang)銜接木柱(zhu)，落(luo)地木柱(zhu)18根(gen)。上(shang)下檐之(zhi)間鋪(pu)(pu)作層共有(you)42攢五跳(tiao)八(ba)鋪(pu)(pu)作的(de)柱(zhu)頭(tou)鋪(pu)(pu)作，補間鋪(pu)(pu)作和轉角鋪(pu)(pu)作組成(cheng)。石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)碩大，按花(hua)崗巖每(mei)立方(fang)米(mi)2．8噸計，石(shi)(shi)內柱(zhu)每(mei)根(gen)重達(da)(da)約9噸，石(shi)(shi)檐柱(zhu)每(mei)根(gen)重達(da)(da)8噸有(you)奇。當(dang)年施(shi)工(gong)艱難由此(ci)可見一斑。殿(dian)中(zhong)上(shang)部藻井頂部有(you)一精美的(de)古星象圖，星座(zuo)金光(guang)熠熠，十分耀眼(yan)。
大殿(dian)內(nei)安(an)放(fang)著新制青(qing)石(shi)雕(diao)刻孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)坐像(xiang)(xiang)，高25．51米(mi)(mi)，基座1．18米(mi)(mi)。孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)坐像(xiang)(xiang)左前側分別安(an)放(fang)顏(yan)回，子(zi)(zi)思青(qing)石(shi)雕(diao)刻坐像(xiang)(xiang)，通(tong)高3．45米(mi)(mi)；右前側分別安(an)放(fang)著曾參、孟(meng)子(zi)(zi)青(qing)石(shi)雕(diao)刻坐像(xiang)(xiang)，通(tong)高3．45米(mi)(mi)，東、西、北三面繞孔(kong)子(zi)(zi)坐像(xiang)(xiang)立七(qi)十二(er)楨形態各(ge)異、栩栩如生(sheng)的(de)七(qi)十二(er)賢(xian)人青(qing)石(shi)雕(diao)刻造像(xiang)(xiang)。殿(dian)內(nei)的(de)儒家(jia)青(qing)石(shi)群雕(diao)造像(xiang)(xiang)，在表現技法上(shang)注重質感和比例，形神兼備，雕(diao)刻精(jing)美洗練。展(zhan)示(shi)了儒家(jia)現實生(sheng)活氣息(xi)的(de)境(jing)界。形象豐(feng)滿圓潤，氣質渾厚，衣飾簡素，具有輕快(kuai)流(liu)暢的(de)特色。
如此雄(xiong)偉壯觀的儒家青石群雕(diao)造像，實屬(shu)宇(yu)內罕有。
殿內，懸掛重新復制的由康(kang)熙皇帝以下五位(wei)皇帝書寫的六(liu)面大匾額。以及康(kang)熙皇帝、乾(qian)隆皇帝書寫的楹聯，金(jin)字(zi)熠熠，滿壁生輝。移(yi)身殿內，令人油然而生崇仰(yang)肅穆之(zhi)情。
給生活一把琴 
