福州市(shi)升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)靈巖(yan)禪寺(si)位(wei)于福州市(shi)晉安(an)區新(xin)店鎮赤(chi)星村(cun)境內升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)上,據《三山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)志》、《閩(min)都記(ji)》等(deng)古志史的記(ji)載(zai):“世傳越王勾踐(jian)時,此山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)自會稽飛(fei)(fei)來”,故名飛(fei)(fei)來峰。晉太(tai)康(kang)年(nian)間,任(ren)敦(dun)在這里修道(dao)白(bai)日(ri)羽化升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天,即“一人得道(dao),雞犬升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)天”。唐(tang)天寶六年(nian)(747年(nian)),唐(tang)玄宗“以(yi)仙公之上升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng),詔改升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)”,御封飛(fei)(fei)來峰為升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),現存(cun)“任(ren)公臺”、“仙升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)巖(yan)”等(deng)古跡(ji),民(min)間有任(ren)敦(dun)“種(zhong)杏立果”、“食枳葉染飯成(cheng)仙”的傳說。唐(tang)宋八大家之一的曾鞏《游升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)》詩曰(yue):“修竹長松(song)十(shi)里陰,任(ren)敦(dun)燒藥洞門(men)深。獨窺全版(ban)驚人語,能到清霞出世心。雞犬亦隨云(yun)外去(qu),蓬瀛何必海中尋(xun)。丹樓碧(bi)閣唐(tang)朝寺(si),錫吹香(xiang)花滿歸林。”《三山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)志》載(zai):“以(yi)其西巖(yan)石間時聞鼓(gu)磬聲,故稱靈巖(yan)”,故又名升(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)靈巖(yan)寺(si)。
升(sheng)山(shan)(shan)靈(ling)巖寺(si)(si)(si)始建于南北(bei)朝陳天(tian)嘉(jia)三年(nian)(562年(nian)),為(wei)(wei)福州(zhou)市(shi)較早的(de)寺(si)(si)(si)院之一(yi)(yi)。《三山(shan)(shan)志》載:“升(sheng)山(shan)(shan)有(you)(you)(you)元(yuan)(yuan)沙(sha)(sha)寺(si)(si)(si)(又稱(cheng)(cheng)玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)寺(si)(si)(si)),本安國(guo)(guo)禪(chan)師(shi)(shi)塔院也(ye)。”《閩(min)都(dou)記(ji)》載:“升(sheng)山(shan)(shan)靈(ling)巖寺(si)(si)(si) 升(sheng)山(shan)(shan),去郡十里而遙。陳天(tian)嘉(jia)三年(nian)創寺(si)(si)(si),舊號飛山(shan)(shan)。元(yuan)(yuan)沙(sha)(sha)寺(si)(si)(si)即其址也(ye)。”唐、宋兩代極盛時有(you)(you)(you)僧尼(ni)千人(ren),其中有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)份還是日本、高麗等(deng)國(guo)(guo)趕到(dao)“玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)寺(si)(si)(si)”朝圣的(de)僧侶,出(chu)國(guo)(guo)師(shi)(shi)“宗(zong)一(yi)(yi)安國(guo)(guo)”禪(chan)師(shi)(shi)(即玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)師(shi)(shi)備(bei)(bei)(835~908年(nian)),俗姓謝,閩(min)王(wang)(wang)王(wang)(wang)審(shen)(shen)知(zhi)曾拜師(shi)(shi)備(bei)(bei)為(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi),晚(wan)年(nian)回福州(zhou),結屋(wu)在北(bei)門(men)(men)外玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)山(shan)(shan)(今福州(zhou)郊(jiao)區(qu)新店(dian)鎮升(sheng)山(shan)(shan)),稱(cheng)(cheng)“玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)寺(si)(si)(si)”,成為(wei)(wei)“法(fa)眼宗(zong)”的(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地。師(shi)(shi)備(bei)(bei)有(you)(you)(you)《大(da)小語錄》傳世,閩(min)王(wang)(wang)王(wang)(wang)審(shen)(shen)知(zhi)為(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi)備(bei)(bei)逝世尤其悼惜(xi),賜號宗(zong)一(yi)(yi)大(da)師(shi)(shi),立塔紀念。后(hou)唐長(chang)興元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(930年(nian)),新閩(min)王(wang)(wang)王(wang)(wang)延鈞也(ye)為(wei)(wei)師(shi)(shi)備(bei)(bei)樹碑紀念。玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)從(cong)《楞嚴經(jing)》入道,識見尤屬(shu)特別,化行尤廣。繼有(you)(you)(you)羅漢(han)桂(gui)琛(867—928),門(men)(men)眾推為(wei)(wei)上(shang)座,大(da)弘玄(xuan)(xuan)沙(sha)(sha)之教,從(cong)桂(gui)琛得法(fa)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)文益(yi)(885—958),后(hou)為(wei)(wei)南唐元(yuan)(yuan)宗(zong)迎住于金(jin)陵報恩(en)禪(chan)院,死后(hou)謚法(fa)眼,衍(yan)成法(fa)眼宗(zong))。歷(li)代名僧倍出(chu),被(bei)冠(guan)以“靈(ling)巖顯圣兮閩(min)中寶剎第一(yi)(yi)”的(de)尊(zun)稱(cheng)(cheng),有(you)(you)(you)“未(wei)有(you)(you)(you)涌泉,先有(you)(you)(you)靈(ling)巖”的(de)說法(fa)。
唐朝周樸,宋代(dai)曾鞏(gong)、陳(chen)襄、李(li)綱,明代(dai)陳(chen)亮,清代(dai)林則(ze)(ze)徐(xu)等都游過(guo)升(sheng)(sheng)山靈巖(yan)(yan)寺(si)(si)。唐周樸有(you)《升(sheng)(sheng)山》詩(shi)寫:“升(sheng)(sheng)山自古(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)飛(fei)來,此是(shi)神功莫浪猜。氣色雖然離禹(yu)穴,峰巒猶(you)自接蓬萊。巖(yan)(yan)邊古(gu)(gu)樹(shu)泉(quan)沖(chong)落,頂上浮云(yun)照日開(kai)。南望閩城(cheng)塵世界(jie),千秋萬古(gu)(gu)卷(juan)浮埃。”現寺(si)(si)后巖(yan)(yan)壁上保留(liu)宋代(dai)張去惑、程師孟、周君(jun)信,元代(dai)也(ye)先不(bu)花大年和清代(dai)林則(ze)(ze)徐(xu)等名(ming)人的(de)摩崖(ya)題(ti)刻(ke)。如(ru):“道(dao)(dao)光庚戍夏,邑(yi)人林則(ze)(ze)徐(xu)、郭柏蒼同(tong)蜀李(li)惺游升(sheng)(sheng)山寺(si)(si)。”當時林則(ze)(ze)徐(xu)已66歲,在家養(yang)病期(qi)間(jian)同(tong)四(si)川進(jin)士李(li)惺一(yi)起(qi)游升(sheng)(sheng)山寺(si)(si)。“獨(du)有(you)昔賢(xian)遺刻(ke)在,年年秋雨長(chang)青苔”,成了一(yi)道(dao)(dao)獨(du)特的(de)風景線,讓人懷古(gu)(gu)憑吊。
升山(shan)(shan)靈巖(yan)寺(si)為(wei)(wei)市、區文物保護單位,明嘉靖時曾重修(xiu)過,后又(you)毀,清(qing)光緒三十(shi)三年(nian)(1907年(nian))重建,寺(si)內現(xian)存宋代古(gu)石(shi)槽和(he)古(gu)僧(seng)塔垅(long)等(deng)。現(xian)在的(de)升山(shan)(shan)寺(si)有天王殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、大悲樓(lou)、西歸(gui)祠、彌陀殿(dian)(dian)(dian)、僧(seng)舍等(deng)。大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)為(wei)(wei)清(qing)朝木椽結構建筑,有聯曰(yue):“圣地千秋秀,佛天萬古(gu)春(chun)”、“天上(shang)樓(lou)臺山(shan)(shan)中寺(si),云(yun)中鐘鼓月中僧(seng)。”等(deng)。在大雄寶(bao)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)后面的(de)大悲樓(lou),由大護法(fa)普音居士(shi)捐資重建,大悲樓(lou)高聳(song)雄偉,氣(qi)概萬千,宛若天上(shang)瓊樓(lou)玉宇,身歷(li)其境,猶如(ru)進入仙鄉,內供千手觀音菩薩巨像(xiang),彩(cai)繪描金(jin)粉飾,高二十(shi)多(duo)米,為(wei)(wei)福(fu)州地區所(suo)絕無僅有。
從偏東(dong)30度遠處眺望(wang)升山(shan),其山(shan)勢有(you)(you)(you)如(ru)一(yi)座巨大的(de)彌(mi)勒佛(fo),而(er)升山(shan)靈巖寺則修建(jian)在這(zhe)尊彌(mi)勒佛(fo)的(de)肚臍上,這(zhe)不可不謂古人建(jian)寺時選址的(de)良苦用心(xin),站(zhan)在升山(shan)瀏覽四周(zhou),遠處左(zuo)有(you)(you)(you)鼓(gu)山(shan),右有(you)(you)(you)旗(qi)山(shan),前有(you)(you)(you)五(wu)鳳山(shan)。近(jin)處東(dong)有(you)(you)(you)獅山(shan),西有(you)(you)(you)象山(shan),后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)葫蘆山(shan)。故有(you)(you)(you)“左(zuo)鼓(gu)右旗(qi)前五(wu)鳳”,“東(dong)獅西象后(hou)葫蘆”“飛峰毓秀也天下形勝(sheng)無(wu)雙”之說,細(xi)細(xi)端(duan)祥,越發(fa)耐人尋味,實為風水寶地,與屏山(shan)鎮海(hai)樓(lou)南北相映。
在(zai)(zai)升山靈(ling)巖(yan)寺(si)觀(guan)景(jing)(jing),可(ke)謂(wei)人生一大享受,在(zai)(zai)鼓(gu)嶺觀(guan)景(jing)(jing),因遠而糊,升山近而清(qing)。白天(tian)可(ke)見(jian)櫛(zhi)比鱗(lin)次的高樓大廈林立,晚上可(ke)瞻萬千燈光閃爍絢(xuan)麗的夜景(jing)(jing),尤其是(shi)在(zai)(zai)雨過天(tian)晴、秋高氣爽、風和日麗之(zhi)時,其視角之(zhi)廣、視線(xian)之(zhi)遠,無處可(ke)比,為(wei)天(tian)然的福州(zhou)城觀(guan)景(jing)(jing)臺,是(shi)福州(zhou)罕有的寶地。身處寧靜(jing),眼(yan)觀(guan)喧囂,在(zai)(zai)佛、道之(zhi)境,看塵世(shi)之(zhi)煩(fan)亂,自感超脫,強烈的對比,使人心境無比輕松(song),流連(lian)忘返。
升山(shan)靈巖寺(si)福州北郊的(de)(de)這一(yi)(yi)文(wen)化(hua)瑰寶,有(you)悠(you)久的(de)(de)文(wen)明(ming),厚(hou)重的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)沉積,多(duo)彩的(de)(de)神話傳說,豐富的(de)(de)文(wen)物(wu)瑰寶,更有(you)不可多(duo)得(de)的(de)(de)地理條件,是社會(hui)不可多(duo)得(de)的(de)(de)財富,社會(hui)有(you)責(ze)任組織力量來保護這一(yi)(yi)見證福州古(gu)代(dai)發展史的(de)(de)難得(de)實物(wu),有(you)責(ze)任研究、開(kai)發這一(yi)(yi)獨特的(de)(de)歷史、文(wen)化(hua)、旅游、觀光資源,以提升福州城悠(you)久的(de)(de)人文(wen)品位,使之更好地造福于社會(hui)。