一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車是否配備蓄能裝置，可把燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車分為純(chun)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車和混(hun)合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車兩(liang)大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的燃料(liao)電池(chi)是電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)上電能(neng)的唯(wei)一來(lai)源。這種類型的燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)要求燃料(liao)電池(chi)的功率大(da)，并且無法(fa)回收汽車(che)(che)制動(dong)能(neng)量(liang)。因此，純(chun)燃料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車(che)(che)目前應(ying)用較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混合型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)上除燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池外，還(huan)同時配備了蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝置（如(ru)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)池、超級電(dian)(dian)容或飛(fei)輪電(dian)(dian)池等）。由于蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝置可(ke)(ke)(ke)協助供電(dian)(dian)，因而(er)可(ke)(ke)(ke)減小燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)功率(lv)，且蓄(xu)(xu)能(neng)裝置還(huan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)于汽車(che)(che)制動(dong)時的(de)能(neng)量(liang)回收，所以可(ke)(ke)(ke)提高燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)利用(yong)(yong)率(lv)。因此，燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)多(duo)采用(yong)(yong)混合型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根據(ju)混合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車中(zhong)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)池的電(dian)(dian)路結構，可將(jiang)混合型燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車分(fen)為串聯(lian)式和(he)并聯(lian)式兩(liang)種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串聯(lian)(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池相當于車載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)車輛的(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)。串聯(lian)(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)(de)特點(dian)與普通的(de)(de)串聯(lian)(lian)混(hun)合動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車相似。其優點(dian)是可采(cai)用小(xiao)功率的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，但要(yao)求(qiu)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)容量和功率要(yao)足夠(gou)大，且燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池發出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需要(yao)經過(guo)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過(guo)程(cheng)，從中有(you)能(neng)量的(de)(de)轉換(huan)損(sun)失。目前，串聯(lian)(lian)式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車較為少見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)由燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)共(gong)同(tong)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)力(li)。根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)能量(liang)大(da)小(xiao)的(de)配置(zhi)不(bu)同(tong)，又可將其分為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)型和(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)主要由燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)較(jiao)小(xiao)，只是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)起步、加速、爬坡等行駛工(gong)況時(shi)(shi)協(xie)(xie)助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并在(zai)車(che)輛減速與(yu)制動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)進行能量(liang)回(hui)收。小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)則必須采(cai)用大(da)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，由蓄(xu)(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供主要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)，而燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)只是協(xie)(xie)助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并聯式(shi)是目前(qian)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)采(cai)用較(jiao)多的(de)形式(shi)。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據燃料電(dian)池(chi)所提供(gong)的(de)燃料不同，燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車又可分為直接燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車和重整燃料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車兩大類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的燃料(liao)(liao)主要是純氫(qing)，也(ye)可以(yi)用甲醇等燃料(liao)(liao)。采用純氫(qing)作燃料(liao)(liao)的燃料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車，其氫(qing)燃料(liao)(liao)的儲存方式有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)和(he)合金(jin)（碳納(na)米管）吸(xi)附氫(qing)等幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有汽油(you)、天(tian)然氣(qi)、甲醇、甲烷、液化(hua)石油(you)氣(qi)等。重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)結構要(yao)比氫(qing)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)復(fu)雜得多。比如，甲醇重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)需(xu)要(yao)對甲醇進行200℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)加熱以分解(jie)出氫(qing)，汽油(you)重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)也(ye)需(xu)要(yao)對汽油(you)進行1000℃左(zuo)右的(de)(de)加熱以分解(jie)出氫(qing)。無論采用什么燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)都需(xu)設置(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)裝置(zhi)，將其他燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)轉化(hua)為燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所需(xu)的(de)(de)氫(qing)。

直接以純氫為燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車對(dui)儲氫裝置的(de)(de)要求較(jiao)高(gao)。但與重(zhong)整(zheng)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車相比，直接燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)結構(gou)簡單、質量(liang)輕(qing)、能量(liang)效率高(gao)、成本(ben)低。因此，目前的(de)(de)燃料(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車采用(yong)重(zhong)整(zheng)技術的(de)(de)相對(dui)較(jiao)少，大都以純氫為車載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇燃料電池汽(qi)車時，消費(fei)者(zhe)應該充(chong)分考慮自(zi)己的需求和(he)使用情況，并結合汽(qi)車的性能、價(jia)格(ge)和(he)售后(hou)服務等因素做出(chu)正確的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首(shou)先應(ying)該對自(zi)己的(de)需求和使用情(qing)況有(you)一(yi)個清晰的(de)認識。如果是長途出行，需要考(kao)(kao)慮汽車(che)的(de)續航(hang)里(li)程和加氫設(she)施的(de)覆蓋(gai)范圍；如果是市(shi)區代步，可考(kao)(kao)慮汽車(che)的(de)動力性能和價格(ge)等因素(su)。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)池汽車的性(xing)能是選(xuan)擇時(shi)的重要參(can)考因素(su)。消費(fei)者可根(gen)據自己的使(shi)用(yong)需求和對(dui)汽車性(xing)能的要求，選(xuan)擇續航里程更(geng)長(chang)、動力性(xing)能更(geng)優、充電(dian)速度(du)更(geng)快的車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對(dui)于傳統汽車價(jia)格更高(gao)，消費(fei)者在選擇時(shi)需(xu)要根據自己的經濟實力做出(chu)決(jue)策。此(ci)外(wai)，還(huan)需(xu)要考慮(lv)廠家售后服務的質量(liang)和承諾，確保汽車能夠得到及時(shi)有效的維修和保養。