電壓調節器是協助發電機工作的重要部件(jian)。因為汽(qi)車正常行駛時，由(you)于交流(liu)發電(dian)機(ji)的轉子是由(you)發動(dong)機(ji)通過皮(pi)帶(dai)驅動(dong)旋轉的，發動(dong)機(ji)的轉速從最低(di)約800轉/分(fen)的(de)轉到最高約6000轉(zhuan)/分(fen)鐘(zhong)，發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)轉速(su)變(bian)化(hua)范圍很大(da)，對(dui)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)的大(da)小肯(ken)定(ding)(ding)會(hui)有很大(da)影響，引起發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)的輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)發(fa)(fa)生較大(da)變(bian)化(hua)，無法(fa)滿足汽車(che)用(yong)電(dian)設備的工(gong)作要(yao)求。為使發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)電(dian)壓(ya)在不同的轉速(su)下(xia)均(jun)能保(bao)持(chi)一定(ding)(ding)，且能隨發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機(ji)轉速(su)的變(bian)化(hua)而(er)自動調節(jie)(jie)，使電(dian)壓(ya)值保(bao)持(chi)在某一特定(ding)(ding)范圍，就必須裝置(zhi)電(dian)壓(ya)調節(jie)(jie)器，使其(qi)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓(ya)在發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)所(suo)有工(gong)況(kuang)下(xia)基本保(bao)持(chi)恒(heng)定(ding)(ding)。

而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓調節(jie)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)正常工(gong)作，對(dui)保證整個汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統的(de)(de)(de)正常工(gong)作和對(dui)延(yan)長汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)關(guan)系極大(da)。汽(qi)車(che)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機調節(jie)器(qi)輸出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓（或充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓）對(dui)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)有著很大(da)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，其(qi)作用(yong)(yong)是保護蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，是蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護裝置(zhi)，以免過度充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)而影(ying)響壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。

對(dui)于12V的(de)汽車(che)電(dian)器系統，調節器調節發電(dian)機的(de)輸(shu)出電(dian)壓范圍在(zai)13.8－14.4伏之間。

發(fa)(fa)電機的(de)輸出電壓(ya)取決于(yu)發(fa)(fa)電機定(ding)子(zi)線(xian)圈的(de)匝數、發(fa)(fa)電機的(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速和轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)線(xian)圈產生(sheng)磁(ci)場的(de)強度(du)，而(er)我(wo)們只能(neng)調(diao)(diao)節的(de)是轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)線(xian)圈產生(sheng)磁(ci)場的(de)強度(du)。電壓(ya)調(diao)(diao)節器通過控制(zhi)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)子(zi)線(xian)圈的(de)通電電流來控制(zhi)磁(ci)場的(de)強度(du)。

從發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)調節器發(fa)展來看，經歷了觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、電(dian)(dian)子(zi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的微(wei)(wei)機(ji)控制式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三種。觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)利(li)用(yong)機(ji)械觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)控制轉子(zi)線圈(quan)的接通(tong)(tong)和(he)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)；電(dian)(dian)子(zi)式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓調節器利(li)用(yong)三極管(guan)或集(ji)成電(dian)(dian)路(lu)控制轉子(zi)線圈(quan)的接通(tong)(tong)和(he)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)；而(er)微(wei)(wei)機(ji)控制式(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)由發(fa)動機(ji)控制單元或單獨(du)的電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)管(guan)理系統控制轉子(zi)線圈(quan)的接通(tong)(tong)和(he)切(qie)(qie)斷(duan)。

提到(dao)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)，必提外(wai)搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)和(he)內搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)。內搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)控制轉子線圈(quan)的搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)點(dian)在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)內部(bu)；外(wai)搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)控制轉子線圈(quan)的搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)點(dian)在發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)外(wai)部(bu)。在這一定義(yi)時期，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)采用外(wai)置式(shi)設計，如此一來的實質(zhi)是：內搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)控制轉子線圈(quan)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)；而外(wai)搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)型(xing)(xing)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節器(qi)控制轉子線圈(quan)搭(da)(da)鐵(tie)。

外搭鐵型電子(zi)調節器(qi)的(de)基(ji)(ji)本電路(lu)：基(ji)(ji)本電路(lu)是由三只電阻R1、R2、R3，兩(liang)只三極管VT1、VT3，一只穩壓二(er)極管VS組成(cheng)。

電阻R1和R2組(zu)成一個(ge)分壓器，分壓器R1、R2兩(liang)端的電壓(ya)(ya)為發電機電壓(ya)(ya)。

VT3是(shi)大(da)功率三極(ji)管(guan)（NPN型），和發電(dian)機的磁場繞組串聯(lian)，起開關作用(yong)，用(yong)來(lai)接通(tong)與切(qie)斷發電(dian)機的勵磁電(dian)路；

VT1是(shi)小功(gong)率三極(ji)管（NPN型），用來放大控制信號；

穩壓管VS是(shi)感受元件，串(chuan)聯在VT1的基極電路中，電阻(zu)R1和R2選擇與VS匹配：當發電機(ji)輸(shu)出電壓UB達(da)到規定的調整值時(shi)（如桑塔納為14V時），R2上電壓正好等(deng)于(yu)穩壓管(guan)VS的反向擊穿電(dian)壓。

（1）當發電機電壓低于(yu)設定值時，VS不(bu)能被反(fan)向(xiang)擊穿，三極管VT1沒有基極電流，所(suo)以VT1截止；電阻(zu)R3為三極管(guan)VT3提(ti)供基極(ji)電流，三極(ji)管VT3導通(tong)(tong)(tong)，控制轉子線圈的(de)搭(da)鐵端接通(tong)(tong)(tong)，接通(tong)(tong)(tong)轉子線圈電(dian)流。

（2）當發電(dian)機電(dian)壓達到設定(ding)值時(shi)，VS能(neng)被反向擊穿，為(wei)三極管VT1提供基(ji)極電(dian)流，所以VT1導通(tong)；VT1導通(tong)導致電阻R3直接(jie)搭鐵，因為三極管VT3沒有了基極(ji)電流，三極(ji)管VT3截止，控制(zhi)轉(zhuan)子(zi)線圈的搭鐵端切斷(duan)，切斷(duan)轉(zhuan)子(zi)線圈電流。使發電機(ji)輸出電壓下降。

現(xian)在說電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)，很(hen)多地(di)方提夏利汽(qi)車的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)，并且很(hen)多時候(hou)將此(ci)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)稱(cheng)為IC調節(jie)器(qi)，相對于傳統(tong)的分散部件，此(ci)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)調節(jie)器(qi)內部應有一(yi)(yi)個集成控(kong)制芯(xin)片，即實(shi)現(xian)了對轉子(zi)線圈接通和切(qie)斷的控(kong)制，還實(shi)現(xian)對儀(yi)表的充電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示(shi)燈(deng)的控(kong)制。夏利來自由日(ri)本，這一(yi)(yi)控(kong)制思路為很(hen)多汽(qi)車的設計思路。

發電機電壓檢測電路的優點：發(fa)電機(ji)到檢(jian)測(ce)電路距離近，可(ke)不(bu)用導線(xian)連接(jie)，直接(jie)接(jie)在(zai)發(fa)電機(ji)輸出端，連接(jie)可(ke)靠，不(bu)致使檢(jian)測(ce)電路檢(jian)測(ce)不(bu)到信(xin)號(hao)。

發電機電壓檢測電路的缺點：當發電(dian)機到蓄電(dian)池(chi)之間連(lian)接電(dian)阻大時，蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓會偏低，使(shi)蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)不足。

該(gai)調節器有6個(ge)接(jie)線端(duan)(duan)子(zi)(zi)F、P、E三個(ge)端(duan)(duan)子(zi)(zi)用(yong)螺釘(ding)直接(jie)和發電(dian)機連接(jie)，B端(duan)(duan)用(yong)螺母固(gu)定在發電(dian)機的(de)(de)輸出(chu)端(duan)(duan)子(zi)(zi)“B”上，IG、L兩個(ge)端(duan)(duan)子(zi)(zi)傭金屬(shu)線引到調節器的(de)(de)外部接(jie)線插座上。

磁場電流控制：VT2是大功率三(san)極管，和(he)(he)磁(ci)場串聯，由集成片IC控(kong)制VT2的導通和(he)(he)截(jie)止，從(cong)而控(kong)制磁(ci)場電路通斷，使發(fa)電機電壓得到(dao)控(kong)制。

充電指示燈：充(chong)電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈(deng)串(chuan)接在VT1集電(dian)(dian)極(ji)上，VT1導通(tong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈(deng)亮(liang)，VT1截止(zhi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈(deng)熄滅。在集成(cheng)片(pian)IC中有控制VT1導通(tong)和截止(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路，控制信(xin)號(hao)由(you)p點提供(gong)，p點提供(gong)的(de)(de)是發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)單(dan)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)交流信(xin)號(hao)，其(qi)信(xin)號(hao)幅值大小可反映發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸出電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)高低。

當發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)低于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，IC中控制電(dian)(dian)路使(shi)VT1導(dao)通，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)指示(shi)燈(deng)亮，當發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高于(yu)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)時，IC中控制電(dian)(dian)路使(shi)VT1截止，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)指示(shi)熄滅。

帶有勵磁二極管的電壓調節器控制電路：

調節器在使用過程中一般不允(yun)許拆卸護蓋(gai)，正常情況是(shi)每(mei)工作200h左右進行一次全面檢查和維護，其(qi)內(nei)容(rong)如下：

1、拆下護殼，檢查觸點(dian)表面有(you)無(wu)污(wu)物和燒損。若(ruo)有(you)污(wu)物，可用(yong)較干凈的紙擦拭觸點(dian)表面。若(ruo)觸點(dian)出現燒蝕或平面不平而導致接觸不良，一般用(yong)“00”號砂(sha)(sha)紙或砂(sha)(sha)條將其磨平，最后再用(yong)干凈的紙擦凈。

2、檢查各個接頭的牢固程(cheng)度(du)，測量電阻和各個線圈的電阻值。若有損壞，應及時修復或更(geng)換新(xin)件。

3、檢驗斷流(liu)器(qi)的閉合電(dian)壓和逆電(dian)流(liu)、節(jie)壓器(qi)的限(xian)(xian)額電(dian)壓、節(jie)流(liu)器(qi)的限(xian)(xian)額電(dian)流(liu)以及各種(zhong)觸點的間隙(xi)和氣(qi)隙(xi)。若不符(fu)合要求，應(ying)進行調整。

4、檢查(cha)調(diao)(diao)(diao)整后(hou)的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)器(qi)，在起(qi)(qi)動柴油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)時(shi)要(yao)注(zhu)意觀察(cha)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表指針的(de)(de)指示。若柴油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)以中等(deng)以上轉速運轉時(shi)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表的(de)(de)指針仍(reng)(reng)指向(xiang)“-”一(yi)邊(bian)，這說(shuo)明斷(duan)流(liu)器(qi)的(de)(de)觸點(dian)未斷(duan)開，應(ying)迅速斷(duan)開接地開關(guan)；否(fou)則，會(hui)損(sun)壞蓄電(dian)(dian)池、調(diao)(diao)(diao)節(jie)器(qi)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)。若柴油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)起(qi)(qi)動至額定轉速后(hou)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)表的(de)(de)指針仍(reng)(reng)指向(xiang)“0”處，說(shuo)明的(de)(de)調(diao)(diao)(diao)整時(shi)未按(an)技術(shu)要(yao)求進行(xing)調(diao)(diao)(diao)整，應(ying)重新進行(xing)檢查(cha)和調(diao)(diao)(diao)整。

調(diao)節(jie)器有三個柱(zhu)，一個是(shi)正(zheng)極(ji)柱(zhu)，一個是(shi)搭鐵(tie)柱(zhu)，還有一個是(shi)磁場(chang)柱(zhu)，試(shi)法：正(zheng)極接(jie)到調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)正(zheng)極柱，搭鐵接(jie)到調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)搭鐵柱，另(ling)個(ge)用條電線把調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)磁(ci)場(chang)柱接(jie)到碳刷(shua)一個(ge)，另(ling)一個(ge)碳刷(shua)搭鐵，用試燈試碳刷(shua)有(you)沒有(you)電，燈泡亮是好，不亮就是調(diao)節器(qi)(qi)壞了。

判(pan)斷調節(jie)器的好壞的另外的方法：

1、發電(dian)機不發電(dian)，用試(shi)燈量磁場端沒電(dian)，調(diao)節器F也沒電，但B有電，E搭鐵(tie)正常，那就(jiu)是調節器壞了，更換(huan)。

2、發(fa)電(dian)機發(fa)電(dian)量(liang)太(tai)大超(chao)過(guo)15.0v甚至更高那一(yi)般也是調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)壞了，更換。

3、用表測量發(fa)電(dian)機發(fa)電(dian)量，正常(chang)14.8左(zuo)右，高(gao)啦就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)調(diao)節器損壞。如果燈(deng)泡經常燒還找不出(chu)其他問(wen)題，除了電(dian)池(chi)溫度高(gao)，消耗快等，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)調(diao)壓器壞了。

1、發電機不充電：發動(dong)機(ji)中速以上運轉，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流表指(zhi)示放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)指(zhi)示燈不熄滅。測量發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)≯蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。

原因：發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)皮帶斷或打滑(hua)嚴重；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)勵(li)磁(ci)線路或充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路斷路；發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)故(gu)障；調節器故(gu)障

故障診斷和維修

（1）依次檢查皮帶松緊(jin)、導線(xian)連(lian)接（松脫或接錯）情況。

（2）若正常，對(dui)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁吸(xi)力(li)試(shi)驗，若不正常，檢查勵磁電(dian)(dian)(dian)路。應(ying)首先區(qu)分是發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)還是調節器的(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)（給(gei)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉子繞組通電(dian)(dian)(dian)，通過試(shi)驗其(qi)是否(fou)有電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁吸(xi)力(li)，來證(zheng)明）。若正常，進行下一步(bu)。

（3）檢(jian)查電(dian)樞回路(lu)。用(yong)試燈(deng)檢(jian)查發電(dian)機“B”接(jie)線(xian)(xian)端是否(fou)有電(dian)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)來確定故障是在(zai)外線(xian)(xian)路(lu)還(huan)是在(zai)發電(dian)機內部。

（4）診斷電路故障時，可用試燈或萬用表的電阻檔或電壓檔。【詳細>>】

2、發電機充電電流過小：在蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況下，發動機(ji)中高速運轉(zhuan)時充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流很(hen)小，或蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經常虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。

原因：充電(dian)線路接觸不良；傳動帶打滑(hua)；發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)有(you)故障(zhang)；調節器調節電(dian)壓過低或有(you)故障(zhang)。

故障診斷維修：

（1）檢查發(fa)電機(ji)傳動帶的松緊或油污、檢查導線的連接；

（2）拆下發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機“F”導線(xian)，用(yong)試燈兩端(duan)接(jie)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機“B”和“F”接(jie)線(xian)柱，起動發動機并(bing)逐漸提(ti)高轉速，若(ruo)試燈發紅證明(ming)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機有故(gu)障；若(ruo)兩度增加較大說明(ming)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機正常，故(gu)障在調(diao)節器。有電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表可在此情況(kuang)下觀察(cha)其(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)大小，區分(fen)是發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機還是調(diao)節器的故(gu)障。

3、發電機充電電流過大：在蓄電(dian)池不虧電(dian)的情況(kuang)下(xia)，電(dian)流表指示充電(dian)仍(reng)在10A以上，或(huo)電(dian)解(jie)液消耗過快。

原因：調節(jie)器(qi)調節(jie)電(dian)(dian)壓值過高；晶體管(guan)調節(jie)器(qi)大功(gong)率三極管(guan)不(bu)能有效截(jie)止或短(duan)路(lu)；電(dian)(dian)磁震動(dong)式調節(jie)器(qi)的(de)磁化(hua)線圈或調解電(dian)(dian)阻斷路(lu)、高速觸點(dian)臟污等；發電(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)勵(li)磁線路(lu)與“B+”短(duan)接。

故障診斷維修：拆下調節(jie)器磁(ci)場接線(xian)，逐步提高發(fa)電機轉速并觀察電流表。若仍指示充電，即為發(fa)電機的(de)故障；否則(ze)，為調節(jie)器的(de)故障，對于電磁(ci)震動調節(jie)器可(ke)進(jin)行調整與檢修(xiu)；若是晶體管調節(jie)器，則(ze)應進(jin)行更換。

4、發電機充電不穩：發動機在(zai)怠速以上運(yun)轉時，電流(liu)表指(zhi)示不穩或開(kai)燈后又(you)閃(shan)亮現(xian)象(xiang)。

原(yuan)因(yin)：轉(zhuan)動帶松動有時打(da)滑；充(chong)電系導(dao)線接觸(chu)不良(liang)；發(fa)電機故(gu)障；調節器(qi)調節觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)燒蝕或臟(zang)污，觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)臂彈簧過軟等。

故障診斷維修：

1）首先排除傳(chuan)動帶打滑(hua)和(he)導(dao)線基礎不良等外在故障。

2）應先檢查調節器的故障(zhang)再檢查發(fa)電(dian)機的故障(zhang)。

3）發電機故障：①軸承(cheng)故障；②轉子與定子相(xiang)碰；③電刷磨損過(guo)大或(huo)與滑(hua)環接觸(chu)不良；④轉子軸彎(wan)曲等。