一、電動汽車電機參數分析
電(dian)(dian)動汽車主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)為電(dian)(dian)動和油電(dian)(dian)混(hun)合(he)兩(liang)大類(lei),其中(zhong)油電(dian)(dian)混(hun)合(he)的大類(lei)中(zhong)又分(fen)為油電(dian)(dian)混(hun)合(he)、插電(dian)(dian)式混(hun)合(he)動力(li)和增程式混(hun)合(he)動力(li)三(san)類(lei)。一般在參(can)數(shu)配置(zhi)表(biao)中(zhong)主(zhu)要(yao)看以下三(san)個參(can)數(shu):
1、最大功率
最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)功率(lv)是指一臺(tai)電機(ji)所能實現的(de)最(zui)(zui)大(da)(da)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)輸出,這個概念和發動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)相似,不過電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)電機(ji)卻(que)有著(zhu)自(zi)己(ji)的(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)輸出特性。
電動汽車電機(ji)是一(yi)種能量轉換效率(lv)(lv)很高(gao)的機(ji)器,相比(bi)內燃(ran)機(ji)30%多(duo)的工作(zuo)效率(lv)(lv),電動機(ji)通常都(dou)在(zai)85%以上,而(er)且功率(lv)(lv)越(yue)大,工作(zuo)效率(lv)(lv)也越(yue)高(gao),而(er)大型電機(ji)的效率(lv)(lv)甚至可(ke)以達到(dao)98%。
2、最大扭矩
扭(niu)(niu)矩是(shi)指發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機運轉(zhuan)時從曲(qu)軸端輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)平(ping)均力(li)矩,俗稱為發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機的(de)“轉(zhuan)勁”,是(shi)發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機性能的(de)一個(ge)重要(yao)參數(shu),扭(niu)(niu)矩越(yue)大,發(fa)(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機輸(shu)出(chu)的(de)“勁”越(yue)大,曲(qu)軸轉(zhuan)速的(de)變化也(ye)越(yue)快,汽車的(de)爬坡能力(li)、起步速度和加速性也(ye)越(yue)好。
電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)機的(de)最(zui)大扭(niu)矩(ju)不僅與(yu)電(dian)動(dong)機的(de)轉速(su)有關(guan)還(huan)和功(gong)率有關(guan)。而(er)電(dian)動(dong)機最(zui)大的(de)特(te)點就是(shi)低轉速(su)下的(de)扭(niu)矩(ju)強勁,正是(shi)基于這一點,在混合動(dong)力系(xi)統中(zhong),當車(che)輛(liang)起步或急加速(su)時(shi),電(dian)動(dong)機可以起到(dao)輔助和彌補發動(dong)機動(dong)力特(te)性的(de)作用,從而(er)提升車(che)輛(liang)的(de)加速(su)性能。
3、電池容量
對于純(chun)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車、中(zhong)度及(ji)(ji)重度混合動(dong)力汽(qi)(qi)車以及(ji)(ji)增程(cheng)(cheng)式汽(qi)(qi)車來說,它(ta)們都涉及(ji)(ji)到一個在(zai)純(chun)電(dian)力驅(qu)動(dong)模式下的(de)續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里程(cheng)(cheng)問題,這個續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)多少主要與(yu)電(dian)池的(de)容(rong)量相(xiang)關,電(dian)池容(rong)量越大(da)(da),續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里程(cheng)(cheng)就(jiu)遠(yuan)。不(bu)過在(zai)實際情況中(zhong),由于受到外界環境的(de)影(ying)響(特別(bie)是(shi)氣溫)以及(ji)(ji)空調和電(dian)器設備的(de)使用,續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里程(cheng)(cheng)通常都低于工(gong)信(xin)部或者(zhe)廠家所標注的(de)最大(da)(da)續(xu)航(hang)(hang)里程(cheng)(cheng)。
電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是一塊電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組中究竟蘊(yun)藏了(le)多(duo)少能量(liang)(liang),衡量(liang)(liang)它的(de)單位我們用kWh,1kWh也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)是我們常說(shuo)的(de)1度電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)能量(liang)(liang)。目前,國(guo)內(nei)普通的(de)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)通常在20kWh左右,所以其續(xu)航里(li)程(cheng)也(ye)(ye)就(jiu)只有(you)100多(duo)公里(li),油電(dian)(dian)(dian)混(hun)合汽車的(de)續(xu)航里(li)程(cheng)要大(da)一些,但也(ye)(ye)跟電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量(liang)(liang)無(wu)關,而是使用了(le)汽油。
二、電動汽車驅動電機如何測試性能
電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車驅動(dong)電機的測(ce)試尤為重要,這直接關乎到汽(qi)(qi)車的運行狀(zhuang)態,只有滿(man)足相關功能項目測(ce)試的電機才能夠勝任如此艱巨的任務(wu)。
1、電機驅動系統的測試
電機(ji)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)系統是純(chun)電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車中將蓄電池(chi)輸出(chu)的(de)直流母線(xian)電壓轉化為交流電,并用交流電驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)電機(ji)運轉,是電動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車的(de)核(he)心部分(fen)。
2、電池充電系統的測試
電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統是(shi)將外界的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站等充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置中的(de)(de)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)換為(wei)直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),給純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)中的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能存儲在(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。直(zhi)流(liu)負載(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系(xi)統的(de)(de)主要功能是(shi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)中的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池輸(shu)出的(de)(de)直(zhi)流(liu)母線的(de)(de)穩定的(de)(de)高壓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化為(wei)低壓輸(shu)出,為(wei)汽車(che)中的(de)(de)低壓直(zhi)流(liu)負載(zai)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
3、直流穩壓系統的測試
蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)由于經常充放電(dian)的(de)(de)緣故(gu),其兩(liang)端電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)是一個在(zai)一定(ding)范(fan)圍內(nei)(nei)浮(fu)動的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),需要將這個范(fan)圍內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)穩(wen)定(ding)在(zai)一個穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)(de)直流母線電(dian)壓(ya)(ya),以供直接應用或做其它電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)轉換(huan)。
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