汽車發電機常見故障及維修方法

1、不充電

發(fa)動機在(zai)中等以上(shang)轉(zhuan)速時，電(dian)流表指(zhi)針指(zhi)示不(bu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)指(zhi)示燈亮，首先要(yao)考慮蓄電(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)情況，若充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)不(bu)足(zu)為發(fa)電(dian)裝置故障(zhang)。

不(bu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)除了傳動皮帶(dai)過松打(da)滑，一般要(yao)檢查(cha)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機本身不(bu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)或調節器(qi)故障，以及(ji)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)斷路(lu)故障。如發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機內部整(zheng)流脫落或電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞接線(xian)柱底部與二極管元件板接觸處不(bu)通；二極管擊(ji)穿短路(lu)，造成定子(zi)繞組燒損；電(dian)(dian)(dian)刷在炭刷架內卡(ka)住接觸不(bu)良，或磁(ci)場繞組斷路(lu)等。

診(zhen)斷中提高發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)轉(zhuan)；開大燈，如電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)(biao)指針瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)偏轉(zhuan)放電(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)，則(ze)(ze)為(wei)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)與調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)正常(chang)(chang)，而是蓄電(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)已(yi)足(zu)；若電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)(biao)指針較大的(de)(de)偏向(xiang)放電(dian)方(fang)向(xiang)，則(ze)(ze)故(gu)障(zhang)在(zai)發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)或調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)，應檢查充(chong)電(dian)線路各接頭(tou)是否(fou)良好，風扇皮帶是否(fou)過松及發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)(ji)、調(diao)節(jie)器(qi)的(de)(de)技術(shu)狀(zhuang)況。首先驗證(zheng)充(chong)電(dian)系統是否(fou)確實有故(gu)障(zhang)，將發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)置于中速運轉(zhuan)，在(zai)開前(qian)照(zhao)燈的(de)(de)瞬間(jian)，電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)(biao)指針偏向(xiang)“+”方(fang)向(xiang)或保持原(yuan)位不動，為(wei)蓄電(dian)池已(yi)充(chong)足(zu)電(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)系統工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)正常(chang)(chang)。如果電(dian)流(liu)表(biao)(biao)指針偏向(xiang)“一”方(fang)向(xiang)，為(wei)充(chong)電(dian)系統有故(gu)障(zhang)，應予(yu)檢修。

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2、充電電流過小

蓄電(dian)池(chi)在存(cun)電(dian)不足的情(qing)況下，提高(gao)發動機轉(zhuan)速，電(dian)流表指(zhi)針指(zhi)示較小的充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流，則為充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流過(guo)小故障。這一般是發電(dian)機本身電(dian)壓不足，調節器技(ji)術(shu)狀(zhuang)態不良以(yi)及充(chong)電(dian)線(xian)路中電(dian)阻(zu)增大所致。

可按以下步驟判斷和排除：檢查蓄電池、發電機、調節器和電流表等各機件的接線柱及其導線連接是否牢靠。檢查風扇皮帶是(shi)否(fou)過松(song)而使發電(dian)機轉速不高。在(zai)上述情況正(zheng)常時，可在(zai)發動(dong)(dong)機中等轉速下檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器的限(xian)額電(dian)壓，拆檢(jian)(jian)(jian)發電(dian)機是(shi)否(fou)有(you)磨損損壞的異(yi)(yi)常現(xian)象(xiang)。檢(jian)(jian)(jian)查調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器活(huo)動(dong)(dong)觸點是(shi)否(fou)燒蝕或有(you)無氧化物(wu)，活(huo)動(dong)(dong)觸點臂與鐵芯間間隙(xi)及(ji)彈簧拉力是(shi)否(fou)符(fu)合(he)技(ji)術(shu)要求；調(diao)(diao)節(jie)器接(jie)線有(you)無松(song)動(dong)(dong)現(xian)象(xiang)。發現(xian)異(yi)(yi)常現(xian)象(xiang)應及(ji)時修(xiu)復。發動(dong)(dong)機在(zai)中速以(yi)上運轉時，接(jie)通前照燈(deng)，若電(dian)流(liu)仍顯示(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)系統技(ji)術(shu)狀況良好;若電(dian)源表顯示(shi)放電(dian)，為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過小故障，應予(yu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)。

3、充電電流過大

汽車電(dian)流表指針偏轉到最大(da)充電(dian)電(dian)流位(wei)置(zhi)。若夜間(jian)行車，發動機轉速高時，就(jiu)會出現照(zhao)明和儀(yi)表指示燈(deng)特別(bie)亮，導致燈(deng)泡容(rong)易燒(shao)毀，分電(dian)器(qi)觸點燒(shao)蝕，蓄(xu)電(dian)池電(dian)解液消耗過快。

首先檢查調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)火線(xian)與(yu)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)兩接(jie)線(xian)柱導(dao)線(xian)是否接(jie)錯，活動觸點(dian)是否燒蝕或粘(zhan)合于常閉狀態(tai)。檢查調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)時，可拆下(xia)磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)接(jie)線(xian)，若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)明顯減小，為調節(jie)(jie)器(qi)故障，可能(neng)(neng)是低速觸點(dian)燒結分不開(kai)，線(xian)圈有(you)斷路(lu)等(deng)，若(ruo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)仍(reng)然很大(da)，可能(neng)(neng)是磁(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)接(jie)線(xian)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)樞接(jie)線(xian)有(you)短路(lu)。首先檢查是否因蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池內部短路(lu)和嚴(yan)重虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)而引起(qi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)過大(da)應予檢修。

4、充電電流不穩

在發動機怠速(su)以上(shang)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)速(su)運轉(zhuan)(zhuan)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)流表指針左右擺動，顯示間歇充(chong)電(dian)（有時(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)有時(shi)(shi)又(you)不充(chong)電(dian)的現象），一般為發電(dian)機的端電(dian)壓不穩定。

首(shou)先(xian)應(ying)檢(jian)查各連接(jie)線頭(tou)是否松(song)動(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)接(jie)觸不良，皮帶是否過松(song)以(yi)及(ji)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的極樁有無(wu)松(song)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。若無(wu)異常再檢(jian)查調節器觸點是否燒(shao)蝕、臟污，線圈或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻有無(wu)接(jie)觸不良、斷路等(deng)。仍(reng)無(wu)異常，則應(ying)拆檢(jian)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)內部的技術(shu)狀況(kuang)，并逐項修(xiu)復。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)中(zhong)速以(yi)上運轉(zhuan)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)表(biao)指示充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，但指針不斷左右擺動(dong)(dong)(dong)，充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)時大時小，應(ying)予檢(jian)修(xiu)。

5、發電機不發電

發電機不發電的主要原因是：整流二極管擊穿(chuan)短路(lu)或斷(duan)路(lu)；激磁(ci)繞(rao)組短路(lu)或斷(duan)路(lu)；三相定子(zi)繞(rao)組相問短路(lu)或搭鐵(tie)；轉子(zi)滑環(huan)嚴重(zhong)氧化臟污，炭刷架(jia)損壞(huai)或炭刷在(zai)刷架(jia)中卡住。逐步排查原因并(bing)進行維修即(ji)可。

汽車發電機維修注意事項

1、發電機各部位連接螺栓(shuan)（母）要(yao)緊定(ding)可靠，導線接觸良好，避(bi)免松動(dong)脫落(luo)而影響工(gong)作。

2、發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機正二(er)極管壓(ya)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)元件(jian)板上，負二(er)極管壓(ya)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)機外殼上，二(er)者不得裝(zhuang)錯。壓(ya)裝(zhuang)二(er)極管時，其緊度要適當，過緊易損壞二(er)極管，過松會引起跳(tiao)火。

3、安裝更(geng)換蓄(xu)電池時嚴格保持負極搭鐵，發電機(ji)的(de)極性千(qian)萬不(bu)能裝反，以免二極管(guan)燒壞。檢(jian)修(xiu)中不(bu)得(de)用(yong)試火法(fa)(fa)和短接法(fa)(fa)及(ji)兆歐表檢(jian)查(cha)，防止二極管(guan)損壞。

4、各(ge)線柱(zhu)不允(yun)許松動，防止接(jie)觸不良(liang)或(huo)產生瞬時超電壓燒壞(huai)二(er)極管(guan)。

5、對發電機應(ying)做到按(an)技術規范(fan)定(ding)期(qi)維護，出(chu)現故障應(ying)及時檢修(xiu)排除。

6、保持發電(dian)機(ji)和調(diao)節器接線完好(hao)，安裝(zhuang)牢固，負(fu)極搭(da)鐵(tie)不得搞(gao)錯。

7、用正確(que)的操作方法(fa)檢修其故(gu)障，以避免(mian)人為的機件(jian)損壞。