一、 燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車(che)是否配備蓄能(neng)裝(zhuang)置，可把燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車(che)分(fen)為純燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車(che)和混合型燃(ran)料電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽車(che)兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純(chun)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)上電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)唯一來源。這種(zhong)類型的(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)要(yao)求燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)功率大，并(bing)且無法回(hui)收(shou)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)制動能(neng)(neng)量。因(yin)此(ci)，純(chun)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)目前(qian)應用較(jiao)少(shao)。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)合(he)型燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車上除燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)外，還(huan)(huan)同時配備了蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置（如蓄(xu)電(dian)池(chi)、超(chao)級電(dian)容(rong)或飛輪電(dian)池(chi)等）。由(you)于(yu)蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置可(ke)協助供電(dian)，因而可(ke)減小燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)的功率，且(qie)蓄(xu)能(neng)裝(zhuang)置還(huan)(huan)可(ke)用于(yu)汽(qi)車制動時的能(neng)量回收(shou)，所以可(ke)提高燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車的能(neng)量利用率。因此，燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)車多采用混(hun)合(he)型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根(gen)據混合(he)型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽車中燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池和蓄電(dian)(dian)池的(de)電(dian)(dian)路結構，可將混合(he)型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽車分(fen)為串聯式和并聯式兩(liang)種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯式(shi)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)相當(dang)于車(che)載發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通(tong)(tong)過DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)提(ti)供(gong)驅動車(che)輛的(de)(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯式(shi)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)與普通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)串(chuan)聯混合動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動車(che)相似。其優點(dian)是可采用小功率的(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，但要(yao)(yao)求蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)和功率要(yao)(yao)足夠大，且燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)發(fa)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要(yao)(yao)經過蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)轉換(huan)過程，從中有能量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)轉換(huan)損(sun)失。目前，串(chuan)聯式(shi)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車(che)較為少(shao)見。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車由燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)提供(gong)(gong)動(dong)(dong)力。根(gen)據(ju)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)能(neng)(neng)量大小的(de)(de)(de)配置不(bu)同，又(you)可將(jiang)其分為大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型和(he)(he)小燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)型兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車。大燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車主要由燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)量較小，只是在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車起步、加速(su)(su)、爬坡(po)等行駛工況時協(xie)助供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車輛(liang)減速(su)(su)與制動(dong)(dong)時進行能(neng)(neng)量回(hui)收。小燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車則必須采用(yong)大容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)提供(gong)(gong)主要的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，而燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)只是協(xie)助供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式是目前(qian)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車采用(yong)較多的(de)(de)(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據(ju)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)所提供的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)不(bu)同，燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車又可(ke)分為直接(jie)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車和重整(zheng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽車兩大(da)類。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車的燃料(liao)主(zhu)要是純氫(qing)，也可以用甲醇等(deng)燃料(liao)。采(cai)用純氫(qing)作燃料(liao)的燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車，其氫(qing)燃料(liao)的儲存方式(shi)有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)和合金（碳納米管）吸(xi)附氫(qing)等(deng)幾種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的燃(ran)料主(zhu)要(yao)有汽(qi)(qi)油(you)、天然氣、甲醇(chun)(chun)、甲烷(wan)、液化(hua)石油(you)氣等(deng)。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的結構(gou)要(yao)比氫(qing)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車復雜得多。比如，甲醇(chun)(chun)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車需(xu)要(yao)對甲醇(chun)(chun)進行(xing)200℃左(zuo)右的加(jia)熱以分解(jie)出(chu)氫(qing)，汽(qi)(qi)油(you)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車也需(xu)要(yao)對汽(qi)(qi)油(you)進行(xing)1000℃左(zuo)右的加(jia)熱以分解(jie)出(chu)氫(qing)。無論采用什么燃(ran)料，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車都需(xu)設(she)置(zhi)重(zhong)整(zheng)裝置(zhi)，將(jiang)其他燃(ran)料轉化(hua)為(wei)燃(ran)料電池(chi)(chi)所(suo)需(xu)的氫(qing)。

直接(jie)以純氫(qing)為燃(ran)料的燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)對儲氫(qing)裝置的要(yao)求較高(gao)(gao)。但(dan)與重整(zheng)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)相比(bi)，直接(jie)燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)的結(jie)構簡單、質(zhi)量(liang)輕、能量(liang)效率(lv)高(gao)(gao)、成本低。因此，目前的燃(ran)料電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)采用重整(zheng)技術(shu)的相對較少，大都以純氫(qing)為車(che)(che)載氫(qing)源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選(xuan)擇燃料電池(chi)汽(qi)車(che)時，消費者應該充分(fen)考慮自(zi)己的(de)需求和(he)使用情況，并(bing)結合(he)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)性能(neng)、價格(ge)和(he)售后服務(wu)等因素做出正(zheng)確的(de)決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費(fei)者首先應該對自己的需(xu)求(qiu)和使用情況有一個清晰的認識。如果是長途出行，需(xu)要考慮(lv)汽車的續航里程和加氫(qing)設施的覆蓋范圍；如果是市區代步，可考慮(lv)汽車的動力性(xing)能和價(jia)格等因(yin)素(su)。

2、汽車性能

燃料電(dian)池汽(qi)車的性能是選(xuan)擇(ze)時的重要(yao)參考因素。消費者可根據自己的使用需(xu)求和對汽(qi)車性能的要(yao)求，選(xuan)擇(ze)續航里程更(geng)(geng)長、動(dong)力性能更(geng)(geng)優(you)、充電(dian)速度更(geng)(geng)快的車型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相對于(yu)傳統汽(qi)車(che)價格更高，消費者(zhe)在選(xuan)擇(ze)時(shi)需要根據自(zi)己的經(jing)濟實力(li)做出決(jue)策。此外，還(huan)需要考(kao)慮(lv)廠家(jia)售后服務的質量和承諾(nuo)，確(que)保汽(qi)車(che)能夠得到及時(shi)有效的維修和保養。