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形態特征

高大草本，高40-160厘米，大部分地下生。莖不分(fen)枝或自(zi)基部(bu)分(fen)2-4枝，下(xia)部(bu)直(zhi)(zhi)徑可達(da)5-10（-15）厘米，向上漸(jian)變(bian)細，直(zhi)(zhi)徑2-5厘米。葉寬卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)三角狀卵(luan)形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)0.5-1.5厘米(mi)，寬1-2厘米(mi)，生于(yu)莖下部(bu)的較(jiao)密(mi)，上部(bu)的較(jiao)稀疏并變狹，披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)狹披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)，長(chang)2-4厘米(mi)，寬0.5-1厘米(mi)，兩面無(wu)毛。花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)穗狀，長(chang)15-50厘米(mi)，直徑(jing)4-7厘米(mi)；花(hua)(hua)(hua)序(xu)下半(ban)部(bu)或(huo)全部(bu)苞(bao)片較(jiao)長(chang)，與花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)等長(chang)或(huo)稍長(chang)，卵(luan)狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)、披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)線(xian)狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)，連同小(xiao)(xiao)苞(bao)片和花(hua)(hua)(hua)冠(guan)裂片外面及邊(bian)緣(yuan)疏被(bei)柔毛或(huo)近(jin)無(wu)毛；小(xiao)(xiao)苞(bao)片2枚，卵(luan)狀披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)或(huo)披針(zhen)(zhen)形(xing)(xing)，與花(hua)(hua)(hua)萼等長(chang)或(huo)稍長(chang)。

花(hua)(hua)萼鐘狀(zhuang)，長(chang)(chang)1-1.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，頂端(duan)5淺裂，裂片近圓形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)2.5-4毫(hao)米(mi)，寬(kuan)3-5毫(hao)米(mi)。花(hua)(hua)冠筒狀(zhuang)鐘形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)3-4厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，頂端(duan)5裂，裂片近半圓形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)4-6毫(hao)米(mi)，寬(kuan)0.6-1厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，邊緣常(chang)稍外(wai)卷，顏色有變異(yi)，淡(dan)黃白色或淡(dan)紫色，干后常(chang)變棕褐色。雄蕊4枚，花(hua)(hua)絲著(zhu)生(sheng)于距筒基(ji)部5-6毫(hao)米(mi)處，長(chang)(chang)1.5-2.5厘(li)(li)(li)米(mi)，基(ji)部被皺曲長(chang)(chang)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，花(hua)(hua)藥長(chang)(chang)卵形(xing)，長(chang)(chang)3.5-4.5毫(hao)米(mi)，密被長(chang)(chang)柔(rou)毛(mao)(mao)，基(ji)部有驟尖頭(tou)。

子(zi)房橢圓形(xing)，長(chang)約(yue)1厘米，基部有(you)蜜腺，花柱(zhu)比雄蕊稍(shao)長(chang)，無毛，柱(zhu)頭近球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)。蒴果卵(luan)(luan)球(qiu)(qiu)形(xing)，長(chang)1.5-2.7厘米，直徑(jing)1.3-1.4厘米，項(xiang)端常具(ju)宿存的花柱(zhu)，2瓣(ban)開裂(lie)。種子(zi)橢圓形(xing)或近卵(luan)(luan)形(xing)，長(chang)約(yue)0.6-1毫米，外面網(wang)狀(zhuang)，有(you)光澤。花期(qi)5-6月，果期(qi)6-8月。

產地分布

產內蒙古、寧夏（阿佐(zuo)旗(qi)）、甘(gan)肅（昌馬）及(ji)新疆(jiang)和田。模式標本采(cai)自內蒙古巴彥淖(nao)爾盟(meng)阿拉善旗(qi)。

生長環境

喜生于輕度(du)鹽漬化的松軟沙(sha)地上，一(yi)般生長(chang)在(zai)(zai)沙(sha)地或(huo)半(ban)固定(ding)沙(sha)丘(qiu)、干(gan)涸老河(he)床(chuang)、湖盆(pen)低地等(deng)，生境(jing)條(tiao)件很差。適(shi)宜生長(chang)區的氣候干(gan)旱，降雨量少，蒸(zheng)發量大，日(ri)照時(shi)數長(chang)，晝夜溫差大。土(tu)壤以灰(hui)棕(zong)漠土(tu)、棕(zong)漠土(tu)為主。寄(ji)主梭(suo)梭(suo)為強(qiang)旱生植物。肉蓯蓉(rong)多寄(ji)生在(zai)(zai)其30-100厘米深的側(ce)根(gen)上。生于海拔225-1150m的荒(huang)漠中(zhong)，寄(ji)生在(zai)(zai)藜(li)科植物梭(suo)梭(suo)、白梭(suo)梭(suo)等(deng)植物的根(gen)上。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉歷史淵源

內(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)是寄生(sheng)在(zai)荒漠(mo)(mo)植(zhi)物(wu)梭梭根部的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)種珍(zhen)貴藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)，在(zai)我(wo)國傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材(cai)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)已有近(jin)(jin)2000年的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)歷(li)史，我(wo)國古(gu)(gu)今著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)醫(yi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)籍論著(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)長(chang)環境、外(wai)(wai)形(xing)特征、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)食特性、經濟價(jia)值(zhi)、歷(li)史淵源等均有詳(xiang)(xiang)細的(de)(de)(de)記(ji)(ji)(ji)載(zai)。如我(wo)國現(xian)存歷(li)史最(zui)悠久(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)學專著(zhu) ——《神(shen)農(nong)本草經》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)有詳(xiang)(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)(ji)載(zai)：“肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，味甘，微溫(wen)，主五(wu)勞(lao)七(qi)傷，補（莖(jing)）中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)熱痛，養五(wu)臟，強陰，益精(jing)氣(qi)”。我(wo)國現(xian)存記(ji)(ji)(ji)載(zai)最(zui)全的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)學專著(zhu) ——《本草綱目》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)有詳(xiang)(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)(ji)載(zai)“此物(wu)補而不峻，故有從容(rong)之(zhi)號，氣(qi)味甘、微溫(wen)、無毒，主治五(wu)勞(lao)七(qi)傷，補中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，除莖(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)寒(han)熱痛，養五(wu)臟，強陰益精(jing)氣(qi)，多子”。我(wo)國最(zui)權威的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)執行標準——《中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)(he)國藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典(dian)》中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)對肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)亦有詳(xiang)(xiang)細記(ji)(ji)(ji)載(zai)“肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)補腎(shen)陽(yang)，益精(jing)血(xue)(xue)，潤腸(chang)(chang)通(tong)便。用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)腎(shen)陽(yang)不足，精(jing)血(xue)(xue)虧虛，陽(yang)痿不孕，筋骨無力，腸(chang)(chang)燥便秘”。關(guan)于(yu)(yu)內(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，在(zai)當地(di)蒙古(gu)(gu)族牧民(min)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有這(zhe)樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)個流傳久(jiu)遠(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)故事(shi)，傳說(shuo)當年一(yi)(yi)(yi)代天(tian)(tian)(tian)驕成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吉思汗在(zai)著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)十三冀之(zhi)戰中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，與對手札木合(he)集(ji)結重(zhong)兵大戰，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吉思汗暫(zan)時失利，被圍困(kun)于(yu)(yu)長(chang)滿(man)梭梭的(de)(de)(de)沙漠(mo)(mo)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，饑渴難耐(nai)，人(ren)困(kun)馬乏，此時正值(zhi)農(nong)歷(li)三九的(de)(de)(de)第三天(tian)(tian)(tian)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)寒(han)地(di)凍(dong)，示威的(de)(de)(de)扎(zha)木合(he)當眾殘忍地(di)把俘虜用(yong)(yong)大鍋(guo)煮殺，不料卻(que)激怒了天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)，天(tian)(tian)(tian)神(shen)派出的(de)(de)(de)神(shen)馬一(yi)(yi)(yi)躍(yue)到成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吉思汗面(mian)前，仰天(tian)(tian)(tian)長(chang)嘯，將(jiang)精(jing)血(xue)(xue)射到梭梭根部，然后用(yong)(yong)蹄(ti)子刨出大量(liang)像神(shen)馬生(sheng)殖器一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣的(de)(de)(de)塊根，這(zhe)塊根即肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)吉思汗與將(jiang)領(ling)們吃(chi)了肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)，神(shen)力涌現(xian)，沖(chong)下沙山，一(yi)(yi)(yi)舉擊潰扎(zha)木合(he)部落，這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)戰乃為統(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)蒙古(gu)(gu)奠定(ding)了基(ji)礎，并由(you)此拉開征服歐亞大陸(lu)的(de)(de)(de)序幕。傳說(shuo)歸傳說(shuo)。近(jin)(jin)年來，人(ren)們對肉蓯(cong)蓉(rong)的(de)(de)(de)化學成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分和(he)(he)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理(li)作用(yong)(yong)進一(yi)(yi)(yi)步分析，發現(xian)除了具(ju)有傳統(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)補腎(shen)功能外(wai)(wai)，更兼有抵抗衰老、增強記(ji)(ji)(ji)憶、提高免疫力等各種功能。

內蒙古肉蓯蓉的知名度：

內(nei)(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)沙漠(mo)地(di)區(qu)特(te)有的(de)(de)(de)名(ming)貴中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，具有獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)補腎，抗(kang)(kang)衰(shuai)老(lao)(lao)，抗(kang)(kang)老(lao)(lao)年癡呆，調節免疫，抗(kang)(kang)氧化(hua)(hua)，增(zeng)強體力，抗(kang)(kang)輻射，鎮靜，促進(jin)傷口(kou)愈合，保(bao)護缺血心肌，提高消化(hua)(hua)功能(neng)，保(bao)護神經(jing)，保(bao)肝，通(tong)便，腫瘤(liu)輔助(zhu)治療，提高記憶力等15—16種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)用功能(neng)，被譽為“沙漠(mo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)參(can)”而馳(chi)名(ming)中(zhong)(zhong)外。原全國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大常委(wei)會(hui)副(fu)委(wei)員長(chang)吳階平(ping)院(yuan)士在首屆肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)學術(shu)研討會(hui)稱(cheng)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)“大漠(mo)絕品(pin)(pin)、中(zhong)(zhong)華奇(qi)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”。在《神草農本草經(jing)》中(zhong)(zhong)將其(qi)列為上品(pin)(pin)，在歷代中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)典籍中(zhong)(zhong)，肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)出(chu)現頻度最高，而在抗(kang)(kang)衰(shuai)老(lao)(lao)、延(yan)年類藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)古(gu)(gu)方中(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)出(chu)現頻率僅(jin)次于人(ren)(ren)(ren)參(can)，居第二位(wei)。目(mu)(mu)前(qian)，隨著經(jing)濟發展(zhan)，生活水(shui)平(ping)提高和社會(hui)人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)老(lao)(lao)齡化(hua)(hua)，養身保(bao)健(jian)和綠色原生態(tai)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)越來(lai)越被人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)重視(shi)和青睞，“回歸大自然(ran)”和“綠色消費”熱潮風靡全球，天(tian)然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物在消費者心目(mu)(mu)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)不(bu)斷提升,人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)普(pu)遍希望(wang)于靠天(tian)然(ran)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物治病，已解決化(hua)(hua)學藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物的(de)(de)(de)毒副(fu)作(zuo)用、抗(kang)(kang)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)性及(ji)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)源性疾(ji)病等問題(ti)。因(yin)此(ci)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)紛紛尋求(qiu)健(jian)康的(de)(de)(de)希望(wang)轉向了(le)純天(tian)然(ran)、無污染、素有綠色藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)美(mei)譽之(zhi)稱(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。內(nei)(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)作(zuo)為中(zhong)(zhong)草藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)已有2000多年的(de)(de)(de)應用歷史，目(mu)(mu)前(qian)，其(qi)主要產(chan)品(pin)(pin)有肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)酒、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)口(kou)服液、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)膠(jiao)囊、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)保(bao)健(jian)飲料、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)茶、肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)濃縮液以及(ji)各(ge)種含有肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)成分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)丸(wan)、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)膏、片劑(ji)、粉劑(ji)等產(chan)品(pin)(pin)，不(bu)斷研發推(tui)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)新產(chan)品(pin)(pin)跨越了(le)醫藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)領域，廣(guang)泛進(jin)入食品(pin)(pin)、美(mei)容保(bao)健(jian)、養身等高檔(dang)生活領域。肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)產(chan)品(pin)(pin)消費不(bu)但(dan)在國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)日漸(jian)看好(hao)，而且已進(jin)入國(guo)(guo)際市場，深(shen)受漢文化(hua)(hua)影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)日本、韓(han)國(guo)(guo)和東南亞一帶需求(qiu)也很可(ke)觀，每年從我國(guo)(guo)進(jin)口(kou)大量的(de)(de)(de)干(gan)品(pin)(pin)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)。而且，不(bu)論在中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材界(jie)還(huan)是(shi)在國(guo)(guo)外藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材界(jie)，普(pu)遍認(ren)為內(nei)(nei)蒙古(gu)(gu)肉(rou)(rou)蓯(cong)蓉(rong)(rong)(rong)是(shi)道地(di)的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)材。