背景介紹:
禪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)祖(zu)(zu)師為印度高(gao)僧達摩(mo)尊者(zhe),傳(chuan)慧可、僧璨(can)、道(dao)信。至五祖(zu)(zu)弘忍后(hou)又分(fen)為南宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)惠(hui)能(六祖(zu)(zu)),北宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)神(shen)秀。之后(hou)隨著大范圍傳(chuan)播發展,又分(fen)成溈仰(yang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、臨濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、曹洞(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、云門(men)(men)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、法(fa)眼宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong);臨濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)后(hou)來又形成黃龍、楊岐(qi)兩派,稱(cheng)為“五家七宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)”。禪宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)五宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)當中,保存(cun)下來的(de)只(zhi)有(you)臨濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)和曹洞(dong)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)兩派,其(qi)他(ta)三派法(fa)眼云門(men)(men)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)和溈仰(yang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)從宋(song)朝之后(hou)就(jiu)已經(jing)失(shi)傳(chuan)。
在禪(chan)(chan)(chan)門五宗(zong)中,臨(lin)濟宗(zong)從宋以(yi)后(hou)基本上成為禪(chan)(chan)(chan)宗(zong)主流(liu),臨(lin)濟宗(zong)流(liu)傳時(shi)間(jian)長(chang)(chang),影響(xiang)大(da),從曹溪的(de)六(liu)祖惠能(neng),歷(li)南岳(yue)、馬祖、百丈(zhang)、黃(huang)檗(bo),一直到臨(lin)濟的(de)義玄,于臨(lin)濟禪(chan)(chan)(chan)院舉揚(yang)一家,后(hou)世稱為臨(lin)濟宗(zong)。義玄是惠能(neng)的(de)六(liu)世法(fa)孫(sun)。又臨(lin)濟六(liu)世孫(sun)為石霜之圓禪(chan)(chan)(chan)師。圓禪(chan)(chan)(chan)師以(yi)后(hou)分(fen)楊岐派、黃(huang)龍派。已(yi)故深(shen)圳弘(hong)法(fa)寺(si)佛門泰斗本煥(huan)(huan)長(chang)(chang)老是臨(lin)濟宗(zong)臨(lin)濟法(fa)派第四十四代傳人,本煥(huan)(huan)長(chang)(chang)老舍利供奉于:深(shen)圳弘(hong)法(fa)寺(si)、敦煌雷(lei)音寺(si)、福泉寺(si)等。
曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)最初(chu)創立(li)并不在(zai)云(yun)居山(shan)(shan)(shan),而是在(zai)宜(yi)(yi)春宜(yi)(yi)豐縣(xian)的洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)和撫州宜(yi)(yi)黃(huang)縣(xian)的曹(cao)(cao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)分別創立(li)。宗(zong)派要一直(zhi)傳(chuan)承(cheng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)來并不容易,曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)在(zai)曹(cao)(cao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)一脈僅傳(chuan)了4代就失傳(chuan)了,最終(zhong)還是洞(dong)(dong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)一脈在(zai)云(yun)居山(shan)(shan)(shan)真如寺弘法,將曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)傳(chuan)承(cheng)至今(jin)。禪(chan)宗(zong)與凈土(tu)宗(zong)合流。臨濟(ji)宗(zong)曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)宗(zong)風(feng)一剛(gang)一柔,臨濟(ji)宗(zong)為國內主流。曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)漸臨消泯后(hou)曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)一支,由于(yu)疏山(shan)(shan)(shan)匡仁、云(yun)居道(dao)膺(ying)門下(xia)(xia)(xia)弟子眾(zhong)多(duo),可(ke)以(yi)衍(yan)延(yan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)去,直(zhi)至今(jin)天。另外新羅(今(jin)朝鮮)僧(seng)人(ren)利嚴(yan)(870—936年)曾(ceng)嗣(si)法于(yu)道(dao)膺(ying),歸國后(hou)在(zai)須彌山(shan)(shan)(shan)建廣照增(zeng),創須彌山(shan)(shan)(shan)派。公元13世(shi)紀(ji)初(chu),日本(ben)僧(seng)人(ren)道(dao)元又將曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)傳(chuan)入日本(ben),開立(li)日本(ben)曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)。到(dao)20世(shi)紀(ji)80年代,日本(ben)曹(cao)(cao)洞(dong)(dong)宗(zong)信徒(tu)已發展到(dao)1000多(duo)萬人(ren)。
日(ri)本傳統(tong)佛(fo)教的(de)“十三(san)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)”這13宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)為:臨(lin)濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、黃檗宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(源自中(zhong)國本屬(shu)于(yu)臨(lin)濟宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong))、曹洞宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(源自中(zhong)國)、凈(jing)(jing)土(tu)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(源自中(zhong)國)、真(zhen)(zhen)言宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(又稱“東(dong)(dong)密(mi)”相(xiang)(xiang)傳為唐朝(chao)密(mi)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)青龍寺(si)惠果(guo)大(da)師(shi)真(zhen)(zhen)傳)、天臺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與“東(dong)(dong)密(mi)”相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui),又稱“臺密(mi)”,源于(yu)中(zhong)國的(de)天臺宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong))、律(lv)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與中(zhong)國的(de)律(lv)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si))、華嚴(yan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與中(zhong)國的(de)華嚴(yan)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si))、法相(xiang)(xiang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(與中(zhong)國的(de)法相(xiang)(xiang)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si))、凈(jing)(jing)土(tu)真(zhen)(zhen)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、日(ri)蓮宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、融通念(nian)佛(fo)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)、時宗(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)(zong)。