一、純電動汽車是什么意思
純電動汽車是指由電(dian)機(ji)驅動,且驅動電(dian)能來源(yuan)于車載(zai)(zai)可充電(dian)能量儲存系統(REESS)的汽車。純電(dian)動汽車是指以車載(zai)(zai)電(dian)源(yuan)為動力,用電(dian)機(ji)驅動車輪行(xing)駛,符合(he)道路交(jiao)通、安全法規各項要求的車輛。由于對環境(jing)影響相對傳統汽車較小,其(qi)前景被(bei)廣泛(fan)看(kan)好,但當前技術尚不成熟。
純電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車(Battery Electric Vehicle,簡稱BEV),它是完(wan)全由可充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(如鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)或鋰離子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi))提供動力源的(de)汽(qi)車。雖然(ran)它已有186年的(de)悠久歷(li)史,但一直僅(jin)限于某些特定范圍內應用,市場較小。主要原因是由于各(ge)種類別(bie)的(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)普遍存在價(jia)格高、壽命短、外形尺寸和重量大、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時間長等不足。
二、純電動汽車的基本結構和原理
純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)由車(che)載電(dian)(dian)源(yuan),電(dian)(dian)池管理系(xi)統,電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)輔助設施,電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機,控(kong)制器,底盤,車(che)身(shen)七部分(fen)組(zu)成,按照傳統汽(qi)車(che)的結構(gou)劃分(fen),也(ye)可以將純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)分(fen)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機,底盤,車(che)身(shen)和電(dian)(dian)氣四部分(fen)。
1、電動機
電動機是(shi)電動汽車(che)的動力(li)裝(zhuang)置,電動汽車(che)的心臟,它是(shi)依據電磁感應原理實(shi)現電能轉(zhuan)換(huan)一種電磁裝(zhuang)置,它的主(zhu)要作用(yong)是(shi)產生(sheng)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)遠動,作為用(yong)電設備或各(ge)種機械(xie)的動力(li)源。
2、發電機
發電(dian)機(ji)的(de)主要作用(yong)(yong)是將機(ji)械(xie)能轉(zhuan)化(hua)為電(dian)能,在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)上起能量回收的(de)作用(yong)(yong)。
3、冷卻系統
冷卻(que)(que)(que)系統通常(chang)(chang)由(you)散(san)熱器,水(shui)泵,風扇,節(jie)溫器,冷卻(que)(que)(que)液(ye)溫度表等組成,電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車電(dian)動(dong)機采(cai)用(yong)兩種方式散(san)熱,空氣冷卻(que)(que)(que)和水(shui)冷卻(que)(que)(que),通常(chang)(chang)的電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車多采(cai)用(yong)水(shui)冷。
4、傳動系統
因(yin)為電動汽車具有良好(hao)的牽引特性,所以(yi)不需要離合器和變速(su)箱,車速(su)控(kong)制由控(kong)制器通過調速(su)系統(tong)改變電動機的轉(zhuan)速(su)就可以(yi)實現。
5、行駛系統
也(ye)就(jiu)是底(di)盤,和燃油車相似,主(zhu)要包括車架,車橋,車輪,和懸架等,電動汽車行(xing)駛系統的(de)作用是接收電動機經傳動系統傳來的(de)轉矩(ju),并通過(guo)驅動輪和路(lu)面間的(de)附著作用,產生路(lu)面對汽車的(de)牽引力,以確保(bao)正常行(xing)駛。
6、蓄電池
蓄電池池的作用就是給電動機提供用電,為了滿足電動汽車對高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)需求,通(tong)常由多(duo)個(ge)12V或24V的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)串,并(bing)聯形成的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組作(zuo)為動(dong)力源(yuan),動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)組的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)是155V~400V,以周期性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來補(bu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能,動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)組是純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)關鍵裝備(bei),它(ta)儲存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能及(ji)其自身的(de)(de)(de)重量(liang)和體積對純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能起(qi)決定性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。