通常情況下,新能源汽車保(bao)養項(xiang)(xiang)目分別為(wei)制動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、空調系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、充電系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、底盤部分檢(jian)查(cha)、車身部分檢(jian)查(cha)、動力電池系(xi)統(tong)(tong)檢(jian)查(cha)、冷(leng)卻(que)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)檢(jian)查(cha)、轉向系(xi)統(tong)(tong)檢(jian)查(cha)、附加項(xiang)(xiang)目等(deng)9個大項(xiang)(xiang)目,共計近50項(xiang)(xiang)小項(xiang)(xiang)。
這個(ge)(ge)環(huan)節(jie)主要是(shi)檢(jian)查高壓線(xian)束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)導電性和(he)絕緣性。像傳統汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)燃油系統一樣,高壓線(xian)束(shu)的(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)直接決(jue)定著這臺車(che)能不能開和(he)安全與否的(de)(de)(de)問題。檢(jian)測的(de)(de)(de)儀器(qi)是(shi)萬用表(biao),檢(jian)測過程(cheng)是(shi)將(jiang)連接動力電池的(de)(de)(de)線(xian)束(shu)與電源控(kong)制器(qi)分離(li),然后(hou)用探針逐個(ge)(ge)測試,如在規定數(shu)值內(nei)則判定為(wei)(wei)合格。值得(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)是(shi),大多數(shu)汽(qi)車(che)廠家對高壓線(xian)束(shu)保修時間為(wei)(wei)5年。
大家在購(gou)買電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車時(shi),都會關心電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)壽(shou)命,國內汽(qi)車廠商的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車,多采用(yong)(yong)磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池,它比普(pu)通手機(ji)中使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)鋰(li)離子電(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命更(geng)長(chang)、充放電(dian)(dian)更(geng)快、安全性更(geng)高。通常,磷(lin)酸(suan)鐵(tie)(tie)鋰(li)電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)滿充滿放電(dian)(dian)2000次(ci)以上,按(an)照一年(nian)充200次(ci)計算,電(dian)(dian)池可(ke)以有將近10年(nian)的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)壽(shou)命。
動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池檢(jian)測(ce)是通(tong)過一臺檢(jian)測(ce)電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)和(he)數據連接器實(shi)現(xian)的(de),檢(jian)測(ce)過程需要拆下新能源汽車的(de)儀(yi)表(biao)盤下擋(dang)板。鏈接電(dian)(dian)腦(nao)后,就(jiu)可(ke)以使用電(dian)(dian)池檢(jian)測(ce)軟件輕松看到(dao)各類電(dian)(dian)池信(xin)息,包括電(dian)(dian)池成組的(de)情況(kuang)、電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)量、電(dian)(dian)池溫(wen)度(du)、CAN總線(xian)通(tong)訊(xun)狀態等。一旦(dan)有個別電(dian)(dian)池單體出現(xian)問(wen)題,就(jiu)會影響整個動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)工作狀態。
一次保養的(de)時間(jian)大概(gai)在45分鐘左(zuo)右。隨著使用的(de)時間(jian),由于功(gong)能(neng)性組件的(de)性能(neng)磨損、老化(hua)、腐(fu)蝕等原因,可能(neng)致使行(xing)車安(an)全(quan)性能(neng)逐漸降低,定(ding)(ding)期按照規定(ding)(ding)進行(xing)保養,才能(neng)保障新能(neng)源(yuan)汽車的(de)安(an)全(quan)行(xing)駛(shi)。
1、充電時間
每個(ge)車(che)主對車(che)的(de)(de)使用情(qing)況各(ge)不同的(de)(de),因(yin)此,充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)要(yao)根據自己的(de)(de)實際情(qing)況進(jin)行(xing),供選擇(ze)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)模式(shi)有快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)、慢(man)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)。沒必要(yao)過于相信(xin)別人(ren)經驗之談,要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)幾小時(shi)才行(xing),或充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿后在過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)1小時(shi),這(zhe)都不科學(xue),電(dian)池(chi)在出(chu)廠前都進(jin)行(xing)過擴容,電(dian)池(chi)管理系統(tong)顯(xian)示(shi)以(yi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿就真(zhen)的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿了,過充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)會帶來(lai)很多隱形的(de)(de)危害。還有就是(shi)盡量不要(yao)選擇(ze)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),除非你應(ying)急時(shi),選擇(ze)快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong),快充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)對電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)危害就不贅述了。
切記不要過度(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)、過度(du)放電(dian)(dian),盡量(liang)使用交流充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(慢充(chong)(chong))。
2、充電頻次
關于充(chong)電(dian)頻次(ci)這(zhe)個(ge)問題,也(ye)要根據自(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)(xing)駛來(lai)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)判斷(duan)。在正常(chang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)駛的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia),如果電(dian)池管理系統的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)示該充(chong)電(dian)了,就真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)該當充(chong)電(dian)了;千(qian)萬不要硬抗,應盡快停(ting)止運行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian),否則電(dian)池會因為過度放電(dian)而縮(suo)短壽命(ming)。有(you)些人習慣每(mei)次(ci)出門前都充(chong)電(dian),有(you)時只(zhi)運行(xing)(xing)(xing)了很短的(de)(de)(de)時間就續(xu)充(chong),這(zhe)個(ge)時候充(chong)電(dian)時間不宜過長(chang),否則就會過度充(chong)電(dian)從而使電(dian)池發熱。
可(ke)以發現,純電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車對散熱系統(tong)的(de)(de)要求還(huan)是很高(gao)的(de)(de),常規保養項目(mu)雖然(ran)少,周期長,省錢(qian)省心,只是用(yong)電(dian)腦過一遍(bian)各項參數就差(cha)不多(duo)了,但該(gai)有的(de)(de)定(ding)期檢查必須得去,而且很重要。對燃油(you)車來說,保養不到(dao)位(wei)頂(ding)多(duo)是車子磨損厲害一點,油(you)耗(hao)高(gao)一點,而對電(dian)動(dong)車來說,檢查不到(dao)位(wei),一旦出現動(dong)力系統(tong)故障(特別是電(dian)池),就一定(ding)不是小事情(qing)。
每位(wei)車(che)主在(zai)購車(che)時(shi)都會(hui)得到一本車(che)主手冊,里面會(hui)附有一張保養(yang)周(zhou)期(qi)表,明確(que)告知車(che)主在(zai)什么時(shi)候(hou)進(jin)行保養(yang)、該如(ru)何維護(hu)保養(yang)。不同(tong)車(che)系和品牌的(de)(de)新能源車(che)型,其保養(yang)周(zhou)期(qi)是不同(tong)的(de)(de),最短的(de)(de)1個月/3000公(gong)里就(jiu)要做首保,而大部分車(che)型則是1萬公(gong)里或1年才(cai)需要首次保養(yang)。所以,按照(zhao)保養(yang)手冊來進(jin)行保養(yang)就(jiu)好了。
需要提醒的(de)是,也要根(gen)據車輛的(de)具體使(shi)用環境來(lai)確定保(bao)養里(li)程,比如說你(ni)經常跑(pao)山路,或者經常在高(gao)速上行駛等(deng)等(deng)情況要自行縮短保(bao)養里(li)程。
1、避免大電流放電
電(dian)動車在起(qi)步、載人、上(shang)坡時,盡量避免猛踩加速(su),形成瞬間大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)。大電(dian)流放(fang)電(dian)容易導致(zhi)產生(sheng)硫酸鉛結晶,從而損害電(dian)池(chi)極板的物理性能。
2、嚴禁存放時虧電
所謂的(de)虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態,即是(shi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)使用后沒有及(ji)時充(chong)電(dian)(dian),虧(kui)電(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)態下容易引起電(dian)(dian)池(chi)硫酸鹽化,堵塞(sai)電(dian)(dian)離子通道,造成(cheng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)不足(zu),電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容量(liang)下降。
正(zheng)確的做(zuo)法(fa)是電池閑(xian)置不用時,應每月充(chong)(chong)電一(yi)次(ci),讓電池保持(chi)健康(kang)的狀態。不過得益于電池現代化的BMS電池管理系統,即使充(chong)(chong)電時間稍長也不會對(dui)車輛造成影響哦(e)。
3、正確掌握充電時間
在使(shi)用過程中(zhong),應根(gen)據實際情況準確把握充(chong)電(dian)時間,參考平時使(shi)用頻率及行駛里(li)程情況,把握充(chong)電(dian)頻次(ci)。正常行駛時,如(ru)果電(dian)量(liang)表(biao)指示(shi)紅燈和黃燈亮(liang),就應充(chong)電(dian)了;如(ru)只剩下紅燈亮(liang),應停(ting)止運行,盡(jin)快充(chong)電(dian),否(fou)則電(dian)瓶過度放電(dian)會嚴重縮短其壽命。
充(chong)(chong)滿電后運(yun)行時間(jian)較短就充(chong)(chong)電,充(chong)(chong)電時間(jian)不宜(yi)過長(chang),否則會形成過度(du)充(chong)(chong)電,使電瓶發熱。過度(du)充(chong)(chong)電、過度(du)放電和充(chong)(chong)電不足(zu)都(dou)會縮短電瓶壽命。
一般(ban)情況蓄電(dian)(dian)池平均充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間在(zai)10小時(shi)(shi)左(zuo)右。充電(dian)(dian)過程(cheng)如電(dian)(dian)瓶溫(wen)度超過65℃,應停止充電(dian)(dian)。
4、經常檢查輪胎氣壓
將輪(lun)(lun)胎(tai)氣(qi)壓(ya)保持在正確(que)的胎(tai)壓(ya),必(bi)須每兩星期或至少每月檢查一次輪(lun)(lun)胎(tai)氣(qi)壓(ya)。不正確(que)的輪(lun)(lun)胎(tai)氣(qi)壓(ya)會造成耗電(dian)、行駛里程短,降低(di)駕駛的舒適性,降低(di)輪(lun)(lun)胎(tai)壽命(ming)并降低(di)行車安全性。
6、防止暴曬
電(dian)(dian)動車嚴禁在陽光下(xia)暴曬。溫度過(guo)高(gao)的環境會使蓄電(dian)(dian)池內部壓力(li)增加而使電(dian)(dian)池失水,引發(fa)電(dian)(dian)池活(huo)性下(xia)降(jiang),加速極板老化。
7、定期檢查
在使用過程中,如果電動汽車的(de)續航(hang)里(li)程在(zai)短時間內(nei)突然大幅度(du)下(xia)降(jiang)十(shi)幾公(gong)里(li),則很有可能是電池(chi)組中最(zui)(zui)少有一塊電池(chi)出(chu)現問(wen)題。此(ci)時,應及時到銷(xiao)售中心或代理(li)商維修(xiu)部進行(xing)檢查、修(xiu)復或配組。這樣能相對(dui)延長(chang)電池(chi)組的(de)壽命,最(zui)(zui)大程度(du)地節省您的(de)開支。