新能源車電池種類

新能源汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)可以分(fen)為兩(liang)大類(lei)，即蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)適用于純(chun)新能源汽車，可以歸類(lei)為鉛酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)基電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)一(yi)(yi)氫(qing)及鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)一(yi)(yi)金屬氫(qing)化物(wu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)一(yi)(yi)福及鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)一(yi)(yi)鋅電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）、鈉?電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（鈉一(yi)(yi)硫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)和(he)鈉一(yi)(yi)氯化鎳(nie)(nie)(nie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)）、二次(ci)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)、空氣電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)等(deng)類(lei)型。而燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)專(zhuan)用于燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)新能源汽車，可以分(fen)為堿性燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(AFC)、磷(lin)酸(suan)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(PAFC)、熔融(rong)碳(tan)酸(suan)鹽燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(MCFC)、固體氧(yang)化物(wu)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(SOFC)、質子交換膜燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(PEMFC)、直接甲醇燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(DMFC)等(deng)類(lei)型。

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新能源車電池壽命

電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)有“干貯存壽命(ming)“和(he)”濕貯存壽命(ming)“。這兩個(ge)概(gai)念僅是(shi)(shi)針對電(dian)池(chi)自放電(dian)大小而言的(de)(de)，并非電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)實際使(shi)用期限。電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)真正壽命(ming)是(shi)(shi)指電(dian)池(chi)實際使(shi)用的(de)(de)時(shi)間長短。對一次電(dian)池(chi)而言，電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽命(ming)是(shi)(shi)表征給出額定容量的(de)(de)工作時(shi)間（與放電(dian)倍(bei)率(lv)大小有關）。

對(dui)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)而(er)言，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)分充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)和濕(shi)擱置使用壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)兩種。充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)，是衡(heng)量(liang)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)性能的(de)(de)一個重要(yao)參數(shu)。經受一次(ci)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，稱(cheng)為(wei)一次(ci)循(xun)環（或一個周期）。在一定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制度下(xia)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量(liang)降(jiang)至某一規(gui)定(ding)(ding)值之前，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能耐(nai)受的(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)，稱(cheng)為(wei)二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽(shou)(shou)命(ming)。

充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽(shou)命(ming)越長，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的性能越好。在目(mu)前常(chang)用的二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)中，鎘鎳電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)循(xun)環壽(shou)命(ming)500~800次(ci)，鉛酸電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)200~500次(ci)，鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)600~1000次(ci)，鋅銀(yin)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)很短，約100次(ci)左右。

二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環壽命與放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)、溫度(du)、充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制(zhi)式等(deng)條件有關。所謂”放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)“是指(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池放(fang)(fang)出的容量占額定容量的百分數。減少放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度(du)（即“淺放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)”），二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環壽命可以大大延長。

濕擱置使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)，也(ye)是(shi)衡量二(er)次電(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能的(de)重要參數之一。它是(shi)指電(dian)池(chi)(chi)加(jia)入了電(dian)解液(ye)后開始進行充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環(huan)直至充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環(huan)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)終(zhong)止的(de)時(shi)間（包(bao)括(kuo)充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)循(xun)環(huan)過程中電(dian)池(chi)(chi)處于放(fang)電(dian)態濕擱置的(de)時(shi)間）。濕擱置使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)越長(chang)，電(dian)池(chi)(chi)性能越好。在目前(qian)常(chang)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)中，鎘鎳電(dian)池(chi)(chi)濕擱置使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)(ming)2~3年，鉛酸電(dian)池(chi)(chi)3~5年，鋰離(li)子電(dian)池(chi)(chi)5~8年，鋅(xin)銀電(dian)池(chi)(chi)最短，只有1年左右。

新能源車充電方式

1、便攜充電

便(bian)攜(xie)(xie)充電(dian)是指使用隨(sui)車附帶的便(bian)攜(xie)(xie)充電(dian)線連接普通(tong)家(jia)用插座(zuo)充電(dian)。這是一(yi)(yi)種非常(chang)方便(bian)的充電(dian)方式，只要能找到插座(zuo)，就可以充電(dian)。但(dan)是其(qi)充電(dian)速(su)度(du)就不敢恭(gong)維了。一(yi)(yi)般來說(shuo)，普通(tong)家(jia)用插座(zuo)的電(dian)壓為220V，電(dian)流為10A，理論上功(gong)率為2.2kW，而在實際使用中(zhong)，充電(dian)功(gong)率一(yi)(yi)般來說(shuo)只有1.5kW。奇(qi)瑞(rui)eQ電(dian)動汽車上配備(bei)的便(bian)攜(xie)(xie)充電(dian)裝置。

也就是說(shuo)，使用便攜(xie)充電(dian)(dian)裝置(zhi)，為(wei)一輛北汽(qi)(qi)新(xin)能源(yuan)EV200純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(續航里程(cheng)200km，電(dian)(dian)池容量30.4kWh)充滿電(dian)(dian)需(xu)要20小(xiao)時，為(wei)一輛比亞迪e6純電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(續航300km，電(dian)(dian)池容量57kWh)充滿電(dian)(dian)需(xu)要近(jin)40小(xiao)時。這種速度簡直讓人無法(fa)忍(ren)受(shou)，只能是作為(wei)其他充電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)的一種補充，方便用戶隨時補電(dian)(dian)。

2、家用充電

家(jia)用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)是最常見的(de)一種(zhong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)。一般私(si)人用戶購買電(dian)(dian)動汽車都會附贈一個家(jia)用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)。當然，光有(you)樁(zhuang)是不夠的(de)，還需(xu)要(yao)有(you)車位并且物(wu)業同意安(an)裝。寶(bao)馬i3所(suo)(suo)配(pei)(pei)備的(de)i Wallbox Pro充(chong)電(dian)(dian)墻(qiang)盒，功(gong)率(lv)為(wei)7.4kWh。在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度方面，由于每個廠商提(ti)(ti)供(gong)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)規格(ge)都不一樣(yang)，所(suo)(suo)以充(chong)電(dian)(dian)速(su)度也不盡(jin)相同。寶(bao)馬i3所(suo)(suo)配(pei)(pei)備的(de)i Wallbox Pro充(chong)電(dian)(dian)墻(qiang)盒功(gong)率(lv)為(wei)7.4kW。啟(qi)辰(chen)晨風有(you)2種(zhong)家(jia)用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)，低(di)配(pei)(pei)版的(de)是3.6kW，高配(pei)(pei)版的(de)則(ze)是6.6kW。騰勢同樣(yang)提(ti)(ti)供(gong)2種(zhong)家(jia)用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)柜可(ke)供(gong)使用，功(gong)率(lv)分別為(wei)10kW和20kW。

3、公共充電

家(jia)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)雖然不(bu)錯，但還有(you)(you)很多(duo)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)由于沒有(you)(you)固(gu)定車(che)位(wei)或是物業不(bu)配合，無法安裝家(jia)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。對(dui)他們(men)來說，公共(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)就(jiu)成(cheng)了唯一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)選擇。如果家(jia)里不(bu)能建(jian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，就(jiu)只(zhi)能到(dao)公共(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)了。公共(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)由國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)、南(nan)方(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)這(zhe)(zhe)類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)企業建(jian)設并(bing)維(wei)護(hu)經(jing)營(ying)。在(zai)(zai)今后(hou)(hou)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)產業的(de)(de)成(cheng)熟(shu)，也會(hui)(hui)有(you)(you)不(bu)少民營(ying)資本進入這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)(yi)領域(yu)。公共(gong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)一(yi)(yi)般(ban)分為(wei)(wei)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)和慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)，前者使(shi)用(yong)(yong)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，后(hou)(hou)者使(shi)用(yong)(yong)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。直流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)：以常(chang)見的(de)(de)國家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)為(wei)(wei)例，其輸出的(de)(de)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)(wei)380V，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)可(ke)(ke)以達到(dao)50A，輸出功(gong)率可(ke)(ke)達19kW。不(bu)過(guo)，為(wei)(wei)了保護(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量(liang)達到(dao)80%以后(hou)(hou)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)慢慢下降到(dao)10A左(zuo)右。所以，一(yi)(yi)般(ban)用(yong)(yong)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)到(dao)80%以后(hou)(hou)，應(ying)該換到(dao)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)滿，這(zhe)(zhe)樣效率更(geng)高一(yi)(yi)些(xie)。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)：由于成(cheng)本等方(fang)面有(you)(you)優勢(shi)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)較(jiao)多(duo)。雖然直流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度更(geng)快(kuai)，但是受用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷(he)和建(jian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)成(cheng)本的(de)(de)限(xian)制，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)(yi)個充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站里，直流(liu)(liu)快(kuai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)的(de)(de)數(shu)量(liang)肯定是占少數(shu)的(de)(de)。為(wei)(wei)了利用(yong)(yong)有(you)(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)資源(yuan)為(wei)(wei)更(geng)多(duo)人(ren)提供充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)服務，必(bi)須補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)一(yi)(yi)些(xie)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)慢充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)。

如何快速找到充電樁

電動汽車車主可以通過網上城市服務內“汽車充電站”，通過地圖篩查和關鍵字查詢迅速找到最近的充電站，在手機里實時(shi)查看充電樁充電槍的使用狀(zhuang)態。以后，車主(zhu)不會(hui)再(zai)發生趕到充電站才發現充電樁已經被占用，需要等至少一(yi)兩個小時(shi)的窘境。而且，通(tong)過汽車充電站可以直(zhi)接(jie)操作啟動(dong)或(huo)停止充電樁，并(bing)在充電結束(shu)后一(yi)站式(shi)完成支(zhi)付。

目前(qian)(qian),“汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)站”充(chong)電(dian)網路已(yi)覆蓋119個(ge)城市。這(zhe)意味著這(zhe)119個(ge)城市內近(jin)80萬電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)車(che)(che)主可以享(xiang)受上述查(cha)找、支(zhi)付等服務。電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)(che)充(chong)電(dian)一直面臨著找充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)難(nan)的問題，制約了行業的發(fa)展。此前(qian)(qian)，市面上各類充(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)都(dou)是由(you)不同(tong)的運營商各自為政，使用獨立的APP。車(che)(che)主的手機必(bi)須裝十幾(ji)個(ge)甚至二十幾(ji)個(ge)APP才(cai)能保證能在(zai)就近(jin)不同(tong)運營商的充(chong)電(dian)站充(chong)電(dian)。

如今，網(wang)上推出“汽車充(chong)電站”之后，車主只需要用(yong)一個APP便可以完(wan)成(cheng)。只要你打開網(wang)上汽車充(chong)電站，便會(hui)顯示附近(jin)的充(chong)電樁(zhuang)，你需要點擊(ji)距離你最近(jin)的一個充(chong)電樁(zhuang)，頁面便會(hui)顯示其地址(zhi)，那(nei)么你可以直接導航過去，非常便利。

新能源車充電注意事項

1、充電時間

正確掌握充電(dian)時間(jian)一(yi)般情(qing)況蓄電(dian)池充電(dian)時間(jian)在(zai)十(shi)小時左(zuo)右，要(yao)避免過(guo)度充電(dian)。準備出(chu)行時要(yao)提前安排好途(tu)中充電(dian)，避免行駛中電(dian)量不足。

2、充電頻率

建議(yi)每天都(dou)充電(dian)(dian)就(jiu)算(suan)平(ping)時行(xing)駛路程不多(duo)，還是建議(yi)每天都(dou)充電(dian)(dian)，這樣使電(dian)(dian)池(chi)處于淺循環狀(zhuang)態(tai)，電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的壽命(ming)會延長。原理(li)就(jiu)像手機電(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)一樣，隨時都(dou)可以充。

3、存放

嚴禁存放時虧電(dian)在虧電(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)下存放電(dian)池(chi)，很容易出現(xian)硫酸鹽化，硫酸鉛結(jie)晶物附著在極(ji)板(ban)上，會堵塞電(dian)離子通(tong)道，造(zao)成(cheng)充電(dian)不(bu)足，電(dian)池(chi)容量下降。虧電(dian)狀(zhuang)態(tai)閑置時間越長(chang)，電(dian)池(chi)損壞越重。因此，電(dian)池(chi)閑置不(bu)用時，應(ying)每月補充電(dian)一次，這樣能較好(hao)地保持電(dian)池(chi)健康狀(zhuang)態(tai)。所以，平時若不(bu)經常用車(che)(che)，也必須要打著車(che)(che)。這樣才不(bu)會造(zao)成(cheng)車(che)(che)輛不(bu)必要的問題出現(xian)。