一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些
1、按有無蓄能裝置分類
根據(ju)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車是否配備蓄能裝置,可把燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車分(fen)為(wei)純燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車和混合型燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車兩大類。
(1)純燃料電池電動汽車
純燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池是電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車上(shang)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)唯一來源。這(zhe)種(zhong)類(lei)型的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車要求燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)功率大,并且無法回收(shou)汽(qi)車制動能(neng)量。因此,純燃(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車目(mu)前應(ying)用(yong)較少(shao)。
(2)混合型燃料電池電動汽車
混合型(xing)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車上(shang)除燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池外(wai),還同時配備了蓄能(neng)裝置(zhi)(如蓄電(dian)(dian)池、超級電(dian)(dian)容或飛(fei)輪電(dian)(dian)池等)。由于蓄能(neng)裝置(zhi)可協助供電(dian)(dian),因(yin)而可減小燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)功率(lv),且蓄能(neng)裝置(zhi)還可用于汽(qi)車制(zhi)動(dong)時的(de)能(neng)量(liang)回收,所以可提高燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)能(neng)量(liang)利用率(lv)。因(yin)此,燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車多采用混合型(xing)結構(gou)。
2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類
根據混(hun)合(he)型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)中燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池和蓄電(dian)池的電(dian)路結構,可將混(hun)合(he)型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)分為串聯(lian)式和并聯(lian)式兩種。
(1)串聯式燃料電池電動汽車
串聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)相當于車載(zai)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置,通(tong)過DC/DC轉換(huan)器進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)后對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),再由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅動(dong)車輛的(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)特點(dian)與普通(tong)的(de)串聯混合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車相似。其優點(dian)是(shi)可采用小功率的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi),但要(yao)(yao)求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)容(rong)量和功率要(yao)(yao)足(zu)夠大(da),且燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)發出的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)需要(yao)(yao)經過蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉換(huan)過程,從中有能(neng)量的(de)轉換(huan)損失。目前,串聯式(shi)燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車較為少見。
(2)并聯式燃料電池電動汽車
并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)共同向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供(gong)(gong)動(dong)力(li)。根(gen)據燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)與蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)能量(liang)大(da)(da)小(xiao)的(de)配置不(bu)同,又(you)可將其分為大(da)(da)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型(xing)和小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)型(xing)兩(liang)種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)。大(da)(da)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)主要由(you)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)容(rong)量(liang)較(jiao)小(xiao),只(zhi)是在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)起(qi)步、加(jia)速、爬坡等行(xing)駛(shi)工(gong)況時(shi)協助(zhu)(zhu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),并(bing)在(zai)車(che)(che)輛減速與制動(dong)時(shi)進行(xing)能量(liang)回收。小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)則(ze)必須采用(yong)大(da)(da)容(rong)量(liang)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi),由(you)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)提供(gong)(gong)主要的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li),而燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)只(zhi)是協助(zhu)(zhu)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯(lian)式(shi)是目前燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)采用(yong)較(jiao)多的(de)形式(shi)。
3、按提供的燃料不同分類
根據燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)所提供的燃料(liao)不同(tong),燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)又可(ke)分為(wei)直接燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)和(he)重(zhong)整燃料(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)兩大(da)類。
(1)直接燃料電池電動汽車
直接燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動汽車的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)主要是(shi)純氫(qing),也(ye)可(ke)以用甲醇等(deng)(deng)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。采用純氫(qing)作燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)電池(chi)電動汽車,其氫(qing)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)儲存方式(shi)有壓縮氫(qing)氣、液態(tai)氫(qing)和合金(碳(tan)納米(mi)管)吸(xi)附氫(qing)等(deng)(deng)幾種。
(2)重整燃料電池電動汽車
重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)主要有汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油、天然氣、甲(jia)醇(chun)、甲(jia)烷、液化石油氣等。重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)的(de)結構要比氫(qing)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)復雜得(de)多(duo)。比如,甲(jia)醇(chun)重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)甲(jia)醇(chun)進行200℃左右的(de)加熱以分解出(chu)氫(qing),汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)也需(xu)(xu)要對(dui)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)油進行1000℃左右的(de)加熱以分解出(chu)氫(qing)。無論采(cai)用什么(me)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao),重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)都需(xu)(xu)設置(zhi)(zhi)重(zhong)(zhong)整(zheng)裝置(zhi)(zhi),將(jiang)其他燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉(zhuan)化為燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)所需(xu)(xu)的(de)氫(qing)。
直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)以(yi)純氫(qing)為(wei)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)對儲(chu)氫(qing)裝置(zhi)的(de)要求(qiu)較(jiao)高。但(dan)與重整燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)相(xiang)比,直(zhi)接(jie)(jie)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)的(de)結構簡(jian)單、質(zhi)量輕、能量效(xiao)率高、成本低。因此,目前的(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)(che)采用(yong)重整技術(shu)的(de)相(xiang)對較(jiao)少,大都以(yi)純氫(qing)為(wei)車(che)(che)載(zai)氫(qing)源(yuan)。
二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇
在選擇燃料電池汽(qi)車時,消費者應該充分考(kao)慮自(zi)己的需(xu)求和使用情況,并(bing)結合汽(qi)車的性能、價格和售(shou)后服務等因素(su)做出(chu)正確的決策。
1、需求和使用情況
消費者首(shou)先(xian)應該對自(zi)己的需求和(he)使用情況有(you)一(yi)個(ge)清晰的認(ren)識。如果(guo)(guo)是(shi)長途出行,需要考慮(lv)汽車的續航里程和(he)加氫設施(shi)的覆蓋范圍;如果(guo)(guo)是(shi)市區代步,可考慮(lv)汽車的動力性(xing)能和(he)價格(ge)等因素。
2、汽車性能
燃(ran)料電池汽車(che)(che)的(de)性(xing)(xing)能是選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)時的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)參考因素。消費(fei)者可(ke)根據自己的(de)使(shi)用需求和對(dui)汽車(che)(che)性(xing)(xing)能的(de)要(yao)求,選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)續航里程更(geng)(geng)(geng)長、動力性(xing)(xing)能更(geng)(geng)(geng)優(you)、充電速度更(geng)(geng)(geng)快的(de)車(che)(che)型。
3、價格和售后服務
燃料電池汽車相對于傳統汽(qi)車價格更高,消費者在選擇(ze)時(shi)需要根據自(zi)己的(de)(de)經濟(ji)實力做出決策。此外(wai),還需要考慮(lv)廠家售(shou)后服(fu)務(wu)的(de)(de)質量和承(cheng)諾,確保汽(qi)車能(neng)夠得到及(ji)時(shi)有(you)效的(de)(de)維(wei)修(xiu)和保養(yang)。