一、燃料電池電動汽車的類型有哪些

1、按有無蓄能裝置分類

根據燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車是否配備(bei)蓄(xu)能裝(zhuang)置，可把燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車分為純燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車和混合型燃(ran)料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動汽(qi)(qi)車兩大類。

（1）純燃料電池電動汽車

純燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)是電動(dong)汽(qi)車上電能(neng)的(de)唯(wei)一(yi)來源。這種類型(xing)的(de)燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車要求燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)的(de)功率大(da)，并且無法(fa)回(hui)收(shou)汽(qi)車制動(dong)能(neng)量。因此，純燃(ran)料(liao)電池(chi)電動(dong)汽(qi)車目前應用(yong)較少。

（2）混合型燃料電池電動汽車

混(hun)合(he)型燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車上除燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)外，還(huan)同時配備了蓄能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)（如蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)、超(chao)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)容或飛輪電(dian)(dian)池(chi)等）。由于蓄能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)可(ke)協助供(gong)電(dian)(dian)，因(yin)(yin)而可(ke)減小(xiao)燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)功率(lv)，且蓄能(neng)(neng)裝置(zhi)還(huan)可(ke)用于汽(qi)車制(zhi)動(dong)時的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)回收，所(suo)以可(ke)提(ti)高燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)利用率(lv)。因(yin)(yin)此，燃(ran)(ran)料電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車多(duo)采用混(hun)合(he)型結構。

2、按燃料電池與蓄電池的結構關系分類

根(gen)據混(hun)合型燃料(liao)電池電動(dong)汽(qi)車中(zhong)燃料(liao)電池和蓄電池的電路(lu)結構，可將混(hun)合型燃料(liao)電池電動(dong)汽(qi)車分為串聯(lian)式和并(bing)聯(lian)式兩種。

（1）串聯式燃料電池電動汽車

串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)相(xiang)(xiang)當于(yu)車(che)載發電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，通過(guo)DC/DC轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)器進行電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓變換(huan)(huan)后(hou)對蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)，再由蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機提供驅(qu)動(dong)車(che)輛的(de)(de)全部電(dian)(dian)(dian)力。串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)特點與普(pu)通的(de)(de)串(chuan)聯混合動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)相(xiang)(xiang)似。其優(you)點是(shi)可采(cai)用小功率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，但要求蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)容量和(he)功率(lv)(lv)要足夠大，且燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)發出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能需要經(jing)過(guo)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)過(guo)程，從中有能量的(de)(de)轉(zhuan)換(huan)(huan)損失。目前，串(chuan)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)較為少見(jian)。

（2）并聯式燃料電池電動汽車

并(bing)聯式燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)共同(tong)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機提(ti)供動(dong)(dong)力。根據燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)能量(liang)大(da)小(xiao)的(de)(de)配置(zhi)不同(tong)，又可(ke)將其分(fen)為大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型(xing)和(he)(he)小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)型(xing)兩種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)。大(da)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)主要(yao)由(you)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)容量(liang)較小(xiao)，只是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)起(qi)步、加速(su)、爬坡等(deng)行駛工況時協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)在車(che)輛減(jian)速(su)與制動(dong)(dong)時進行能量(liang)回收(shou)。小(xiao)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)則必須采(cai)用大(da)容量(liang)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，由(you)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)提(ti)供主要(yao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力，而燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)只是(shi)協助供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。并(bing)聯式是(shi)目前燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)采(cai)用較多(duo)的(de)(de)形式。

3、按提供的燃料不同分類

根據(ju)燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)所提供的燃料(liao)不(bu)同，燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車又可分(fen)為直接燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車和(he)重(zhong)整燃料(liao)電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)動(dong)汽車兩大(da)類(lei)。

（1）直接燃料電池電動汽車

直接燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)燃料(liao)主要是純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)，也(ye)可以用甲醇等燃料(liao)。采用純氫(qing)(qing)(qing)作燃料(liao)的(de)燃料(liao)電(dian)池電(dian)動汽車(che)，其氫(qing)(qing)(qing)燃料(liao)的(de)儲存方(fang)式(shi)有壓縮氫(qing)(qing)(qing)氣、液態氫(qing)(qing)(qing)和合金（碳(tan)納米管）吸(xi)附(fu)氫(qing)(qing)(qing)等幾(ji)種。

（2）重整燃料電池電動汽車

重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)主要(yao)有(you)汽(qi)油、天然氣(qi)、甲醇(chun)(chun)、甲烷、液(ye)化(hua)石油氣(qi)等。重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)結構要(yao)比氫燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)復雜(za)得多。比如，甲醇(chun)(chun)重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)甲醇(chun)(chun)進行200℃左右(you)(you)的(de)(de)加熱以分解出氫，汽(qi)油重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)也需(xu)要(yao)對(dui)汽(qi)油進行1000℃左右(you)(you)的(de)(de)加熱以分解出氫。無論采(cai)用什(shen)么燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)，重(zhong)整(zheng)燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽(qi)車(che)都(dou)需(xu)設置重(zhong)整(zheng)裝(zhuang)置，將其他燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)轉化(hua)為燃(ran)(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)所需(xu)的(de)(de)氫。

直(zhi)接(jie)以(yi)(yi)純(chun)氫為(wei)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)對(dui)儲氫裝置的要求較高。但與重整燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)相比，直(zhi)接(jie)燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)的結(jie)構簡單(dan)、質量(liang)輕、能(neng)量(liang)效(xiao)率高、成本低。因此，目前的燃(ran)料(liao)(liao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車(che)采用重整技(ji)術的相對(dui)較少，大都以(yi)(yi)純(chun)氫為(wei)車(che)載氫源。

二、燃料電池汽車怎么選擇

在選擇(ze)燃料電池汽車時(shi)，消費者應該充分考慮自己的需(xu)求和(he)使用情況，并結合汽車的性能、價格和(he)售(shou)后服務等因素做出正確的決策。

1、需求和使用情況

消費者首(shou)先應該對自(zi)己的需求和(he)使用情況有(you)一個清晰的認識。如果是長途出行(xing)，需要(yao)考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)汽(qi)車的續航里程和(he)加(jia)氫設(she)施的覆(fu)蓋范圍；如果是市區(qu)代(dai)步(bu)，可考(kao)慮(lv)(lv)汽(qi)車的動力性能和(he)價(jia)格等(deng)因素(su)。

2、汽車性能

燃料電池汽車(che)的(de)性能是選擇時的(de)重要參考因素。消費者可根據(ju)自己的(de)使用(yong)需求和對汽車(che)性能的(de)要求，選擇續(xu)航里(li)程更(geng)(geng)長、動力性能更(geng)(geng)優(you)、充電速度更(geng)(geng)快的(de)車(che)型。

3、價格和售后服務

燃料電池汽車相(xiang)對于傳統汽車價格更高(gao)，消費者在(zai)選(xuan)擇時需要(yao)根據(ju)自己的(de)經濟實力做出決策(ce)。此外(wai)，還需要(yao)考慮廠家售后服務的(de)質量和(he)承諾，確保汽車能夠得到及時有(you)效的(de)維修和(he)保養。