簡介
中國農科院果樹研究
所在(zai)全國(guo)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)區(qu)(qu)(qu)劃(hua)意見中,把昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)定(ding)(ding)為全國(guo)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)長最適宜區(qu)(qu)(qu)。與(yu)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)相比,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)具(ju)有(you)(you)四大(da)(da)優(you)勢(shi):一是(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)態優(you)勢(shi)。從氣候(hou)條(tiao)件上(shang)(shang)(shang)看冬無嚴寒、夏(xia)無酷暑、年較(jiao)差小(xiao)、日較(jiao)差大(da)(da),光照充足,雨(yu)量適中,光、熱、水資源豐(feng)富(fu),是(shi)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)最適宜區(qu)(qu)(qu)。由于(yu)地處(chu)云貴(gui)高原,紫(zi)外(wai)線(xian)強(qiang)烈,晝夜溫差大(da)(da),有(you)(you)機質(zhi)積累較(jiao)快,大(da)(da)大(da)(da)利于(yu)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長。生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)條(tiao)件上(shang)(shang)(shang)看昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、魯兩縣(xian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)屬(shu)于(yu)農業(ye)大(da)(da)縣(xian),大(da)(da)氣環境(jing)清潔(jie),無工業(ye)污(wu)染,發展(zhan)無公害蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)具(ju)有(you)(you)得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)(hou)的(de)自然(ran)條(tiao)件。二(er)(er)是(shi)品質(zhi)優(you)勢(shi)。由于(yu)得天(tian)獨(du)厚(hou)(hou)的(de)自然(ran)環境(jing),所產(chan)(chan)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)色澤鮮艷,肉質(zhi)細(xi)脆、甜酸適度,汁液豐(feng)富(fu),風味濃郁(yu),多次獲省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)優(you)質(zhi)水果(guo)(guo)(guo)稱號及全國(guo)第(di)二(er)(er)屆農業(ye)博覽會銀獎,昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)三省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、兩廣(guang)(guang)、東(dong)南(nan)(nan)亞聞名遐(xia)邇(er)。三是(shi)早(zao)熟優(you)勢(shi),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)早(zao)熟一個月的(de)特(te)點,在(zai)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)尚(shang)未成(cheng)熟時(shi),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)即成(cheng)熟上(shang)(shang)(shang)市,其早(zao)熟種(zhong)在(zai)7月上(shang)(shang)(shang)中旬(xun)(xun)即成(cheng)熟,晚(wan)熟品種(zhong)9月中旬(xun)(xun)成(cheng)熟,銷售(shou)時(shi)間較(jiao)北(bei)(bei)方(fang)具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)大(da)(da)的(de)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)空間和市場(chang)(chang)(chang)競爭優(you)勢(shi)。四是(shi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)位(wei)優(you)勢(shi),市場(chang)(chang)(chang)廣(guang)(guang)闊(kuo)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)市地處(chu)云、貴(gui)、川三省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)結合部(bu)。這(zhe)些省(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)市由于(yu)氣候(hou)因(yin)素(su),基本(ben)不產(chan)(chan)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)與(yu)國(guo)內(nei)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)山東(dong)、陜西(xi)(xi)等產(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)相比,具(ju)有(you)(you)地理位(wei)置上(shang)(shang)(shang)的(de)優(you)勢(shi)以及在(zai)多年的(de)銷售(shou)中已形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)消費市場(chang)(chang)(chang),所產(chan)(chan)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)可(ke)北(bei)(bei)上(shang)(shang)(shang)四川、重(zhong)慶,東(dong)進貴(gui)州、湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)、湖(hu)北(bei)(bei),南(nan)(nan)下廣(guang)(guang)東(dong)、廣(guang)(guang)西(xi)(xi)。除此之外(wai),南(nan)(nan)下東(dong)南(nan)(nan)亞也僅三天(tian)即可(ke)實(shi)現由田間到餐桌。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)銷往香港、泰(tai)國(guo)、緬(mian)甸、越南(nan)(nan)等國(guo)地區(qu)(qu)(qu),東(dong)盟(meng)自由貿易(yi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)建設(she),更為昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)(tong)(tong)蘋(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)銷售(shou)提供了(le)廣(guang)(guang)闊(kuo)的(de)市場(chang)(chang)(chang)。
為(wei)(wei)了(le)發揮(hui)昭(zhao)通自然資源優勢,幫助農民盡快脫貧致富。1989年(nian)農業部將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)昭(zhao)通列為(wei)(wei)我國(guo)(guo)南方優質蘋果(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di),1996年(nian)云(yun)南省又將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)昭(zhao)通列為(wei)(wei)省優質蘋果(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)。基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)列項后,蘋果(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)得到了(le)前所未有(you)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視,從地(di)(di)委行署到市縣政(zheng)府都將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)蘋果(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)列為(wei)(wei)農業產(chan)(chan)業結構調整的(de)(de)(de)大(da)范疇(chou)加以考(kao)慮,納入了(le)各級(ji)政(zheng)府部門領導農業生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)內管和議事來加以研(yan)究。首(shou)先在昭(zhao)、魯兩(liang)市縣分(fen)別(bie)成立了(le)蘋果(guo)(guo)基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)設(she)領導小(xiao)組,通過(guo)(guo)制定(ding)水果(guo)(guo)發展(zhan)(zhan)規劃、行政(zheng)管理法規和政(zheng)策措施運(yun)用行政(zheng)職能和經濟調節手段,加強對蘋果(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)領導。二是在昭(zhao)通的(de)(de)(de)永豐、土城、灑漁、樂居、守(shou)望、小(xiao)龍洞(dong)、北閘、蒙泉、蘇家院及魯甸的(de)(de)(de)桃源、巖洞(dong)、文屏、茨院等(deng)鄉鎮擴大(da)種(zhong)(zhong)植面積,發展(zhan)(zhan)規模生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)。三(san)、進行了(le)大(da)量的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)引(yin)(yin)試和更(geng)新換代(dai),先后引(yin)(yin)入新品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)30余(yu)個,通過(guo)(guo)篩(shai)選,選出了(le)紅(hong)富士、新紅(hong)星(xing)、喬納金、神沙、2001、紅(hong)王將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)、美國(guo)(guo)八(ba)號等(deng)一批適應(ying)我區更(geng)新換代(dai)的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)積極組織推(tui)廣應(ying)用。紅(hong)富士系(xi)、新紅(hong)星(xing)、喬納金已逐替(ti)代(dai)了(le)原有(you)金帥、國(guo)(guo)光、元(yuan)帥等(deng)老品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong),逐漸形成了(le)早中(zhong)晚(wan)熟的(de)(de)(de)合理搭配。基(ji)(ji)地(di)(di)建(jian)(jian)設(she)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)實施有(you)效地(di)(di)促進了(le)昭(zhao)通蘋果(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)。
從品(pin)種(zhong)與貯藏(zang)(zang)特性(xing)來看,早(zao)中熟(shu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)成(cheng)熟(shu)后,肉質(zhi)細,多甜中帶酸,易生果(guo)銹,貯藏(zang)(zang)后易發綿,不(bu)宜久貯,適宜鮮(xian)銷(xiao);在常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia),早(zao)熟(shu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)的貯藏(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)僅(jin)為7~10d,中熟(shu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)的貯藏(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)為20 ~ 30d,故早(zao)中熟(shu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)只能作(zuo)短期(qi)(qi)(qi)貯藏(zang)(zang)。而晚熟(shu)紅(hong)富(fu)士(shi)等蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)因色澤好、 內質(zhi)緊(jin)實、含糖量(liang)高,積累(lei)養分(fen)較(jiao)多,故貯藏(zang)(zang)期(qi)(qi)(qi)較(jiao)長,通(tong)常(chang)(chang)在常(chang)(chang)溫下(xia)可貯2~3個(ge)月,可自然存放到春(chun)節,也可用冷(leng)藏(zang)(zang)等方法(fa)長期(qi)(qi)(qi)貯藏(zang)(zang),且貯后果(guo)實品(pin)質(zhi)變化甚微(wei)。因此,人們首選紅(hong)富(fu)士(shi)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)貯藏(zang)(zang)保鮮(xian)。
發展
為(wei)(wei)(wei)了將昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)進一步(bu)做(zuo)大(da)(da)(da)(da)、做(zuo)強(qiang),昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)市(shi)委、政府又將蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)全(quan)市(shi)六大(da)(da)(da)(da)優(you)勢產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),把扶持和培育蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)農(nong)村經濟戰略性結構調(diao)整的(de)(de)重要舉(ju)(ju)措來抓,不斷加(jia)大(da)(da)(da)(da)投入力度。各(ge)相關部門緊緊圍(wei)繞(rao)“以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)競(jing)爭(zheng)力和實(shi)現增(zeng)(zeng)效(xiao)、增(zeng)(zeng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)為(wei)(wei)(wei)目(mu)的(de)(de),以(yi)(yi)(yi)提(ti)高(gao)質(zhi)(zhi)量為(wei)(wei)(wei)核心,以(yi)(yi)(yi)標準(zhun)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)為(wei)(wei)(wei)突破(po)口(kou),通(tong)過(guo)區(qu)(qu)域化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)布局,專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),一體化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)經營(ying)(ying),社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務(wu),企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)管理的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作(zuo)模式(shi),優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)調(diao)整品(pin)(pin)(pin)種結構,加(jia)強(qiang)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園基(ji)礎設(she)施建(jian)設(she),改(gai)善生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)環(huan)境條(tiao)件,吸收(shou)(shou)(shou)、消化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、利(li)用國內優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)先進技術并(bing)將其組(zu)裝(zhuang)配套(tao),主攻(gong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量,強(qiang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)商品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量意(yi)識,培育知名(ming)品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)圍(wei)繞(rao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)采后商品(pin)(pin)(pin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理加(jia)工及(ji)市(shi)場開發(fa)(fa),健(jian)全(quan)社(she)會(hui)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)服務(wu)體系,努力提(ti)高(gao)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)整體競(jing)爭(zheng)力和效(xiao)益”新時期蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)指導思想,以(yi)(yi)(yi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)經營(ying)(ying)模式(shi)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。一方(fang)面(mian),在(zai)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)區(qu)(qu)廣(guang)泛開展(zhan)了低產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園改(gai)造、無公害蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan),精品(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)園建(jian)設(she)、及(ji)強(qiang)拉枝、大(da)(da)(da)(da)改(gai)形(xing)、疏花疏果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、夏季修剪、果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實(shi)套(tao)袋、配方(fang)施肥等(deng)(deng)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)新技術,努力提(ti)高(gao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)(zhi)量。另一方(fang)面(mian),切實(shi)加(jia)強(qiang)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)采后分級、包裝(zhuang)商品(pin)(pin)(pin)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)處理,“昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)錦”、“南國紅”、“昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)陽紅”等(deng)(deng)一些品(pin)(pin)(pin)牌也應(ying)運(yun)而生(sheng)(sheng),有效(xiao)改(gai)變了我市(shi)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)商品(pin)(pin)(pin)形(xing)象。同(tong)時,通(tong)過(guo)招商引(yin)資,建(jian)立年(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)濃縮(suo)汁5萬噸(dun)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線2條(tiao),第一條(tiao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)線已(yi)(yi)于2007年(nian)投產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)陽區(qu)(qu)委、區(qu)(qu)政府兩次舉(ju)(ju)辦“蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)節”推(tui)介昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),擴大(da)(da)(da)(da)了昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)知名(ming)度和影響力。同(tong)時,還采取(qu)一系列(lie)優(you)惠政策,扶持和培育龍頭(tou)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、營(ying)(ying)銷大(da)(da)(da)(da)戶搞好蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)營(ying)(ying)銷。產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)運(yun)作(zuo)有效(xiao)促進了昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)、魯(lu)壩區(qu)(qu)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)種植面(mian)積(ji)達(da)到(dao)20.5萬畝,實(shi)現產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)量22.2萬噸(dun),產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)值達(da)2.37億元。昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)通(tong)蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)除(chu)銷往云、貴、川三省及(ji)廣(guang)東、廣(guang)西、香港等(deng)(deng)地外(wai),還遠銷緬甸(dian)、泰國、越南等(deng)(deng)東南亞國家,每年(nian)外(wai)銷量達(da)到(dao)6000多噸(dun)。蘋(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)已(yi)(yi)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)昭(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)魯(lu)壩區(qu)(qu)農(nong)民(min)增(zeng)(zeng)收(shou)(shou)(shou)致富的(de)(de)重要產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)之一。