清(qing)泰(tai)陵是清(qing)世宗雍(yong)正(zheng)帝(di)及(ji)其皇(huang)后的合葬陵墓,位(wei)于(yu)距(ju)易縣15公里的永寧(ning)山下,海拔382米,始建(jian)于(yu)1730年(雍(yong)正(zheng)八年),占(zhan)地8.47公頃(qing),內葬世宗雍(yong)正(zheng)帝(di)、孝敬憲(xian)皇(huang)后、敦(dun)肅皇(huang)貴妃(fei)。
清泰陵整(zheng)個陵寢(qin)分(fen)前(qian)后兩(liang)個部(bu)(bu)分(fen),前(qian)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)是門(men)(men)、坊、碑、亭,后部(bu)(bu)分(fen)主要是殿(dian)宇和地下宮殿(dian)。五孔(kong)石(shi)(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)是泰陵最前(qian)面的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑,10.94米寬,87米長(chang),拱高4.9米,由長(chang)方形青白石(shi)(shi)(shi)建(jian)(jian)成。五孔(kong)橋(qiao)北,有巍峨高大雕工精美的(de)三座石(shi)(shi)(shi)牌坊,一座居中(zhong)橫跨神道,二座稍后,分(fen)列左(zuo)右。大紅門(men)(men)是西陵的(de)總(zong)門(men)(men)戶,門(men)(men)有三洞,設(she)東(dong)西便門(men)(men)各一。
泰陵作為(wei)(wei)(wei)典型(xing)的清(qing)式宮殿式建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群,不但(dan)更(geng)注(zhu)重以完美的融(rong)山(shan)水環境、人文景觀為(wei)(wei)(wei)一體(ti)的中國“風水”相法為(wei)(wei)(wei)選址依據,形成山(shan)形河(he)流作為(wei)(wei)(wei)“風水”中強(qiang)調的靠山(shan)、案山(shan)、照山(shan),龍脈和水口,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)整(zheng)體(ti)布(bu)局(ju)也較為(wei)(wei)(wei)完整(zheng)與(yu)巧(qiao)妙,更(geng)加注(zhu)重實用性;建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格(ge)與(yu)規(gui)制更(geng)加精(jing)美豪華,使之更(geng)具(ju)有觀賞性。
由(you)于(yu)(yu)雍(yong)正皇(huang)帝(di)在西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)首建(jian)泰(tai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),從(cong)而產生了(le)“昭(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)相(xiang)間的(de)兆(zhao)葬(zang)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)”。原由(you)是(shi)因(yin)雍(yong)正皇(huang)帝(di)首先(xian)在西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)后,其(qi)子(zi)乾隆(long)認為(wei)如(ru)自己也隨其(qi)父在西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),就(jiu)會使已葬(zang)于(yu)(yu)清東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)圣祖康熙、世祖順治帝(di)受到冷落;如(ru)果在東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)建(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),同樣又會使其(qi)父雍(yong)正皇(huang)帝(di)受到冷落。為(wei)解其(qi)難,乾隆(long)皇(huang)帝(di)定下了(le)“父東(dong)(dong)子(zi)西(xi)(xi),父西(xi)(xi)子(zi)東(dong)(dong)”的(de)建(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)規(gui)制(zhi)(zhi),如(ru)父親葬(zang)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則(ze)兒(er)皇(huang)帝(di)葬(zang)西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),父葬(zang)西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),則(ze)兒(er)皇(huang)帝(di)葬(zang)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling),此稱之(zhi)為(wei)“昭(zhao)(zhao)穆(mu)相(xiang)間的(de)兆(zhao)葬(zang)之(zhi)制(zhi)(zhi)”。也正是(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)這種(zhong)墓(mu)葬(zang)制(zhi)(zhi)度才形成(cheng)了(le)清東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)現有的(de)格局,造成(cheng)了(le)清東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、清西(xi)(xi)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)兩大陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)墓(mu)群與中國明朝以前歷(li)代皇(huang)家陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢建(jian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)根本不同之(zhi)處。
清泰(tai)陵(ling)東(dong)(dong)面,雍正為其21個(ge)妃(fei)嬪(pin)建造了泰(tai)妃(fei)園寢。乾(qian)隆為其母孝圣憲(xian)皇(huang)太后修建了泰(tai)東(dong)(dong)陵(ling)。主體建筑自(zi)最(zui)南端的火焰牌樓開始,過一座五(wu)孔石(shi)拱橋,便開始了西陵(ling)最(zui)長(chang)的神路——2.5公里(li)長(chang)的泰(tai)陵(ling)神路,沿(yan)神路往北至寶頂,首先映入眼簾的是(shi)著名的石(shi)牌坊(fang)和大紅門(men)。
清(qing)世宗,名愛新覺羅·胤(yin)禛(zhen)(公元1678年(nian)12月(yue)13日-1735年(nian)10月(yue)28日),康熙(xi)皇帝(di)第(di)四子,康熙(xi)病死后(hou)繼位,為清(qing)代(dai)入(ru)關第(di)3帝(di)。雍正(zheng)是一(yi)位十分復雜而矛盾(dun)的(de)(de)歷史(shi)人物,他是勇(yong)于(yu)(yu)革新、勤(qin)于(yu)(yu)理(li)政的(de)(de)杰出政治(zhi)家,對康熙(xi)晚年(nian)的(de)(de)積弊進行改(gai)革整頓,一(yi)掃頹風,使(shi)吏治(zhi)澄清(qing)、統治(zhi)穩(wen)定、國(guo)庫充盈、人民(min)(min)負(fu)擔減輕。但他畢竟(jing)是封(feng)建皇帝(di),有(you)著(zhu)重大(da)過(guo)失和種種局限(xian)。在功(gong)績上:雍正(zheng)首先取(qu)消了(le)千百年(nian)來(lai)的(de)(de)“人丁稅”,實行了(le)有(you)利于(yu)(yu)貧農的(de)(de)“攤丁入(ru)畝”,這個(ge)中國(guo)賦稅制度的(de)(de)重大(da)變革;創立軍機(ji)處(chu),推廣奏折制度。明代(dai)權力集于(yu)(yu)內閣,故有(you)權相產(chan)生。清(qing)雍正(zheng)把權力進一(yi)步集中在皇帝(di)手中,創立軍機(ji)處(chu),軍機(ji)大(da)臣直接與(yu)(yu)各地(di)(di)(di)、各部打(da)交(jiao)道,了(le)解地(di)(di)(di)方情形,傳(chuan)達皇帝(di)意(yi)旨;在少數(shu)民(min)(min)族(zu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)實行改(gai)土歸(gui)流,打(da)擊和限(xian)制了(le)土司的(de)(de)割據和特(te)權,對民(min)(min)族(zu)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)經濟(ji)文化發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)有(you)利。此外,雍正(zheng)還(huan)有(you)許多(duo)值(zhi)得(de)稱道的(de)(de)政績,如懲治(zhi)貪(tan)污、解放賤民(min)(min)、平定羅卜(bu)藏(zang)丹津、始派駐(zhu)藏(zang)大(da)臣等,為中國(guo)的(de)(de)統一(yi)與(yu)(yu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)做出了(le)貢獻。