明顯陵,始建于明正德十四年(1519年),迄于明嘉靖三十八年(1559年),歷時四十年建成。明顯陵是明嘉靖初期重大歷史事件“大禮儀”的產物,規劃布局和建筑手法獨特,在明代帝陵規制中具有承上啟下的作用。其陵寢建筑中金瓶形的外羅城、九曲回環的御河、龍鱗神道、瓊花雙龍琉璃影壁和內外明塘等都是明陵中僅見的孤例,尤其是“一陵兩冢”的陵寢結構為歷代帝王陵墓中絕無僅有。由瑤臺相連而成啞鈴狀的兩座隱密的地下玄宮神密莫測,一直為世人稱奇。明顯陵(ling)原(yuan)始建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)和(he)環境風貌保存完好,建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規模宏大(da),陵(ling)寢結構(gou)獨特,文(wen)化(hua)內涵豐(feng)厚,堪稱中國帝陵(ling)的璀璨明珠(zhu)。
鐘祥(xiang)市明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)管理(li)(li)(li)處主(zhu)要(yao)負(fu)責對(dui)明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)依法實施保(bao)護(hu)(hu)、維修、開發、管理(li)(li)(li)。自1983年(nian)(nian)成立(li)管理(li)(li)(li)機(ji)構(gou)以來,始終(zhong)堅持把做(zuo)好(hao)明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)事業作為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)一(yi)(yi)要(yao)務,按照“保(bao)護(hu)(hu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)主(zhu)、搶(qiang)救第(di)一(yi)(yi)、合理(li)(li)(li)利用、加(jia)強管理(li)(li)(li)”的文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)工作理(li)(li)(li)念(nian),堅持科(ke)學規劃,不斷加(jia)大明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)環境和文(wen)物(wu)本體(ti)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)力度。2007年(nian)(nian)6月(yue),明(ming)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)管理(li)(li)(li)處被國(guo)(guo)家(jia)人事部(bu)、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)表彰(zhang)“全(quan)國(guo)(guo)文(wen)物(wu)系統先進集體(ti)”,2008年(nian)(nian)4月(yue),被國(guo)(guo)家(jia)旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)局(ju)批準為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)4A級旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)景區,2009年(nian)(nian)被湖北省旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)局(ju)表彰(zhang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“全(quan)省十(shi)佳(jia)示范旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)景區”,2010年(nian)(nian)被湖北省人民政府表彰(zhang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“全(quan)省優秀旅(lv)(lv)(lv)游(you)單位”,連續十(shi)年(nian)(nian)被省政府公布(bu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)“全(quan)省文(wen)明(ming)單位”。
在明代帝陵中,前后兩個寶城的建置可謂絕無僅有。顯陵前后兩個寶城的形成與其主人身份的變化緊密相關。前寶城建于正德十五年(1520年),是朱祐杬死后按藩王規制建興獻王墳時建造的。朱(zhu)厚熜登基后(hou),追封(feng)其父為“興獻帝”,嘉(jia)(jia)靖(jing)十(shi)七年(1538年),其母(mu)(mu)病故,圍繞是遷葬北(bei)京還是合葬顯陵,嘉(jia)(jia)靖(jing)帝派人調查并打開了顯陵地宮(gong)(gong),發現地宮(gong)(gong)出水(shui)。嘉(jia)(jia)靖(jing)十(shi)八年(1539年),世宗(zong)親(qin)臨鐘祥,并親(qin)自策馬登上寶(bao)城(cheng),在顯陵后(hou)部立表,選定新(xin)址,出示新(xin)的(de)(de)地宮(gong)(gong)寶(bao)城(cheng)圖(tu)紙,按(an)圖(tu)修建(jian),將其父母(mu)(mu)合葬于新(xin)寢(qin),兩(liang)寶(bao)城(cheng)之間(jian)用很(hen)長的(de)(de)平臺(tai)連(lian)接起(qi)來稱為“瑤臺(tai)”。所以(yi)在明代陵寢(qin)中,獨顯陵有(you)兩(liang)個寶(bao)城(cheng),中間(jian)有(you)一(yi)瑤臺(tai)的(de)(de)特(te)殊格局(ju),且(qie)每個寶(bao)城(cheng)都建(jian)有(you)一(yi)套月牙城(cheng)、啞巴(ba)院和琉(liu)璃影壁,并有(you)獨立的(de)(de)排水(shui)系統(tong),這是顯陵的(de)(de)獨特(te)之處。
明代帝(di)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)中的(de)皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)和(he)孝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)原本都只建(jian)有一(yi)座(zuo)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting),即皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)重建(jian)皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting)、孝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)神(shen)功(gong)圣(sheng)(sheng)德(de)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)樓。直到嘉(jia)靖帝(di)即位(wei),分(fen)別封(feng)皇陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、孝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、祖陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)所在(zai)地為(wei)“翔圣(sheng)(sheng)山(shan)”、“神(shen)烈山(shan)”和(he)“基(ji)運山(shan)”并(bing)加建(jian)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting)(祖陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)另建(jian)祭告碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting))之(zhi)后,三(san)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)才(cai)各(ge)有兩座(zuo)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting)。位(wei)于北京天壽(shou)山(shan)的(de)長(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)原只建(jian)有神(shen)功(gong)圣(sheng)(sheng)德(de)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)樓,內立神(shen)功(gong)圣(sheng)(sheng)德(de)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)即圣(sheng)(sheng)德(de)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)。嘉(jia)靖二(er)十一(yi)年(nian)(1542年(nian)),朱(zhu)厚熜(cong)在(zai)長(chang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)門內左側增建(jian)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting)一(yi)座(zuo),并(bing)在(zai)獻陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、景陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、裕陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、茂(mao)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、泰陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、康(kang)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)前添建(jian)功(gong)德(de)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)及碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)亭(ting),只是有碑(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)無字。此后,天壽(shou)山(shan)各(ge)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)皆遵從其制。
而顯陵的碑(bei)(bei)亭數(shu)量(liang)遠遠多于上述各陵。從(cong)敕封純德(de)山(shan)碑(bei)(bei)算(suan)起(qi),已經發現(xian)或有(you)(you)文(wen)獻記(ji)載的還有(you)(you)“山(shan)曲碑(bei)(bei)”、睿(rui)功圣德(de)碑(bei)(bei)、紀瑞文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)、純德(de)山(shan)祭告碑(bei)(bei)、加上尊(zun)謚記(ji)文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)、御(yu)賜祭文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)和御(yu)賜謚冊志文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)、明樓碑(bei)(bei)等九通(tong)之多,除建(jian)于棱恩殿內的加上尊(zun)謚記(ji)文(wen)碑(bei)(bei)外,率皆(jie)建(jian)有(you)(you)碑(bei)(bei)亭(樓),遠非明代其(qi)它各帝陵可(ke)比。
棱恩門兩側精美(mei)的琉(liu)璃(li)影壁,為明代各帝陵所(suo)無。從現存(cun)墻體看,為琉(liu)璃(li)仿木形式,上部為瓦檐(yan),檐(yan)下是琉(liu)璃(li)仿木構件,下部為須彌(mi)座,花心正面為瓊(qiong)花圖案,背面為雙龍(long)圖案,其做工非常精美(mei)。
作為獨(du)立的(de)(de)(de)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu),顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)在(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)周圍(wei)(wei)建有高墻(qiang)(qiang),與陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮區(qu)圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)相對,分別(bie)稱為外(wai)(wai)羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和內羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)增(zeng)筑系(xi)仿天壽(shou)山七陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)制,而此七陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)只有陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮區(qu)圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang),每座陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)寢并無(wu)單獨(du)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),只是(shi)在(zai)天壽(shou)山陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)區(qu)周圍(wei)(wei)建有防衛森嚴的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)。顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)之(zhi)后(hou),世宗在(zai)為自(zi)己修(xiu)建永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)候,在(zai)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)宮區(qu)圍(wei)(wei)墻(qiang)(qiang)之(zhi)外(wai)(wai),加建了(le)外(wai)(wai)羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)道(dao),并為后(hou)世的(de)(de)(de)定陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)所(suo)仿效(xiao),形成(cheng)了(le)獨(du)特的(de)(de)(de)帝陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)制度。因此,可以說顯(xian)(xian)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)永(yong)(yong)陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)、定陵(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)(ling)外(wai)(wai)羅(luo)(luo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)先聲。
御溝,以其形(xing)(xing)式(shi)明確結(jie)合風水(shui)(shui)意向的(de)“彎曲(qu)(qu)有形(xing)(xing)”,被當地稱為“九曲(qu)(qu)河”,是顯(xian)陵陵區(qu)(qu)的(de)主要排水(shui)(shui)設施。雖(sui)然明代各陵都非常重視陵區(qu)(qu)的(de)排水(shui)(shui)、泄(xie)洪,開挖或(huo)利用天然河流形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)御溝,然而顯(xian)陵御溝以其排水(shui)(shui)體(ti)系之完(wan)(wan)善、體(ti)現(xian)風水(shui)(shui)理論之完(wan)(wan)美,與前七陵形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)顯(xian)著的(de)區(qu)(qu)別,成(cheng)為顯(xian)陵文物(wu)特色和(he)旅游(you)資(zi)源中的(de)重要內(nei)容。
在(zai)(zai)顯陵(ling)的(de)規劃布局中,可(ke)(ke)能與睿(rui)宗(zong)和世宗(zong)篤信道教有關,按風水(shui)意向設計(ji)了內(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)明(ming)塘(tang)。“明(ming)塘(tang)”取“明(ming)堂(tang)”諧音,明(ming)堂(tang)是(shi)風水(shui)理論中的(de)重要概念,原意為(wei)陵(ling)區內(nei)(nei)(nei)部開闊(kuo)(kuo)的(de)空地,靠近(jin)核心——“穴”的(de),為(wei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)明(ming)堂(tang),不宜太寬(kuan)闊(kuo)(kuo),可(ke)(ke)“藏風聚氣(qi)”;靠近(jin)外(wai)(wai)圍的(de),為(wei)外(wai)(wai)明(ming)堂(tang),要寬(kuan)闊(kuo)(kuo)而忌狹窄,以為(wei)長(chang)久發展之計(ji)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)明(ming)堂(tang)的(de)位(wei)置在(zai)(zai)棱恩門前,在(zai)(zai)較為(wei)開闊(kuo)(kuo)的(de)廣場(chang)中凡設置一池塘(tang),《興都志》與《承天(tian)大志》記載(zai)均稱作“內(nei)(nei)(nei)明(ming)塘(tang)”。在(zai)(zai)中軸(zhou)線上舊紅門以南,還(huan)有一外(wai)(wai)外(wai)(wai)明(ming)塘(tang)。內(nei)(nei)(nei)、外(wai)(wai)明(ming)塘(tang)的(de)建置為(wei)天(tian)壽(shou)山各陵(ling)所無,同時也是(shi)現在(zai)(zai)已知(zhi)明(ming)代陵(ling)寢(qin)中的(de)孤例。
顯陵是明代(dai)帝陵中整(zheng)體(ti)保留神路龍鱗(lin)(lin)具體(ti)做(zuo)法的陵寢。中間(jian)鋪筑(zhu)石板,謂(wei)之“龍脊(ji)”,兩側(ce)以(yi)鵝卵(luan)石填充(chong),謂(wei)之“龍鱗(lin)(lin)”,外邊再(zai)以(yi)牙(ya)子石收束(shu),總稱為(wei)“龍鱗(lin)(lin)道(dao)”。這種做(zuo)法既能滿足陵寢建筑(zhu)的功能需求,又經濟可(ke)行,充(chong)分顯示了(le)(le)古(gu)人的智慧(hui),同時也為(wei)明代(dai)其它(ta)陵被神路的復原(yuan)提(ti)供了(le)(le)實(shi)物依據。
新(xin)紅門(men)(men)為(wei)(wei)外羅城的(de)門(men)(men)戶(hu),是(shi)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)陵(ling)(ling)區(qu)入(ru)口的(de)標志,也(ye)是(shi)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)由王(wang)墓擴(kuo)建(jian)為(wei)(wei)帝陵(ling)(ling)的(de)重(zhong)要標志之一。與之相(xiang)對(dui)應(ying)是(shi)舊紅門(men)(men),舊紅門(men)(men)是(shi)顯(xian)陵(ling)(ling)為(wei)(wei)王(wang)墓時(shi)的(de)門(men)(men)戶(hu)。最為(wei)(wei)獨特的(de)是(shi),新(xin)舊兩重(zhong)紅門(men)(men)不在(zai)(zai)一條中軸線上,這在(zai)(zai)中國(guo)古代傳統建(jian)筑中是(shi)很少見的(de),但同時(shi)它也(ye)成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)中國(guo)明代“陵(ling)(ling)制當與山水相(xiang)稱”的(de)陵(ling)(ling)寢建(jian)筑文化的(de)成(cheng)功范例。
鐘(zhong)(zhong)祥(xiang)市內(nei)6路(lu)公(gong)交直(zhi)達,從(cong)長途汽(qi)車(che)站(zhan)可先步行至承(cheng)天(tian)東(dong)路(lu)乘坐,。武漢市內(nei)各長途汽(qi)車(che)站(zhan)都有高速大巴直(zhi)達鐘(zhong)(zhong)祥(xiang),票價約50-60元(yuan)/人(ren),行駛時(shi)間3.5-4小時(shi),在鐘(zhong)(zhong)祥(xiang)轉巴士便(bian)可至顯(xian)陵。
1、襄(陽(yang))荊(州(zhou))高(gao)速公路(二廣高(gao)速),從(cong)襄陽(yang)方向出(chu)發(fa)經(jing)陳安收費站駛(shi)入景(jing)區(qu)約(yue)40分(fen)鐘,從(cong)荊州(zhou)方向出(chu)發(fa)經(jing)鐘祥出(chu)口駛(shi)入景(jing)區(qu)約(yue)45分(fen)鐘。
2、武(wu)(漢)至荊(jing)(門)高速公路(滬(hu)蓉高速),從武(wu)漢出發約需1個半小時,經鐘祥收費站駛入景(jing)區約18公里(li)。
明顯陵位于湖北省鐘祥市城東北5公里的純德(de)山上,地處北緯(wei)31°12′20″-31°13′00″,東經112°37′50″-112°38′09″之間。圍陵面(mian)積183.13公頃,整個陵園雙城封建,其外(wai)羅城周長3600余米,蜿(wan)蜒起伏于山巒疊障之中。
明顯(xian)陵所在的鐘祥市(shi)屬北(bei)亞熱帶(dai)季風(feng)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)區(qu),具有(you)四(si)季分明、雨(yu)熱共享(xiang)、陽光充足、雨(yu)量充沛(pei)、無霜期長(chang)、氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)溫和等特點,處在湖北(bei)省東(dong)西氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)過(guo)渡(du)帶(dai)(東(dong)經112°),臨近南北(bei)氣候(hou)(hou)(hou)過(guo)渡(du)帶(dai)(北(bei)緯31°),春(chun)季冷暖交(jiao)替,早春(chun)氣溫回升緩慢,春(chun)寒(han)退得較(jiao)遲;夏季梅雨(yu)較(jiao)多,間有(you)短時酷熱和伏旱;秋天時有(you)秋旱和陰(yin)雨(yu)相間出現(xian)(xian),有(you)時秋寒(han)來得較(jiao)早;冬季雨(yu)雪較(jiao)少,嚴寒(han)期短,常年多有(you)干旱、漬澇(lao)、龍卷風(feng)等災害性天氣出現(xian)(xian)。