一.產品介紹
地瓜,味甘性溫,能(neng)滑腸(chang)通(tong)便,健胃益氣。含(han)有較多的纖維(wei)素, 能(neng)在(zai)腸(chang)中吸收水(shui)份增大糞(fen)便的體積,引起(qi)通(tong)便的作用。 其中豐富的纖維(wei)質(zhi)有助排便。地瓜含(han)有大量(liang)的糖、蛋白質(zhi)、各種(zhong)維(wei)生(sheng)素與礦物質(zhi)、胡蘿卜素和維(wei)生(sheng)素C以(yi)及(ji)抑制癌(ai)細(xi)胞生(sheng)長的抗癌(ai)物質(zhi)、大量(liang)食物性纖維(wei),所以(yi)能(neng)預(yu)防便秘、腸(chang)癌(ai);同時(shi)能(neng)減(jian)少熱(re)量(liang)的攝取(qu),是減(jian)肥(fei)的最佳食品之(zhi)一。
食療作用
[用途]用于胃熱煩渴(ke),或飲酒過度;熱傷津液,大便燥(zao)結(jie)。
[用法]生食,絞(jiao)汁,或煎湯服。
[注意]脾胃虛寒者不宜服食。大便秘結(jie)者,須嚼(jiao)食本品。
【藥用(yong)部位】豆薯的塊(kuai)根。本植物的種子(地瓜子)亦(yi)供藥用(yong)。
【性味歸經(jing)】《陸(lu)川本草》“甘(gan),涼(liang)。”歸肺,胃(wei)二(er)經(jing)。
【功效主(zhu)治(zhi)】生津(jin)止渴。治(zhi)熱(re)病口渴。
【用法用量】內(nei)服:生啖或煮食(shi)。地瓜(gua)有滑腸作用,可減(jian)少脂(zhi)肪吸(xi)收,而且食(shi)地瓜(gua)可增加飽腹(fu)感,減(jian)少進食(shi)欲望,從而達到(dao)減(jian)肥輕(qing)身的(de)目的(de)。
二.自然生態環境和人文歷史因素
1.1 地形地貌(mao) 臨(lin)沭地處(chu)魯(lu)東丘(qiu)陵(ling)區南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),大部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)屬(shu)五(wu)蓮山(shan)低山(shan)丘(qiu)陵(ling)。地形呈東高(gao)(gao)西(xi)低,北(bei)(bei)高(gao)(gao)南低的(de)傾斜狀態,北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)層巒(luan)起(qi)伏(fu)、溝(gou)谷(gu)縱(zong)橫(heng),大小山(shan)巒(luan)44座,海拔高(gao)(gao)度一般(ban)在(zai)60-400米(mi)之間(jian)(jian),其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)蒼(cang)山(shan)為(wei)群巒(luan)之冠,海拔高(gao)(gao)度為(wei)394.7米(mi)。平原(yuan)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)23.4%,多(duo)分布(bu)于(yu)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)內(nei)(nei)(nei)西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)沭河(he)(he)(he)(he)沿岸(an);丘(qiu)陵(ling)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)72.8%,分布(bu)于(yu)平原(yuan)與山(shan)地之間(jian)(jian);山(shan)地占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.8%。 1.2 土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)特點(dian) 全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)地總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)103810 公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。在(zai)各種地貌(mao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)丘(qiu)陵(ling)4515.30公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)4.35%;傾斜洪(hong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低臺(tai)地50311.86公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 48.47%;平坦(tan)洪(hong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)低臺(tai)地24382.62公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)23.49%;起(qi)伏(fu)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流高(gao)(gao)階地9321.24公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing);占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8.98%;起(qi)伏(fu)洪(hong)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)平原(yuan)13639.32公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)13.14%;河(he)(he)(he)(he)流低階地1629.66公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing);占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)1.57%。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)人民共和(he)(he)國農(nong)業(ye)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu) 公(gong)(gong)(gong)布(bu) 土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)類(lei)型(xing)可(ke)分為(wei):粗(cu)骨土(tu)(tu)、棕(zong)(zong)壤(rang)、褐土(tu)(tu)、 潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)和(he)(he)砂(sha)姜黑土(tu)(tu)五(wu)類(lei),十一個亞類(lei)。其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),粗(cu)骨土(tu)(tu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)29014.12公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)27.9%;棕(zong)(zong)壤(rang)53899.03 公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)51.9%;褐土(tu)(tu)3664.84公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)3.5 %;潮(chao)土(tu)(tu)8947.57公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)8.6 %;砂(sha)姜黑土(tu)(tu)8284.44公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan) 8.0%。 據(ju)2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普(pu)查測定棕(zong)(zong)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)有(you)機(ji)質(zhi)含量(liang)(liang)(liang)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)13.9 mg/kg、堿(jian)解氮99mg/kg、有(you)效磷15.4 mg/kg,速效鉀98 mg/kg,pH值6.1左右(you)。土(tu)(tu)層深厚,土(tu)(tu)質(zhi)疏松,適(shi)合地瓜生長(chang)(chang)。 2.3 氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候特點(dian) 臨(lin)沭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)屬(shu)暖溫(wen)帶季(ji)(ji)風區半濕(shi)潤大陸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)候,寒暑交(jiao)換,四(si)季(ji)(ji)分明。春(chun)季(ji)(ji)溫(wen)暖,光(guang)照充(chong)足(zu);夏季(ji)(ji)濕(shi)熱,雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)充(chong)沛;秋季(ji)(ji)清爽;冬(dong)季(ji)(ji)寒冷干燥。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)在(zai)12.7℃,極端(duan)最高(gao)(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)38.8 ℃,極端(duan)最低氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)-19.2 ℃。初霜(shuang)期(qi)在(zai)10月(yue)(yue)(yue)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)旬(xun),終霜(shuang)期(qi)在(zai)3月(yue)(yue)(yue)下旬(xun),無(wu)(wu)(wu)霜(shuang)期(qi)220天左右(you)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)861.6mm。雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)分布(bu)的(de)特點(dian)是東部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、南部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)多(duo),北(bei)(bei)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)、西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)少。全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)月(yue)(yue)(yue)際變化比較(jiao)(jiao)明顯,6-9四(si)個月(yue)(yue)(yue)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)611.2mm,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)71%。4、5月(yue)(yue)(yue)春(chun)播期(qi)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)較(jiao)(jiao)少,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)13.1%。作(zuo)(zuo)物生長(chang)(chang)期(qi)的(de)6、7月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)為(wei)356.57mm,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)41.4%。8、9月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)為(wei)254.61mm,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)29.6%。7月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)雨量(liang)(liang)(liang)最多(duo), 歷年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)258.34mm,12月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)最少,月(yue)(yue)(yue)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)(liang)(liang)12mm。平均(jun)(jun)(jun)相對濕(shi)度為(wei)70%。光(guang)照資源(yuan)豐(feng)富(fu),日照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)長(chang)(chang),光(guang)照充(chong)足(zu),有(you)利(li)于(yu)作(zuo)(zuo)物光(guang)合作(zuo)(zuo)用,常年(nian)(nian)(nian)平均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照時(shi)數為(wei)2459小時(shi),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)可(ke)照時(shi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)55%。 1.4 水(shui)文情況 臨(lin)沭縣(xian)(xian)(xian)屬(shu)淮河(he)(he)(he)(he)流域,境內(nei)(nei)(nei)除玉山(shan)鎮鎮武河(he)(he)(he)(he)屬(shu)于(yu)濱海系(xi)外,其余均(jun)(jun)(jun)屬(shu)沭河(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)系(xi)。境內(nei)(nei)(nei)10km以上的(de)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流就有(you)15條,較(jiao)(jiao)大的(de)河(he)(he)(he)(he)流有(you)沭河(he)(he)(he)(he)、 蒼(cang)源(yuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)、穆疃(tuan)河(he)(he)(he)(he)。境內(nei)(nei)(nei)水(shui)利(li)設施配套齊全(quan)(quan),地下水(shui)源(yuan)充(chong)足(zu),農(nong)田排(pai)灌 設施配套,水(shui)質(zhi)清澈,無(wu)(wu)(wu)污染(ran),達到了旱能澆、澇能排(pai)。同時(shi)“臨(lin)沭 地瓜”種植區內(nei)(nei)(nei)無(wu)(wu)(wu)大型(xing)工廠。無(wu)(wu)(wu)“三(san)廢”排(pai)放和(he)(he)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)污染(ran),也沒(mei)有(you)重金屬(shu)污染(ran)歷史。
三.地域范圍
“臨(lin)(lin)沭(shu)(shu)地(di)瓜”的地(di)域保(bao)護(hu)范圍為山東省(sheng)臨(lin)(lin)沂(yi)市臨(lin)(lin)沭(shu)(shu)縣(xian)(xian)境內,包括全縣(xian)(xian)9個鎮(zhen)街(jie)(臨(lin)(lin)沭(shu)(shu)街(jie)道、鄭山街(jie)道、青云(yun)鎮(zhen)、玉山鎮(zhen)、蛟龍鎮(zhen)、石門(men)鎮(zhen)、大興鎮(zhen)、店頭鎮(zhen)、曹(cao)莊鎮(zhen))各地(di)瓜生產村。地(di)理坐標為:東經118°26′-118°48′,北(bei)緯34°40′-35°06′。生產規模(mo)10000公頃,年產量45萬噸(dun)。臨(lin)(lin)沭(shu)(shu)縣(xian)(xian)東、南方向與(yu)江蘇(su)省(sheng)贛榆縣(xian)(xian)、東海縣(xian)(xian)搭界,西與(yu)臨(lin)(lin)沂(yi)市河東區(qu)接壤(rang), 北(bei)依(yi)莒南縣(xian)(xian),西南與(yu)郯城縣(xian)(xian)毗鄰。南北(bei)最大距(ju)離(li)46千米,東西最大距(ju)離(li)31千米,總面積(ji)1010平(ping)方千米。
四.產品品質特性特征
“臨(lin)(lin)沭地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)”“薯(shu)(shu)塊(kuai)大(da)小適中、薯(shu)(shu)皮光(guang)滑、肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)(xi)膩(ni)、味(wei)甜(tian)(tian)”的優(you)良品質(zhi)(zhi)。所(suo)生產(chan)的地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)烤熟加工(gong)后(hou)具有香、甜(tian)(tian)、軟、糯等口感。 外在感官(guan)特征(zheng):臨(lin)(lin)沭地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)呈紫紅色至(zhi)(zhi)黃色,紡錘形及不規則圓形,薯(shu)(shu)肉(rou)黃色、橘紅至(zhi)(zhi)紅色,肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)(xi)膩(ni)。塊(kuai)根肥大(da)、集中,薯(shu)(shu)皮光(guang)滑,單株(zhu)薯(shu)(shu)塊(kuai)1個至(zhi)(zhi)幾(ji)十(shi)不等,無(wu)(wu)不正(zheng)常(chang)外來水分,具有本(ben)品種的基本(ben)特性。無(wu)(wu)霉(mei)變(bian)味(wei)及其他異味(wei)。臨(lin)(lin)沭地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)肉(rou)質(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)(xi)膩(ni),有甜(tian)(tian)味(wei),口感好。 內(nei)在品質(zhi)(zhi)指標:“臨(lin)(lin)沭地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)”富含多種營養(yang)成分,蛋(dan)白質(zhi)(zhi)1.5~2.0%、淀粉10.0~12.5%、總糖5.0~7.0%、硒2.5~4.5ug/kg。 1.3安全要求: 臨(lin)(lin)沭地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)必須達到農業部(bu)“綠色食品標準 薯(shu)(shu)芋類蔬菜(地瓜(gua)(gua)(gua)) NY/T 1049-2006”的衛生指標。有《農產(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量安全法(fa)》第三(san)十(shi)三(san)條規定情(qing)形的不得上市銷售(shou)。
五.特定生產方式
1.1產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇與特(te)殊內(nei)容規定:臨沭(shu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)的產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)選(xuan)擇旱能澆、澇能排(pai)(pai),土壤(rang)條(tiao)件良好、灌溉水無污染,遠(yuan)離廠礦企業(ye),產(chan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)環(huan)境質量符合國家衛生標準。 1.2品種選(xuan)擇與特(te)定要求(qiu):臨沭(shu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)主栽培品種有“小花葉(xie)”、蘇(su)薯(shu)8號、濟薯(shu)22等。 1.3生產(chan)過程管(guan)理(li) 育苗:日平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)溫穩定在7~8℃開(kai)始育苗。在薯(shu)苗發芽出土階段,床土溫度(du)掌握在32~35℃;齊苗后夜催日煉,采苗前(qian)(qian)2~3天進行煉苗,苗高(gao)(gao)20cm以上(shang)時,及(ji)時采苗。 適(shi)期栽秧:臨沭(shu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)根據播期分為春地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)和夏(xia)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)。春薯(shu)適(shi)期為5月上(shang)旬,3500~4500株/畝(mu)。夏(xia)薯(shu)要在6月底前(qian)(qian)栽完,4000~5000株/畝(mu)。 前(qian)(qian)期管(guan)理(li):栽苗之后6天,查(cha)苗補苗;遇旱天,澆水促苗。封壟前(qian)(qian)鋤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)滅(mie)草。 中(zhong)期管(guan)理(li):及(ji)時排(pai)(pai)澇防(fang)旱,拔除雜草,避免(mian)損傷莖葉(xie)。提秧防(fang)止秧蔓壟底結地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)。 后期管(guan)理(li):注意防(fang)旱排(pai)(pai)澇,保護莖葉(xie)。 病蟲害防(fang)治:按照(zhao)NY/T393 綠色(se)食品農藥使(shi)用(yong)準則,采用(yong)人工、物(wu)(wu)理(li)、生物(wu)(wu)措施綜合防(fang)控(kong)病蟲害,減少化學(xue)農藥使(shi)用(yong)量和使(shi)用(yong)次(ci)數,充分保護利用(yong)天敵。嚴禁使(shi)用(yong)高(gao)(gao)毒、高(gao)(gao)殘(can)留農藥,推廣使(shi)用(yong)低(di)毒、低(di)殘(can)留農藥或生物(wu)(wu)農藥。 及(ji)時收(shou)獲(huo):地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)溫降到18℃~16℃,薯(shu)塊停止膨(peng)大時開(kai)始收(shou)獲(huo),霜降前(qian)(qian)收(shou)完。上(shang)午收(shou),中(zhong)午在田間晾曬,下午入窖(jiao)。 加強窖(jiao)藏(zang)(zang)管(guan)理(li):選(xuan)擇向(xiang)陽(yang)背(bei)風,干燥(zao)通風,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下水位高(gao)(gao)的地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)方建(jian)設地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)瓜(gua)貯藏(zang)(zang)窖(jiao)。控(kong)制窖(jiao)內(nei)溫度(du)10~15℃,相對濕度(du)70%~90%。
六.包裝標識相關規定
1.1地瓜(gua)收(shou)獲后(hou)按標(biao)準規定(ding)的(de)(de)質(zhi)量條件挑選分(fen)級(ji),包裝(zhuang)。通過(guo)無(wu)(wu)公(gong)害農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)、綠色食品(pin)(pin)、有(you)(you)機農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)等認證的(de)(de)地瓜(gua),注明(ming)標(biao)志、產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)名稱(cheng)、產(chan)(chan)(chan)地、商標(biao)、日期等,地域保(bao)(bao)護范(fan)圍內的(de)(de)“臨沭(shu)地瓜(gua)”生產(chan)(chan)(chan)經營者,在產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)或包裝(zhuang)上(shang)使用“臨沭(shu)地瓜(gua)”農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標(biao)志及圖(tu)案,須向臨沭(shu)縣(xian)植物保(bao)(bao)護站提出申請(qing),經驗收(shou)合(he)格,并按照“臨沭(shu)地瓜(gua)”質(zhi)量控(kong)制技術規范(fan)的(de)(de)要(yao)求進行(xing)生產(chan)(chan)(chan)和(he)使用標(biao)志,統一采(cai)用產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)名稱(cheng)和(he)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)地理標(biao)志公(gong)共(gong)標(biao)識相結合(he)的(de)(de)標(biao)識標(biao)注方(fang)法。包裝(zhuang)用材料應(ying)符合(he)GB11680規定(ding),包裝(zhuang)儲運(yun)圖(tu)示標(biao)志應(ying)符合(he)GB191規定(ding)。 1.2運(yun)輸:運(yun)輸工具應(ying)清(qing)潔(jie)、干(gan)燥、無(wu)(wu)異(yi)味、無(wu)(wu)污染(ran);運(yun)輸時應(ying)防(fang)潮、防(fang)雨;裝(zhuang)卸時輕放(fang)輕卸,嚴禁與有(you)(you)毒、有(you)(you)異(yi)氣味、易污染(ran)的(de)(de)物品(pin)(pin)混裝(zhuang)混運(yun)。 1.3 貯存:產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)應(ying)貯于清(qing)潔(jie)、干(gan)燥、通風、陰涼、無(wu)(wu)異(yi)味的(de)(de)倉庫中,注意防(fang)霉(mei)、防(fang)鼠、防(fang)蟲害。倉庫周圍應(ying)無(wu)(wu)異(yi)氣污染(ran)。