簡介
明(ming)(ming)永樂初年(nian)(nian)(nian),道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)長春(chun)派(pai)創(chuang)始人,謫滇“高道(dao)(dao)”劉淵然(ran)(1351年(nian)(nian)(nian)~1432年(nian)(nian)(nian))即居(ju)此觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)闡道(dao)(dao)。宣德四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1429年(nian)(nian)(nian)),黔(qian)國(guo)公沐晟兄(xiong)弟出(chu)資,劉淵然(ran)的(de)高徒(tu)蔣日(ri)和(he)(he)主持(chi)擴建(jian)(jian)。先后用(yong)了六年(nian)(nian)(nian)才完工。“凡門(men)廡、藏殿之(zhi)(zhi)制(zhi)一時具舉(ju)。”使得(de)“東郭(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),輝然(ran)增勝。”洪熙元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1425年(nian)(nian)(nian)),真(zhen)武(wu)閣改名真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan),蔣日(ri)和(he)(he)受封為(wei)“明(ming)(ming)真(zhen)顯道(dao)(dao)弘(hong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)法師(shi)”。蔣日(ri)和(he)(he)被褒獎(jiang)后一直任真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)住(zhu)持(chi),在他苦心營造下,真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)一度成(cheng)為(wei)昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)地(di)(di)區(qu)香火(huo)最(zui)旺的(de)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)宮觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)。至(zhi)其“羽化(hua)”(道(dao)(dao)士死(si)后婉稱)后,由師(shi)弟徐(xu)道(dao)(dao)廣接任道(dao)(dao)長。傳徐(xu)有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)術,繼續(xu)把長春(chun)派(pai)要旨發揚光(guang)大(da)。真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)自(zi)明(ming)(ming)正統(tong)以(yi)后嘉靖及(ji)清代(dai)(dai)(dai)康熙、乾(qian)隆(long),光(guang)緒各朝都有(you)(you)修(xiu)葺和(he)(he)擴建(jian)(jian)。民(min)國(guo)36年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1947年(nian)(nian)(nian))昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)市市長曾恕懷頒保護真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)布告,但到民(min)國(guo)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)已逐(zhu)漸衰頹。自(zi)20世紀50年(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)開始,真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)逐(zhu)漸被工廠、單(dan)位和(he)(he)居(ju)民(min)占用(yong)。及(ji)至(zhi)“文化(hua)大(da)革命”,古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)岌(ji)岌(ji)可危。至(zhi)2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)夏重修(xiu)之(zhi)(zhi)前,經實地(di)(di)考察和(he)(he)拍照(zhao)。現(xian)存(cun)真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)由真(zhen)慶(qing)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)、都雷府和(he)(he)鹽隆(long)祠三(san)部分組成(cheng),占地(di)(di)面(mian)積4萬(wan)余平(ping)方米。是昆(kun)明(ming)(ming)市區(qu)占地(di)(di)面(mian)積最(zui)大(da)、保存(cun)明(ming)(ming)清兩(liang)代(dai)(dai)(dai)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)最(zui)多,較完整的(de)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群。對云南的(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)史、藝術史、宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)史及(ji)云南與中(zhong)原文化(hua)交(jiao)流(liu)的(de)研究有(you)(you)重要價值。
核心建筑
真慶觀核心建(jian)筑由前殿(dian)(dian)、紫微殿(dian)(dian)、老君殿(dian)(dian)組成。舊塑神(shen)(shen)像(xiang)早已(yi)不存(cun),據記載,正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)供奉玉(yu)皇、左右配(pei)以雷(lei)(lei)神(shen)(shen)和(he)(he)真武(wu)像(xiang),兩旁各有(you)七八(ba)個雷(lei)(lei)部神(shen)(shen)像(xiang)。正(zheng)(zheng)殿(dian)(dian)東西廊(lang)為(wei)群仙廊(lang),供有(you)60尊(zun)各路神(shen)(shen)仙,后(hou)殿(dian)(dian)供老君和(he)(he)其他神(shen)(shen)像(xiang),各各儀(yi)態閑如。其中保存(cun)完好的(de)當數紫微殿(dian)(dian),進(jin)深四間,占地320平方米,單檐歇山,斗拱粗(cu)大疏(shu)朗,梁結構(gou)具明代北(bei)京皇家(jia)建(jian)筑風格,殿(dian)(dian)中央頂部原有(you)八(ba)卦太極(ji)圖藻(zao)井(jing),結構(gou)精巧,特點(dian)突出,但(dan)后(hou)來整修時(shi),將太極(ji)圖改為(wei)飛龍(long)圖,失去了道家(jia)特色。
都雷府
紫微殿(dian)東側(ce)為(wei)都(dou)(dou)雷(lei)(lei)府(fu)(fu)(fu),建于(yu)清康熙年間重修,大(da)門(men)為(wei)單檐,四(si)角翹起,斗(dou)拱承載,大(da)門(men)兩側(ce)有(you)(you)木刻對聯一(yi)副:“愿(yuan)天常生好(hao)人,愿(yuan)人常行好(hao)事。”門(men)楣(mei)前題(ti)“都(dou)(dou)雷(lei)(lei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)”,后題(ti):“萬古(gu)神風”。大(da)門(men)內有(you)(you)一(yi)高(gao)亭(ting),名清風亭(ting),斗(dou)拱承載,雕梁畫棟,造型獨(du)特,往前為(wei)都(dou)(dou)雷(lei)(lei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)大(da)殿(dian),清代除供奉(feng)雷(lei)(lei)神外,還“獨(du)塑一(yi)王靈官像(xiang)于(yu)殿(dian)內”。都(dou)(dou)雷(lei)(lei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)殿(dian)側(ce)有(you)(you)一(yi)香油井,用以存(cun)儲香油供各殿(dian)使用。都(dou)(dou)雷(lei)(lei)府(fu)(fu)(fu)往北尚(shang)存(cun)一(yi)古(gu)井,名八(ba)卦井,水甘冽,充滿神奇傳說(shuo)。
鹽隆祠
都(dou)雷府北面為鹽(yan)隆祠,光緒(xu)七年(1881年)云南鹽(yan)商集資興建,清末和民國初年鹽(yan)行即此處(chu),鹽(yan)隆祠分戲臺(tai)、前殿(dian)、兩(liang)邊廂房(fang)和大(da)殿(dian),大(da)殿(dian)為土木結構,進深兩(liang)間(jian),面闊三間(jian),樓上(shang)有走廊花廳(ting)刻(ke)有二十四孝圖等(deng)傳統道德畫,石欄浮雕,栩栩如生。
劉淵然師徒
真(zhen)(zhen)慶觀之所以(yi)(yi)蜚聲海內(nei),除(chu)歷史悠久以(yi)(yi)外(wai),還因劉淵然(ran)師徒(tu)在(zai)(zai)全(quan)(quan)國道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)界的影(ying)響,劉淵然(ran)(1351年~1432年),江(jiang)西贛縣區人(ren)(ren),道(dao)(dao)號(hao)(hao)(hao)體元子(zi),道(dao)(dao)行高深(shen),明(ming)(ming)洪武(wu)間朱元璋召至(zhi)(zhi)師宗,賜(si)號(hao)(hao)(hao)高道(dao)(dao)。永樂初年任道(dao)(dao)錄司右、左“正一”管道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)事。嗣因得罪權貴被(bei)謫(zhe)至(zhi)(zhi)昆明(ming)(ming)。在(zai)(zai)龍(long)泉觀闡教(jiao)。其(qi)門徒(tu)“殆(dai)百(bai)余人(ren)(ren)”。門徒(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)蔣日和(he)、邵以(yi)(yi)正是(shi)名聞全(quan)(quan)國的“高道(dao)(dao)”。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),邵以(yi)(yi)正是(shi)昆明(ming)(ming)人(ren)(ren),號(hao)(hao)(hao)止止道(dao)(dao)人(ren)(ren),又號(hao)(hao)(hao)承康子(zi),天順元年(1457年)明(ming)(ming)英宗賜(si)號(hao)(hao)(hao)“通妙真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)”。正統十年(1445年)整理(li)校定5305卷的《正統道(dao)(dao)藏》傳世,在(zai)(zai)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)學(xue)術(shu)史上有相當地位。明(ming)(ming)仁宗洪熙元年(1425年)劉淵然(ran)受(shou)召回京(jing),得封“沖虛至(zhi)(zhi)道(dao)(dao)玄妙無為光(guang)范衍教(jiao)莊靜(jing)普濟(ji)長(chang)春(chun)真(zhen)(zhen)人(ren)(ren)”號(hao)(hao)(hao),并“領(ling)天下道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)事”,從而使真(zhen)(zhen)慶觀名聲大噪(zao)。
修復
真慶(qing)觀于2003年4月修復,修復后的古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)面積(ji)約4800平方米,園林建(jian)(jian)設9000平方米,仍按原(yuan)有布(bu)局分為三個(ge)景區:真慶(qing)觀以(yi)紫微殿(dian)為中心,結合老君殿(dian),組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)景區,都雷(lei)府以(yi)雷(lei)神殿(dian)為中心,由門樓、清風亭、火(huo)神殿(dian)等組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)二(er)個(ge)景區;鹽隆祠以(yi)大殿(dian)為中心,由前殿(dian)、戲臺等組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)三個(ge)景區,新建(jian)(jian)真慶(qing)文化(hua)(hua)廣場融古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)、道教文化(hua)(hua)、休閑娛(yu)樂、精品展示、旅游觀光為一(yi)(yi)(yi)體(ti),是昆明歷史文化(hua)(hua)名(ming)城的一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)亮點,也是國內旅游者(zhe)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)大殿(dian)堂。