種子(zi)成熟的特點 如何辨(bian)別種子(zi)是(shi)否成熟
種子成熟先是生理成熟,后是形態成熟。
生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)成熟是指種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子營(ying)養物質貯藏到(dao)一定(ding)程度,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)胚(pei)形成,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)實具有發(fa)芽能(neng)力。生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)成熟的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子含水(shui)量(liang)高,營(ying)養物質處于易溶狀(zhuang)態,尚不(bu)能(neng)完(wan)全(quan)保護(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁,不(bu)易防止(zhi)水(shui)分散(san)失。此時采集,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)仁急(ji)劇收縮不(bu)利于貯藏,會很快(kuai)喪失發(fa)芽能(neng)力,抗逆性低,易受微生(sheng)(sheng)物為害。但對深休眠的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,如山(shan)茱萸、山(shan)楂、椴樹、水(shui)曲柳等,可(ke)用處于生(sheng)(sheng)理(li)成熟期的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,采后即播(bo),以縮短休眠期,提(ti)高發(fa)芽率。
形(xing)態(tai)成(cheng)熟是指種實(shi)外(wai)部形(xing)態(tai)完全呈現(xian)出成(cheng)熟特(te)征,完成(cheng)子(zi)胚發育過程,結(jie)束(shu)了營養物質的積累,含(han)水(shui)量(liang)降低,營養物質轉(zhuan)化為難溶的脂肪、蛋白質和淀粉(fen),種子(zi)重量(liang)不再增加或增加很少(shao),呼吸作用(yong)微弱,種皮(pi)致(zhi)密、堅實(shi),抗逆性強,已進入休眠,耐(nai)貯藏。一般園(yuan)林采(cai)種多(duo)是在(zai)形(xing)態(tai)成(cheng)熟后采(cai)集(ji)。
一般(ban)樹種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子多是生(sheng)理成(cheng)熟在先,一段時(shi)間之后才達到(dao)形態成(cheng)熟。但(dan)也有(you)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子生(sheng)理與形態成(cheng)熟時(shi)間幾乎一致,或相隔時(shi)間很短,如(ru)柳樹、榆(yu)樹、泡桐等(deng),當種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子達到(dao)生(sheng)理成(cheng)熟后就自行脫(tuo)落,應注意及時(shi)采收。也有(you)生(sheng)理后熟的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子,如(ru)銀杏。當假種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)皮呈黃色變軟(ruan),由樹上(shang)脫(tuo)落,此(ci)時(shi)胚還未發(fa)育完全(quan),不能(neng)立即(ji)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。需經適當條(tiao)件下的(de)(de)貯(zhu)藏(zang),采取(qu)一定措(cuo)施(shi)才能(neng)正常發(fa)芽。
同(tong)一(yi)地區不(bu)同(tong)的樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong),由(you)于生物學特性不(bu)同(tong),其種(zhong)(zhong)實(shi)成熟(shu)時期(qi)也不(bu)同(tong)。大多數樹(shu)(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)的種(zhong)(zhong)子成熟(shu)在(zai)秋季,也有(you)在(zai)春、夏季成熟(shu),如柚(you)子、鐵刀木、松(song)柏等早春成熟(shu),楊樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、柳樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、榆樹(shu)(shu)(shu)等在(zai)春末夏初成熟(shu),桑樹(shu)(shu)(shu)、柏樹(shu)(shu)(shu)等在(zai)夏季成熟(shu);而(er)苦楝、馬(ma)尾(wei)松(song)等入冬(dong)成熟(shu)。
同(tong)一樹(shu)種在不(bu)(bu)同(tong)生長(chang)地區、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)地理位置,種實的(de)成(cheng)熟(shu)期也不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。一般生長(chang)在南方(fang)的(de)樹(shu)種比生長(chang)在北(bei)方(fang)的(de)種實成(cheng)熟(shu)早。
同一樹種雖生長在同一地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu),但由于立地(di)(di)條件、天(tian)氣變(bian)化等差異(yi),種子(zi)成(cheng)熟(shu)期也不同。生于沙質土(tu)壤比(bi)粘質土(tu)壤樹種種子(zi)的成(cheng)熟(shu)要(yao)早(zao),陽坡(po)比(bi)陰坡(po)的成(cheng)熟(shu)要(yao)早(zao),林緣比(bi)林內(nei)的成(cheng)熟(shu)要(yao)早(zao),高溫干旱地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)年份比(bi)冷涼多雨地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)成(cheng)熟(shu)要(yao)早(zao)。
種子成(cheng)(cheng)熟特征可(ke)分為3類:漿果類成(cheng)(cheng)熟期果皮(pi)變(bian)軟,顏(yan)色由綠變(bian)紅(hong)、黃(huang)、紫色等,并具有香味,多能自行(xing)脫落(luo),應注意(yi)及時采摘。
干果類(莢果、蒴果、翅果等(deng))成熟時(shi)果皮變為褐色(se),干燥開裂,也(ye)有(you)在(zai)樹枝上宿(su)存的,如刺槐、紫(zi)藤、烏桕、衛(wei)矛類等(deng)。
球果(guo)類果(guo)鱗干裂(lie)、硬化、變色,種鱗開裂(lie)散出種子(zi),如油(you)松、白皮(pi)松、馬尾松、華山松。