從前,齊國(guo)有(you)一(yi)(yi)對很(hen)要好的(de)(de)(de)(de)朋友,一(yi)(yi)個叫管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),另外一(yi)(yi)個叫鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)。年輕的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)里很(hen)窮,又要奉養(yang)母(mu)(mu)親,鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)知道了(le)(le),就(jiu)找管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)起投資做生意(yi)。做生意(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,因為管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)沒有(you)錢,所以本錢幾乎都(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)拿(na)(na)出來投資的(de)(de)(de)(de),可是(shi)(shi),當賺了(le)(le)錢以后,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)卻拿(na)(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)還(huan)多(duo),鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)(de)(de)仆人(ren)看了(le)(le)就(jiu)說(shuo):這個管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)真奇怪(guai),本錢拿(na)(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比我(wo)們(men)(men)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)少,分錢的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候卻拿(na)(na)的(de)(de)(de)(de)比我(wo)們(men)(men)主(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)還(huan)多(duo)!鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)卻對仆人(ren)說(shuo):不可以這么說(shuo)!管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)家(jia)里窮又要奉養(yang)母(mu)(mu)親,多(duo)拿(na)(na)一(yi)(yi)點沒有(you)關(guan)系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。有(you)一(yi)(yi)次,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)一(yi)(yi)起去打仗,每次進攻(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)(dou)躲(duo)在最后面,大家(jia)就(jiu)罵管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo):管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個貪生怕(pa)死(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)!鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)馬上替管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)說(shuo)話(hua):你們(men)(men)誤會(hui)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)了(le)(le),他不是(shi)(shi)怕(pa)死(si),他得留著他的(de)(de)(de)(de)命去照顧老(lao)母(mu)(mu)親呀!管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)聽到之后說(shuo):生我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)父母(mu)(mu),了(le)(le)解我(wo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)可是(shi)(shi)鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)呀!后來,齊國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)王(wang)死(si)掉了(le)(le),大王(wang)子(zi)(zi)諸當上了(le)(le)國(guo)王(wang),諸每天吃喝(he)玩樂不做事,鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)預感齊國(guo)一(yi)(yi)定會(hui)發生內亂(luan),就(jiu)帶著小(xiao)王(wang)子(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)逃(tao)到莒國(guo),管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則帶著小(xiao)王(wang)子(zi)(zi)糾逃(tao)到魯國(guo)。
不久之后(hou),大王(wang)(wang)(wang)子諸被人殺死,齊國真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)了(le)(le)內亂,管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)想殺掉小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai),讓糾能順利當上國王(wang)(wang)(wang),可惜管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在暗(an)算小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時候,把(ba)箭射(she)偏了(le)(le),小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)沒(mei)死,后(hou)來(lai),鮑(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙和小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)比(bi)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和糾還早回到齊國,小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)就當上了(le)(le)齊國的(de)(de)(de)(de)國王(wang)(wang)(wang)。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)當上國王(wang)(wang)(wang)以后(hou),決(jue)定封鮑(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙為宰(zai)(zai)相,鮑(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙卻(que)對(dui)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)說:管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)各(ge)方面都比(bi)我強,應該請(qing)他(ta)(ta)(ta)來(lai)當宰(zai)(zai)相才對(dui)呀!小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)一聽:管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)要殺我,他(ta)(ta)(ta)是我的(de)(de)(de)(de)仇人,你居(ju)然叫(jiao)我請(qing)他(ta)(ta)(ta)來(lai)當宰(zai)(zai)相!鮑(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙卻(que)說:這(zhe)不能怪他(ta)(ta)(ta),他(ta)(ta)(ta)是為了(le)(le)幫(bang)他(ta)(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主人糾才這(zhe)么(me)做(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)呀!小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)聽了(le)(le)鮑(bao)(bao)叔(shu)(shu)牙的(de)(de)(de)(de)話(hua),請(qing)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)回來(lai)當宰(zai)(zai)相,而(er)管(guan)(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也真(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幫(bang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)白(bai)把(ba)齊國治理的(de)(de)(de)(de)非(fei)常好呢(ni)!后(hou)來(lai),大家在稱贊(zan)朋(peng)友之間有(you)很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)友誼時,就會(hui)說他(ta)(ta)(ta)們是“管(guan)(guan)鮑(bao)(bao)之交”。
管鮑之交:指春秋(qiu)時齊人管仲和鮑(bao)叔牙相知最深(shen),后常(chang)比(bi)喻交情深(shen)厚的朋友。
成語出自《史記·管仲傳》:“少時常與鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙游(you);鮑(bao)叔(shu)知其(qi)賢。管仲貧苦(ku);常欺鮑(bao)叔(shu);鮑(bao)叔(shu)終(zhong)善遇(yu)之;不以(yi)為言,管仲曰:生我者(zhe)父母(mu);知我者(zhe)鮑(bao)子也。”
管(guan)鮑之交,偏(pian)正式;作賓語(yu);含褒義。
近義詞:生死之交。
反義詞:點頭之交。
管鮑之交一直被譽為交友的最高境界,成為被歷代傳誦的佳話。可見真正的朋友應當患難與共,為了國家的利益能不計個人得失同心協力。就像桓公不計較私仇,任用管仲終成霸業,其使賢任能之舉,也對后人產生了積極的影響。不計較個人私利,有(you)寬以待(dai)人的胸懷(huai),有(you)至(zhi)真至(zhi)誠(cheng)、甘愿吃虧(kui)的精(jing)神;在同(tong)事有(you)某種過失或對(dui)不住自己時,不惡意相(xiang)諷,而善(shan)意相(xiang)諱,同(tong)時又不為小(xiao)人讒言而左右;能像管(guan)仲那樣,在公(gong)事國事上(shang)盡職(zhi)盡責,在原則問題上(shang)不以恩(en)報德,不私其友,剛正(zheng)不阿;如果互相(xiang)之間都能夠情(qing)同(tong)管(guan)鮑,多(duo)一(yi)些理解,多(duo)一(yi)點真誠(cheng),那么我(wo)們前進(jin)道(dao)路上(shang)的困難就會少一(yi)些。
管仲,春(chun)秋時(shi)齊國(guo)(guo)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi),名夷吾(wu),字仲,亦稱管(guan)敬仲。據(ju)說他(ta)(ta)早年經營商業,后從事(shi)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)活(huo)動。在(zai)(zai)齊國(guo)(guo)公子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)(即(ji)齊桓(huan)公)與公子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)爭(zheng)奪君(jun)位(wei)的(de)斗爭(zheng)中,管(guan)仲曾(ceng)支持公子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)。小白(bai)取得君(jun)位(wei)后,不計(ji)前嫌,重用(yong)管(guan)仲;管(guan)仲亦輔佐齊桓(huan)公,施行(xing)改革(ge)。在(zai)(zai)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)上(shang),他(ta)(ta)推(tui)行(xing)國(guo)(guo)、野分治(zhi)的(de)參(can)國(guo)(guo)伍鄙之制,即(ji)由君(jun)主、二世(shi)卿分管(guan)齊國(guo)(guo),并在(zai)(zai)國(guo)(guo)中設立各級(ji)軍事(shi)組(zu)織(zhi),規定士、農、工(gong)、商各行(xing)其業;在(zai)(zai)經濟上(shang),實行(xing)租稅(shui)改革(ge),對井(jing)田“相地而衰征”(見先秦租稅(shui)),并采取了(le)若干(gan)有利于(yu)農業、手工(gong)業發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)政(zheng)(zheng)策。
鮑叔牙又稱(cheng)鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)、鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)子(約前723或(huo)前716~公(gong)元前644年),是鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)敬叔(shu)的(de)兒子,春秋時齊(qi)國(guo)大夫,以知(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)著(zhu)稱(cheng)。少(shao)時與管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)友(you)善,曾一起經商。齊(qi)襄公(gong)亂政,鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)隨公(gong)子小(xiao)白出奔至莒國(guo),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則隨公(gong)子糾出奔魯(lu)國(guo)。齊(qi)襄公(gong)被(bei)殺,糾和小(xiao)白爭奪君位,小(xiao)白得勝即(ji)位,即(ji)齊(qi)桓公(gong)。桓公(gong)囚管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)知(zhi)(zhi)道管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)賢,舉薦管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)替代自(zi)己的(de)職位,而自(zi)己則甘居(ju)于管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)之(zhi)下,齊(qi)國(guo)因(yin)為管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)治理而日漸強(qiang)盛,被(bei)時人(ren)譽為“管(guan)鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)之(zhi)交”、“鮑(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)子遺風”。