齊莊公五十六(liu)年(nian)(約前723年(nian)),管(guan)仲(zhong)出(chu)生,管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)祖先(xian)是周(zhou)穆王的(de)(de)(de)后(hou)代,與(yu)周(zhou)王室同宗。父親管(guan)莊是齊國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)夫,后(hou)來家(jia)道中衰(shuai),導致管(guan)仲(zhong)生活很貧困。為了謀生,聯合好友鮑叔牙合伙做(zuo)生意失敗。管(guan)仲(zhong)做(zuo)過當(dang)時認為是微賤的(de)(de)(de)商人(ren)。游歷許多(duo)地方,接(jie)觸各(ge)式各(ge)樣的(de)(de)(de)人(ren),見過許多(duo)世面,從而積累了豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de)社會經(jing)驗。當(dang)兵的(de)(de)(de)時候,臨陣脫逃。幾次想當(dang)官,但(dan)都沒有(you)成功。
齊(qi)(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)三年(前698年),齊(qi)(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)駕崩,留下三個兒(er)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)諸(zhu)兒(er)、公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾和公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白。齊(qi)(qi)僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)死后,太子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)諸(zhu)兒(er)即(ji)位(wei),是(shi)為齊(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)。當時,管(guan)仲(zhong)和鮑叔牙分(fen)別輔佐公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾和公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白。不久(jiu),齊(qi)(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)與其妹魯(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的夫人文姜秘謀(mou)私通,醉殺了魯(lu)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)。對此,管(guan)仲(zhong)預感到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)將會發生(sheng)大亂。公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾的母(mu)親是(shi)魯(lu)君的女兒(er),因此管(guan)仲(zhong)和召忽就保(bao)護公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾逃到魯(lu)國(guo)去躲避(bi)。
齊(qi)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)十二年(nian)(前686年(nian)),齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂,兩(liang)個逃亡在外的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子,一(yi)見時(shi)機(ji)成熟(shu),都想(xiang)急忙設法回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),以便奪取國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)的(de)寶座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)(gong)知道齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)無君(jun)后,萬分焦(jiao)急,立即派兵護送公(gong)(gong)(gong)子糾(jiu)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),后來發(fa)現公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)已經先(xian)出(chu)發(fa)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。管(guan)仲(zhong)于是(shi)決定自請先(xian)行,親率(lv)30乘兵車(che)到(dao)莒國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)通(tong)往齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)路上(shang)(shang)去截擊公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)。人(ren)馬(ma)過(guo)即墨30余(yu)里(li),正遇見公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)的(de)大(da)隊(dui)車(che)馬(ma)。管(guan)仲(zhong)等公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)車(che)馬(ma)走(zou)近,就操起箭來對準射去,一(yi)箭射中(zhong),公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)應聲倒(dao)(dao)下。管(guan)仲(zhong)見公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)已射死(si),就率(lv)領人(ren)馬(ma)回去。其實公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)沒有死(si),管(guan)仲(zhong)一(yi)箭射中(zhong)他的(de)銅制衣帶(dai)勾上(shang)(shang),公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)急中(zhong)生(sheng)智咬(yao)破舌尖裝死(si)倒(dao)(dao)下。經此一(yi)驚,公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)與鮑叔牙更加警惕,飛速向(xiang)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)挺進(jin)。當他們來到(dao)臨(lin)淄時(shi),由鮑叔牙先(xian)進(jin)城(cheng)里(li)勸說,齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)正卿高氏和國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)氏都同(tong)意護立公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun),于是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)就進(jin)城(cheng),順利地(di)登上(shang)(shang)君(jun)位,這就是(shi)歷史上(shang)(shang)有名(ming)的(de)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)(gong)。
齊桓年(前685年),齊桓公(gong)即(ji)位后(hou),急需找到有才干的(de)人來輔佐,因此就準備(bei)請(qing)鮑(bao)叔牙出來任齊相。但鮑(bao)叔牙稱(cheng)自己才能不如管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),若(ruo)要使齊國稱(cheng)霸,必要用管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為相。
管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)(yu)(yu)公子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)一(yi)伙認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)公子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)已死(si)(si),再沒(mei)有人(ren)(ren)與(yu)(yu)(yu)他爭奪君(jun)(jun)位,也就不(bu)急于(yu)趕路。六天(tian)后(hou)才到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。一(yi)到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),沒(mei)想到(dao)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君(jun)(jun),新(xin)君(jun)(jun)正是(shi)公子(zi)(zi)小白(bai)。魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公得(de)知齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)已有新(xin)君(jun)(jun)后(hou)氣急敗(bai)壞,當即派兵(bing)進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),企(qi)圖武裝干(gan)涉(she)來奪取君(jun)(jun)位。雙方(fang)在乾時會戰,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建議當趁小白(bai)人(ren)(ren)心未定(ding)速(su)攻(gong)(gong),但(dan)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公卻說:“如(ru)果(guo)一(yi)切如(ru)你所料,小白(bai)早(zao)就被射死(si)(si)了(le)(le)。”不(bu)聽管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的話(hua),結果(guo)遭遇伏擊,魯(lu)軍大(da)敗(bai),公子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)和(he)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)隨魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公敗(bai)歸魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)軍乘勝追擊,進(jin)(jin)入(ru)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公為(wei)(wei)(wei)絕后(hou)患,遣書給(gei)魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公,叫魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺公子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu),交出(chu)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)召忽。否則齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)軍將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)全面進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)(gong)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公得(de)知后(hou)與(yu)(yu)(yu)大(da)夫施(shi)伯商量,施(shi)伯認(ren)(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)要管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)報仇雪恨,而是(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)任用(yong)他為(wei)(wei)(wei)政。因為(wei)(wei)(wei)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的才干(gan)世間少有,他為(wei)(wei)(wei)政的國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家必(bi)然會富強稱霸。假如(ru)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)任用(yong),將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)魯(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的大(da)患。因此施(shi)伯主張殺死(si)(si)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)尸首還(huan)給(gei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。但(dan)鮑叔牙用(yong)計稱齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公恨管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)入(ru)骨,一(yi)定(ding)要生殺管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。且魯(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)公新(xin)敗(bai),聞齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)兵(bing)壓境(jing),早(zao)嚇得(de)心顫膽寒(han),沒(mei)有聽施(shi)伯的主張。在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)壓力下,殺死(si)(si)公子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu),并將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)召忽擒住(zhu),準備將(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)二人(ren)(ren)送(song)還(huan)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公發落,以期退兵(bing)。
管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)清楚這(zhe)是鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的(de)(de)計(ji)謀,于是讓(rang)押運工人(ren)快馬加鞭趕(gan)去齊國,最后平(ping)安(an)到了齊國,經鮑叔(shu)牙(ya)的(de)(de)建(jian)議(yi),齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)同意(yi)選擇吉祥日(ri)子,以非常隆重的(de)(de)禮節(jie),親自去迎接管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),以此來表(biao)示對管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重視(shi)和信任。同時也讓(rang)天(tian)下人(ren)都知(zhi)道(dao)齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)賢達(da)大度。齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)迎接管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)后,一連聊了三天(tian)三夜(ye),句句投(tou)機,齋戒三日(ri),拜(bai)了管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為相,并稱管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為“仲(zhong)(zhong)父”。
齊桓(huan)公(gong)二年(前(qian)684年),桓(huan)公(gong)又對管(guan)仲說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)想加強軍(jun)備(bei)。”管(guan)仲又說(shuo):“不(bu)行(xing)。”桓(huan)公(gong)不(bu)聽(ting),果(guo)然修(xiu)治(zhi)軍(jun)備(bei)。一次(ci),宋(song)(song)夫人惹怒了齊桓(huan)公(gong),桓(huan)公(gong)怒對管(guan)仲說(shuo):“我(wo)(wo)想伐宋(song)(song)。”管(guan)仲說(shuo):“不(bu)可以,我(wo)(wo)認為內政不(bu)修(xiu),對外用兵不(bu)會成(cheng)功。”桓(huan)公(gong)不(bu)聽(ting),果(guo)然起兵伐宋(song)(song)。各諸侯(hou)興兵救宋(song)(song),把齊軍(jun)打得大(da)敗。
齊(qi)桓公三年(前683年),管仲建議(yi)出兵問罪不遵禮法的譚(tan)國。譚(tan)國本來很(hen)小,力(li)量十分微(wei)弱,結果很(hen)快(kuai)就被(bei)齊(qi)國消(xiao)滅。齊(qi)國沒(mei)費力(li)氣消(xiao)滅了譚(tan)國,擴大了國土(tu)。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)五年(nian)(前681年(nian)),在管(guan)仲的(de)建議(yi)下,齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與宋(song)、陳、蔡、鄭等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在齊(qi)的(de)北(bei)杏(今山東(dong)(dong)聊城(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)(dong))會(hui)盟(meng),商討(tao)安定宋(song)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)之(zhi)計。遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(今山東(dong)(dong)肥城(cheng)(cheng)南(nan))也被邀(yao)請(qing),但(dan)(dan)沒有參加(jia)。管(guan)仲為(wei)了(le)提高(gao)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)威望,就出(chu)兵把(ba)遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)本來(lai)比(bi)較強(qiang)大(da),但(dan)(dan)因接連(lian)被齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)打敗,又看到(dao)諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)都(dou)服(fu)從齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),不(bu)服(fu)從齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)遂、譚兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)又被消滅,所以也屈服(fu)了(le)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。不(bu)久,齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)與魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)和(he)好,在柯(今山東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)阿(a)西(xi)南(nan))會(hui)盟(meng)。就在這次(ci)會(hui)盟(meng)中,發生了(le)著(zhu)名的(de)曹(cao)沫(mo)劫(jie)盟(meng)事件。曹(cao)沫(mo)迫使(shi)齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)歸還之(zhi)前魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)所有失地,齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)事后想反悔(hui),但(dan)(dan)是管(guan)仲用大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)該失信讓齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)歸還了(le)失地。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)六年(nian)(前680年(nian)),魯、宋、陳、蔡、衛(wei)都先(xian)后屈服齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),譚、遂兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)早已消(xiao)滅,只有鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)還在(zai)內亂(luan)。管仲因此建(jian)議齊(qi)桓公(gong)出面調解鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂(luan),以此來提高齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的地位,加(jia)速(su)實(shi)現做(zuo)霸主(zhu)的目的。鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)自(zi)厲公(gong)回國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)殺(sha)了子儀,又殺(sha)了恩人傅瑕,逼(bi)死(si)大夫(fu)原(yuan)繁,登位稱(cheng)君后,為鞏固君位,就(jiu)要聯合齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。管仲抓住(zhu)這一時機,建(jian)議齊(qi)桓公(gong)聯合宋、衛(wei)、鄭三國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),又邀請周王(wang)室參(can)加(jia),于鄄(今山東鄄城)會盟。
齊(qi)桓公七年(前679年),管仲(zhong)又讓齊(qi)桓公以自己(ji)名義召(zhao)集(ji)宋、陳、衛、鄭又在(zai)鄄會盟。
齊(qi)桓公二十四年(前662年),山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)攻打(da)(da)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)向齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)求救(jiu)(jiu),齊(qi)桓公認為(wei)南(nan)面楚國(guo)(guo)(guo)禍(huo)害(hai)更大(da),不(bu)愿出兵(bing)(bing)。但管仲認為(wei),當時為(wei)患一(yi)方的,南(nan)有楚國(guo)(guo)(guo),北有山(shan)(shan)戎(rong),西有狄,都是中原(yuan)諸國(guo)(guo)(guo)的禍(huo)患。國(guo)(guo)(guo)君要想征伐(fa)楚國(guo)(guo)(guo),必(bi)須先(xian)進攻山(shan)(shan)戎(rong),北方安定,才(cai)能(neng)專心(xin)去(qu)征伐(fa)南(nan)方。如今燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)被犯,又求救(jiu)(jiu)于我國(guo)(guo)(guo),舉兵(bing)(bing)率(lv)先(xian)伐(fa)夷,必(bi)能(neng)得到各國(guo)(guo)(guo)的擁(yong)戴。齊(qi)桓公深以為(wei)然(ran),遂舉兵(bing)(bing)救(jiu)(jiu)燕(yan)。管仲隨軍(jun)討伐(fa)山(shan)(shan)戎(rong)救(jiu)(jiu)援燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),一(yi)直打(da)(da)到孤竹才(cai)回師。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)二(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六年(前660年),當時西北方的(de)(de)狄(di)人(ren)也起(qi)兵(bing)進(jin)攻中原,先攻邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)(今河北邢(xing)(xing)臺)。作為霸主的(de)(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong),當然不(bu)(bu)能置之不(bu)(bu)理(li)。管(guan)仲也很(hen)(hen)(hen)關(guan)心這(zhe)個問(wen)題,他向(xiang)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)說:“戎(rong)狄(di)性情(qing)十(shi)(shi)(shi)分殘暴,貪(tan)得無厭。諸(zhu)夏各國(guo)(guo)都是親戚,彼此關(guan)心,一(yi)國(guo)(guo)有難,大家(jia)都應相助,不(bu)(bu)能袖(xiu)手不(bu)(bu)理(li)。滿足現狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)安樂是很(hen)(hen)(hen)危險的(de)(de),出(chu)兵(bing)救邢(xing)(xing)才(cai)是上策。”齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)很(hen)(hen)(hen)欣賞管(guan)仲的(de)(de)想法,就派兵(bing)救邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo),邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)很(hen)(hen)(hen)快得救。不(bu)(bu)久狄(di)人(ren)又出(chu)兵(bing)攻衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)被殺,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)滅亡(wang)。狄(di)人(ren)又追趕衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓到(dao)黃河沿岸。 宋(song)國(guo)(guo)出(chu)兵(bing)救出(chu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓七百(bai)三十(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)。加上共(gong)、滕兩邑(yi)的(de)(de)居民一(yi)共(gong)五(wu)千(qian)人(ren)。就在(zai)曹(cao)邑(yi)(今河南滑縣)立衛(wei)(wei)(wei)戴公(gong)為國(guo)(guo)君。剛(gang)剛(gang)恢(hui)復的(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),處境十(shi)(shi)(shi)分困難。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)、管(guan)仲派了公(gong)子無虧帶(dai)著五(wu)百(bai)乘車馬和三千(qian)名(ming)甲士來(lai)武裝衛(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),戎(rong)守曹(cao)邑(yi)。又給(gei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)君帶(dai)來(lai)乘馬祭服(fu),還(huan)給(gei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)君夫人(ren)帶(dai)來(lai)乘車和錦帛。此外還(huan)有牛羊豬狗雞等(deng)三百(bai)余只(zhi)。又幫助修建宮殿(dian)。 邢(xing)(xing)國(guo)(guo)還(huan)未恢(hui)復,狄(di)人(ren)又來(lai)第二(er)次洗劫(jie)。
齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公二(er)十七年(前659年),狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)攻邢(xing),形勢(shi)十分嚴重。齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公和(he)管(guan)仲立即聯合宋(song)、曹(cao)救邢(xing)。當齊(qi)、宋(song)、曹(cao)軍隊到(dao)達時(shi),邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百姓如見親人(ren)(ren)(ren),紛紛投奔,狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)(bei)打退。邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)被(bei)(bei)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洗劫一空。于是(shi)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公和(he)管(guan)仲同宋(song)、曹(cao)兩國(guo)(guo)(guo),幫(bang)助邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)把都城遷到(dao)夷儀(今(jin)聊城西南),這里靠近齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),較(jiao)為安全。使破亂的(de)邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)得到(dao)安定。 邢(xing)、衛兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)都遭狄(di)人(ren)(ren)(ren)洗劫,在(zai)齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公、管(guan)仲的(de)主持下,得以復(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。當時(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)們都贊賞地說:邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)遷進新都城,好像回到(dao)了老家;恢復(fu)后的(de)衛國(guo)(guo)(guo),人(ren)(ren)(ren)們心情高(gao)興,也忘記(ji)了亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)悲痛。
齊(qi)桓公(gong)二十九年(前657年),楚國又(you)出兵鄭國。齊(qi)桓公(gong)與管仲約(yue)諸侯共同(tong)救鄭抗楚。由于楚國不斷(duan)攻(gong)鄭,齊(qi)桓公(gong)和管仲約(yue)魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭、許、曹等八國組成聯軍南下(xia),首(shou)先(xian)一舉消滅(mie)蔡(cai)國,直指楚國。楚國在大軍壓境(jing)的形(xing)勢(shi)下(xia),派使臣屈(qu)完(wan)出來談(tan)判。
屈完見到齊(qi)桓公就問:“你們(men)住在(zai)北海,我(wo)們(men)住在(zai)南海,相(xiang)隔千里(li),任何(he)事情都(dou)不相(xiang)干涉。這次(ci)你們(men)到我(wo)們(men)這里(li)來,不知是為了什(shen)么?”
管(guan)仲在齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)身旁,聽了之后就替齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)答道:“從(cong)前召康公(gong)奉(feng)了周王的(de)命令,曾對我們的(de)祖(zu)先太公(gong)說過(guo),五(wu)等侯九級伯,如(ru)不(bu)守(shou)法(fa)你們都(dou)可以(yi)去征(zheng)討。東到(dao)海(hai),西到(dao)河,南到(dao)穆陵,北(bei)到(dao)無(wu)隸(li),都(dou)在你們征(zheng)討范(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)。你們不(bu)向(xiang)周王進貢用(yong)于祭祀(si)的(de)濾酒(jiu)的(de)包茅(mao),公(gong)然違(wei)反(fan)王禮。還有(you)昭王南征(zheng),至今未回(hui),這事也不(bu)是與(yu)你們無(wu)關。我們興師來到(dao)這里,正(zheng)是為了問(wen)罪你們。”
屈完回(hui)(hui)答說:“多年沒(mei)有進貢包茅(mao),確實是(shi)我(wo)們的過錯。至(zhi)于昭王南征未回(hui)(hui)是(shi)發生在漢(han)水,你們只好去漢(han)水邊打聽(ting)好了(le)。”
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)見楚(chu)(chu)使屈完(wan)的態度不(bu)軟不(bu)硬(ying),就命(ming)令(ling)大軍在陘(今河(he)南郾城南)駐扎下來。南北兩軍相峙,從春季(ji)到夏季(ji),已經半(ban)年。楚(chu)(chu)國又(you)派(pai)屈完(wan)和齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)、管仲談(tan)判。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)、管仲早(zao)就無意(yi)打仗,只(zhi)是(shi)想(xiang)通過這次(ci)軍事行動來顯示霸主的威(wei)風,嚇(xia)唬楚(chu)(chu)國罷了。所以他們很快就同意(yi)與屈完(wan)談(tan)判,并達成協議,將軍隊撤到召(zhao)陵(今河(he)南偃(yan)縣)。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)為了(le)炫耀兵力(li),就請(qing)屈完來到軍(jun)中與他同車(che)觀(guan)看軍(jun)隊。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)指(zhi)著軍(jun)隊對屈完說:“指(zhi)揮這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)軍(jun)隊去打仗(zhang),什(shen)么樣(yang)的(de)敵(di)人能抵抗得(de)了(le)?指(zhi)揮這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)軍(jun)隊去夾攻城寨,有什(shen)么樣(yang)的(de)城寨攻克不下呢(ni)?”
屈完很沉靜(jing)地回答(da);“國(guo)君,你若用德(de)義來安撫天下諸侯(hou),誰(shui)敢不服從呢?如果只憑武力,那么我(wo)們楚國(guo)可以把(ba)方城(cheng)山(shan)當城(cheng),把(ba)漢水當池,城(cheng)這(zhe)么高,池這(zhe)么深,你的兵再多,恐怕也無濟于事。”回答(da)得(de)委婉有力。
為形勢所迫,齊桓(huan)公同意與楚國結盟。這樣南北軍事對峙就體(ti)面的結束(shu)了。
齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)三十五年(前651年),周惠王(wang)去世。齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)會(hui)同各(ge)諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)國擁立太子鄭(zheng)為天子,這(zhe)就是周襄王(wang)。周襄王(wang)即(ji)位后,命宰孔賜(si)齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)文武胙、彤弓(gong)矢、大路,以表彰其功。齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)召集各(ge)路諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)大會(hui)于葵丘(今河(he)南(nan)蘭考、民權縣境),舉行受(shou)(shou)賜(si)典禮(li)。受(shou)(shou)賜(si)典禮(li)上,宰孔請周襄王(wang)之(zhi)命,因齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)年老德高,不(bu)必(bi)下(xia)拜(bai)受(shou)(shou)賜(si)。齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)想聽(ting)從王(wang)命,管仲從旁(pang)進言道(dao):“周王(wang)雖然(ran)謙讓,臣子卻不(bu)可不(bu)敬。”齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)于是答(da)道(dao):“天威不(bu)違顏咫(zhi)尺,小白敢貪王(wang)命,而廢臣職嗎?”說罷,只見(jian)齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)疾走(zou)下(xia)階(jie),再拜(bai)稽首,然(ran)后登(deng)堂受(shou)(shou)胙。眾諸(zhu)(zhu)侯(hou)見(jian)此(ci),皆嘆服齊君之(zhi)有禮(li)。齊桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)又重申(shen)盟好,訂立了新盟。這(zhe)就是歷史上有名(ming)的“葵丘之(zhi)盟”。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)三十九(jiu)年(前(qian)647年),周襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)的(de)弟弟叔帶勾結戎人進攻京(jing)城,王(wang)(wang)室內(nei)亂(luan)(luan),十分危機。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)派管仲(zhong)(zhong)幫助襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)平(ping)息內(nei)亂(luan)(luan)。管仲(zhong)(zhong)完成得(de)(de)很好,獲(huo)得(de)(de)周王(wang)(wang)贊賞(shang)。周襄(xiang)王(wang)(wang)為了表(biao)示(shi)尊重霸主(zhu)的(de)臣下(xia),準備(bei)用上卿禮儀設宴為管仲(zhong)(zhong)慶功(gong),但(dan)管仲(zhong)(zhong)沒有接受(shou)。最(zui)后他接受(shou)了下(xia)卿禮儀的(de)待遇。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公四十一年(nian)(前(qian)645年(nian)),管(guan)仲臨死前(qian)齊(qi)桓(huan)公問誰(shui)可以(yi)替代(dai)相位(wei),管(guan)仲推薦了(le)公孫(sun)隰(xi)朋(peng),并要(yao)求(qiu)齊(qi)桓(huan)公遠(yuan)離開(kai)方(fang)、豎刁、易(yi)牙三人,管(guan)仲死后(hou),繼(ji)任的公孫(sun)隰(xi)朋(peng)、鮑叔(shu)牙兩位(wei)相國繼(ji)續沿用管(guan)仲所留下的政治制度。管(guan)仲的后(hou)代(dai)被(bei)任命為大夫,世(shi)世(shi)代(dai)代(dai)享(xiang)受福蔭。
《管子》一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)書原為86篇(pian)(pian),至唐又亡佚10篇(pian)(pian),今本存(cun)76篇(pian)(pian),托(tuo)名(ming)(ming)春秋管仲著(zhu)(zhu)。其(qi)實《管子》同先(xian)秦許多(duo)(duo)典籍一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣,既非一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)人之著(zhu)(zhu),亦非一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時之書。是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部稷下黃老(lao)道(dao)家(jia)學派的(de)(de)(de)(de)文集匯(hui)編。西漢(han)國家(jia)藏書目錄(lu)《漢(han)書·藝(yi)文志》,在“道(dao)家(jia)”類中著(zhu)(zhu)錄(lu)有管仲所著(zhu)(zhu)《管子》85篇(pian)(pian),班固注曰:“名(ming)(ming)夷(yi)吾,相齊桓(huan)公,九合諸(zhu)侯,不以(yi)兵(bing)車(che)也。有《列(lie)傳》。”今存(cun)76篇(pian)(pian),內容極豐,包含(han)道(dao)、儒、名(ming)(ming)、法(fa)(fa)、兵(bing)、陰陽等(deng)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思(si)想以(yi)及天(tian)文、輿地、經濟和農業(ye)等(deng)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)知識,其(qi)中《輕重》等(deng)篇(pian)(pian),是(shi)古代(dai)典籍中不多(duo)(duo)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟文作,對(dui)生產(chan)、分配(pei)、交易、消費、財政、貨(huo)幣等(deng)均有論述,是(shi)研究(jiu)我國先(xian)秦農業(ye)和經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)珍貴資(zi)料。管仲的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳記,載(zai)於《史(shi)記·管晏列(lie)傳》。其(qi)中以(yi)黃老(lao)道(dao)家(jia)著(zhu)(zhu)作最多(duo)(duo),其(qi)次法(fa)(fa)家(jia)著(zhu)(zhu)作16篇(pian)(pian),其(qi)余各家(jia)雜之,其(qi)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)家(jia)思(si)想是(shi)道(dao)家(jia)影響下的(de)(de)(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)家(jia)思(si)維。
行政改革
管(guan)(guan)(guan)仲整頓行政(zheng)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理系統,“叁其國而伍其鄙(bi)”。所(suo)謂“叁其國”,就是將(jiang)國劃分為(wei)(wei)21鄉(xiang),士居15鄉(xiang),工居3鄉(xiang),商(shang)居3鄉(xiang),分設(she)3官(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。所(suo)謂“伍其鄙(bi)”,就是將(jiang)鄙(bi)野(國都(dou)之(zhi)外的廣大地區(qu))分為(wei)(wei)5屬(shu),設(she)立5大夫、5正官(guan)分管(guan)(guan)(guan)。屬(shu)下有(you)縣(xian)、鄉(xiang)、卒(zu)、邑4級,分別設(she)立縣(xian)帥(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)、鄉(xiang)帥(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)、卒(zu)帥(shuai)(shuai)(shuai)、司官(guan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理。整頓行政(zheng)系統的目的是“定(ding)民之(zhi)居”,使(shi)士、農、工、商(shang)各就其業,從而使(shi)部落的殘余影響被徹底革除,行政(zheng)區(qu)域的組織(zhi)結(jie)構更加精細化,并且有(you)效(xiao)地維護(hu)了社會穩定(ding)。
用人人事
他(ta)提出的用人原則是:“德義未明于(yu)朝者(zhe),則不(bu)(bu)(bu)可加于(yu)尊(zun)位;功力未見于(yu)國(guo)者(zhe),則不(bu)(bu)(bu)可授以重(zhong)祿;臨事不(bu)(bu)(bu)信于(yu)民(min)者(zhe),則不(bu)(bu)(bu)可使任大官。”用今(jin)天的話說就(jiu)是在任命一切官員時,都必須根據其實(shi)際的政績(ji),特別是要有(you)取信于(yu)民(min)的真實(shi)政績(ji),而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)是虛假的、表面的政績(ji)。此外(wai),他(ta)還總結出一套(tao)對于(yu)各級(ji)官員實(shi)行獎懲的具(ju)體辦法。
國中“慈孝”、“聰慧”、“拳(quan)勇(yong)”出眾者,由鄉(xiang)長推(tui)薦試用(yong)(yong),稱職(zhi)的委任為(wei)(wei)吏,任用(yong)(yong)稱職(zhi)的又(you)可以晉(jin)升(sheng),直至升(sheng)為(wei)(wei)上卿助理。選賢任能,在一定程度(du)上突破了(le)(le)世卿世祿(lu)制,擴大了(le)(le)人(ren)才來源,這一制度(du)成為(wei)(wei)日后(hou)科(ke)舉制度(du)的雛(chu)形。
政治主張
管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)注重經(jing)濟和(he)(he)農(nong)業,反對空談(tan)主(zhu)義(yi),開創職業技能教育。主(zhu)張改(gai)革(ge)以富國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)強兵(bing),他說(shuo):“國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)多(duo)財(cai)則遠者來,地辟(pi)舉則民(min)留處,倉廩實而知(zhi)禮節,衣食足而知(zhi)榮辱(ru)”,唯物論中(zhong)“物質決(jue)定(ding)意識(shi)”的(de)觀念和(he)(he)《管(guan)子》的(de)思(si)想頗為(wei)接(jie)近。齊(qi)桓(huan)公尊管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)“仲(zhong)(zhong)父”,授權(quan)讓他主(zhu)持一(yi)系列政治和(he)(he)經(jing)濟改(gai)革(ge):在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)劃分(fen)政區(qu),組(zu)織軍事編制,設官(guan)吏管(guan)理(li);建立(li)選拔人才(cai)制度,士(shi)經(jing)三審選,可(ke)為(wei)“上卿之贊”(助理(li));按土(tu)地分(fen)等征稅,禁止貴族(zu)掠奪(duo)私(si)產;發展鹽(yan)鐵業,鑄造貨幣,調劑物價。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)革(ge)的(de)實質,改(gai)革(ge)土(tu)地和(he)(he)人口制度。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)改(gai)革(ge)成(cheng)效(xiao)顯著,齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)由此國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)力大振。對外,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)最早提(ti)出“華夷(yi)之辨”與“尊王攘(rang)夷(yi)”的(de)民(min)族(zu)主(zhu)義(yi)思(si)想。聯合北方(fang)鄰國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),抵(di)抗山戎族(zu)南侵。這一(yi)外交(jiao)戰略也獲得成(cheng)功。后(hou)來孔子感嘆(tan)說(shuo):“管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)相桓(huan)公,霸諸(zhu)侯,一(yi)匡(kuang)天下,民(min)到(dao)于今受其(qi)(qi)賜(si)。微管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),吾其(qi)(qi)被發左(zuo)衽(ren)矣。豈(qi)若匹夫匹婦之為(wei)諒也,自經(jing)于溝瀆,而莫之知(zhi)也?”又說(shuo):“桓(huan)公九合諸(zhu)侯,不以兵(bing)車,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)之力也。如(ru)其(qi)(qi)仁(ren),如(ru)其(qi)(qi)仁(ren)。”
管仲的(de)(de)外交主(zhu)張,打出“尊王攘(rang)夷”的(de)(de)旗(qi)幟,以諸(zhu)侯(hou)長的(de)(de)身份,挾天子以伐不敬。
為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)成為(wei)(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)侯之長,管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在外交上協助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)做(zuo)了(le)(le)許多努力。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)三年(nian)(nian)(前663年(nian)(nian)),山(shan)戎(rong)攻(gong)打(da)燕國(guo)(guo),燕向齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求(qiu)救(jiu)(jiu),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)救(jiu)(jiu)燕。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)二十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)(前661年(nian)(nian)),山(shan)戎(rong)攻(gong)打(da)刑國(guo)(guo),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提出“戎(rong)狄豺(chai)狼,不(bu)可(ke)厭也;諸(zhu)夏親(qin)昵,不(bu)可(ke)棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)再次發兵(bing)攻(gong)打(da)山(shan)戎(rong)以救(jiu)(jiu)邢國(guo)(guo)。打(da)退(tui)了(le)(le)毀(hui)邢都城的(de)(de)狄兵(bing),并(bing)在夷儀為(wei)(wei)(wei)邢國(guo)(guo)建立(li)了(le)(le)新都。次年(nian)(nian),狄人大舉(ju)攻(gong)衛(wei)(wei),衛(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)率諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)替(ti)衛(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)在楚(chu)(chu)丘另建新都。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)三十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(前656年(nian)(nian)),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)讓(rang)(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)質問楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)為(wei)(wei)(wei)何不(bu)按時(shi)向周(zhou)(zhou)天子進貢(gong)祭(ji)祀所用(yong)的(de)(de)茅(mao)草而導致祭(ji)祀大典無法及時(shi)進行,使得楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)承認自己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)錯(cuo)誤。前655年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)(wang)有另立(li)太子的(de)(de)意向。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獻(xian)計讓(rang)(rang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)會集(ji)(ji)諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)君于首止,與周(zhou)(zhou)天子盟(meng)(meng),以確(que)定太子的(de)(de)正(zheng)統地(di)(di)位(wei)。前654年(nian)(nian),管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭(zheng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)首止逃會,率聯軍討伐鄭(zheng)國(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)后,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)率多國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君與周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)派來的(de)(de)大夫會盟(meng)(meng),并(bing)確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)周(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)王(wang)(wang)位(wei)。前651年(nian)(nian),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)召集(ji)(ji)魯、宋、曹等(deng)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)君及周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)宰孔會于葵丘。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)宰代表周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)正(zheng)式(shi)封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)侯長。同年(nian)(nian)秋(qiu),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)以霸主(zhu)身份主(zhu)持了(le)(le)葵丘之盟(meng)(meng)。此后遇到(dao)侵(qin)犯周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)室權威(wei)的(de)(de)事,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)都會過問和制止,此次盟(meng)(meng)會齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)確(que)立(li)了(le)(le)自己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)霸主(zhu)地(di)(di)位(wei)。管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)外交戰略獲得了(le)(le)很(hen)大成功,使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)霸業更(geng)加合法合理,同時(shi)也保護了(le)(le)中原(yuan)經濟和文(wen)(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)發展。為(wei)(wei)(wei)華夏文(wen)(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)存續做(zuo)出了(le)(le)巨大貢(gong)獻(xian)。
其(qi)原(yuan)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“作內(nei)政而(er)寄軍令”,其(qi)措施(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“參其(qi)國而(er)伍其(qi)鄙”,其(qi)內(nei)容為(wei)(wei):將全國分為(wei)(wei)二十(shi)一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang),工(gong)商之鄉(xiang)六,士(shi)鄉(xiang)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)。工(gong)商之鄉(xiang)不從(cong)事作戰(zhan)(zhan),實際從(cong)事作戰(zhan)(zhan)的是(shi)(shi)(shi)士(shi)鄉(xiang)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)。五(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)帥(shuai),有一(yi)(yi)萬一(yi)(yi)千人。由齊君率(lv)為(wei)(wei)中軍,兩(liang)個上卿各率(lv)五(wu)(wu)鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)左右(you)軍,是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)三軍,就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“參其(qi)國”。一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)有十(shi)連,一(yi)(yi)連有四里,一(yi)(yi)里有十(shi)軌,一(yi)(yi)軌有五(wu)(wu)家,五(wu)(wu)家為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)軌,這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“伍其(qi)鄙”。軌中的五(wu)(wu)家,因世代相居(ju)處在(zai)一(yi)(yi)起,因為(wei)(wei)利(li)害禍福相同,所(suo)以(yi),“守則(ze)同固(gu),戰(zhan)(zhan)則(ze)同強”。
這是一種(zhong)社會與軍事相結(jie)合的(de)戰斗體制(zhi),亦為后來大規(gui)模的(de)戰爭(zheng)作了準備。
孔子:“微管仲,吾其被發(fa)左衽矣。”(《論語·憲問(wen)篇(pian)》)意思是:管仲輔助齊桓公做諸侯(hou)霸主,尊王攘夷,一匡(kuang)天下。要是沒有(you)管仲,我(wo)們(men)都(dou)會披散(san)頭(tou)發(fa),左開衣襟,成為(wei)野蠻人了。又(you)說:“桓公九合諸侯(hou),不以(yi)兵車,管仲之力也,如其仁,如其仁!”
《淮南子(zi)·泰族(zu)訓》:“文(wen)王舉太(tai)公(gong)望(wang)、召公(gong)奭而(er)王,桓(huan)公(gong)任管(guan)仲(zhong)、隰朋而(er)霸(ba),此舉賢以立功也,夫差(cha)用太(tai)宰(zai)嚭而(er)滅,秦任李斯(si)、趙高而(er)亡,此舉所(suo)與(yu)同。故觀其所(suo)舉,而(er)治亂可(ke)見也;察其黨與(yu),而(er)賢不肖可(ke)論也。”
司馬遷:①”管仲,世所謂賢臣,然(ran)孔(kong)子小之(zhi)。豈以為周道衰微,恒(heng)公既賢,而不勉之(zhi)至王,乃稱(cheng)霸哉?語曰(yue):將順(shun)其美,匡救其惡,故上下能(neng)相親也。豈管仲之(zhi)謂乎?“②“晏子儉矣,夷吾則奢;齊桓以霸,景公以治。”
蜀(shu)漢名相諸葛(ge)亮(liang)經常把自己比作(zuo)管仲,樂毅。歷史(shi)上管仲相齊(qi),使齊(qi)國成為春秋五霸(ba)之首;諸葛(ge)亮(liang)相蜀(shu),使劉備(bei)與曹(cao)操,孫權三(san)分天下。二人(ren)皆嘔心瀝血,鞠躬盡(jin)瘁(cui),而且居功至偉。
房玄齡(ling):“至若夷吾體(ti)仁(ren),能相小國,孔明踐(jian)義(yi),善翊(yi)新邦,撫事論情,抑斯之類也。”
李(li)靖:“若樂毅,管仲,諸葛亮(liang),戰(zhan)必(bi)勝,守(shou)必(bi)固,此非查天時地(di)利,安能邇忽?”
劉勰:“古之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)將相,疵咎(jiu)實多。至如管仲孝(xiao)竊,吳起之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貪淫,陳(chen)平之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)污點,絳灌之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)讒嫉,沿(yan)茲以下,不可勝數。孔光(guang)負衡(heng)據鼎,而仄媚(mei)董賢,況班馬之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)賤職,潘岳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)下位(wei)哉(zai)?王戎開國上秩,而鬻(yu)官囂俗(su);況馬杜之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)磬(qing)懸(xuan),丁(ding)路之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)貧薄(bo)哉(zai)?然子夏無虧于名(ming)儒,浚沖不塵乎竹(zhu)林者,名(ming)崇而譏(ji)減(jian)也(ye)。若夫屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)忠貞,鄒(zou)枚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)機(ji)覺(jue),黃香之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)淳(chun)孝(xiao),徐干之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)沉默(mo),豈曰(yue)文(wen)士,必其玷(dian)歟?”
司(si)馬貞:“夷吾成霸,平仲稱賢(xian)。粟乃(nai)實廩,豆不掩(yan)肩(jian)。轉禍為(wei)福,危言獲全。孔賴左衽,史忻執鞭。成禮而去,人望(wang)存焉。”