齊莊公五十六(liu)年(約前(qian)723年),管(guan)仲出生(sheng),管(guan)仲的祖(zu)先是(shi)周(zhou)穆王的后代(dai),與周(zhou)王室(shi)同宗。父親(qin)管(guan)莊是(shi)齊國的大(da)夫(fu),后來家道中衰(shuai),導致管(guan)仲生(sheng)活很(hen)貧困。為了謀生(sheng),聯合(he)好友鮑叔(shu)牙合(he)伙做(zuo)生(sheng)意失敗。管(guan)仲做(zuo)過(guo)當時(shi)認為是(shi)微賤的商人(ren)(ren)。游(you)歷許多地方,接觸各(ge)式各(ge)樣的人(ren)(ren),見過(guo)許多世面,從而積累了豐富的社會(hui)經驗(yan)。當兵的時(shi)候(hou),臨陣脫逃。幾次(ci)想(xiang)當官,但(dan)都沒有成功(gong)。
齊僖公三(san)十(shi)三(san)年(前698年),齊僖公駕(jia)崩,留下三(san)個兒(er)子(zi),太子(zi)諸兒(er)、公子(zi)糾和(he)(he)公子(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)白。齊僖公死后(hou),太子(zi)諸兒(er)即位,是(shi)為齊襄公。當時,管仲和(he)(he)鮑叔牙分別輔佐公子(zi)糾和(he)(he)公子(zi)小(xiao)(xiao)白。不久,齊襄公與其妹魯桓(huan)(huan)公的(de)夫人文姜(jiang)秘謀私(si)通,醉殺(sha)了(le)魯桓(huan)(huan)公。對(dui)此(ci),管仲預感到齊國(guo)將(jiang)會發生大亂。公子(zi)糾的(de)母親是(shi)魯君的(de)女(nv)兒(er),因此(ci)管仲和(he)(he)召(zhao)忽就保護公子(zi)糾逃到魯國(guo)去躲避。
齊(qi)襄(xiang)公(gong)(gong)十二年(前686年),齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)內亂,兩個逃(tao)亡(wang)在外的(de)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi),一(yi)見(jian)時機(ji)成熟,都想急(ji)(ji)忙設(she)法回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo),以便奪(duo)取國(guo)(guo)(guo)君的(de)寶座。魯莊公(gong)(gong)知道齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)無君后,萬分(fen)焦(jiao)急(ji)(ji),立(li)即派兵(bing)護送公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo),后來(lai)發現公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已經(jing)先出(chu)發回(hui)(hui)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。管仲(zhong)(zhong)于是決定(ding)自請先行,親率30乘兵(bing)車(che)到莒國(guo)(guo)(guo)通(tong)往齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)路上(shang)去截擊公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)。人馬(ma)(ma)過即墨30余里,正遇見(jian)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)的(de)大隊車(che)馬(ma)(ma)。管仲(zhong)(zhong)等公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)車(che)馬(ma)(ma)走(zou)近(jin),就(jiu)操起箭(jian)來(lai)對準(zhun)射去,一(yi)箭(jian)射中,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)應聲(sheng)倒下。管仲(zhong)(zhong)見(jian)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)已射死,就(jiu)率領人馬(ma)(ma)回(hui)(hui)去。其(qi)實公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)沒有死,管仲(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)箭(jian)射中他的(de)銅制(zhi)衣帶勾上(shang),公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)急(ji)(ji)中生(sheng)智咬(yao)破舌尖裝死倒下。經(jing)此(ci)一(yi)驚,公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)與鮑叔牙更(geng)加(jia)警惕,飛(fei)速向齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)挺進。當他們(men)來(lai)到臨淄時,由鮑叔牙先進城里勸(quan)說,齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)正卿高氏(shi)和(he)國(guo)(guo)(guo)氏(shi)都同意護立(li)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)君,于是公(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)小(xiao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)就(jiu)進城,順利地(di)登上(shang)君位,這(zhe)就(jiu)是歷史上(shang)有名的(de)齊(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)。
齊(qi)桓年(前685年),齊(qi)桓公即位后,急需找到(dao)有才(cai)干的人來輔(fu)佐(zuo),因(yin)此(ci)就準備請鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)出來任齊(qi)相(xiang)。但鮑(bao)叔(shu)牙(ya)稱(cheng)自己才(cai)能不(bu)如管(guan)仲,若(ruo)要使齊(qi)國稱(cheng)霸,必要用管(guan)仲為相(xiang)。
管仲(zhong)(zhong)與公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)一伙(huo)認為(wei)(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白已(yi)(yi)死,再沒有(you)(you)人(ren)與他爭奪君位,也就(jiu)不急于趕路。六天后(hou)才到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。一到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),沒想到齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)國(guo)(guo)(guo)君,新君正是公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)小白。魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)已(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)新君后(hou)氣急敗壞,當即派兵進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),企(qi)圖(tu)武(wu)裝干(gan)涉來奪取君位。雙方(fang)在乾(qian)時會(hui)戰,管仲(zhong)(zhong)建(jian)議當趁小白人(ren)心未定速攻(gong),但魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)卻說:“如(ru)果(guo)一切如(ru)你所料,小白早就(jiu)被射死了(le)(le)。”不聽管仲(zhong)(zhong)的話,結果(guo)遭(zao)遇伏擊(ji),魯(lu)(lu)軍(jun)大(da)敗,公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu)和管仲(zhong)(zhong)隨魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)敗歸(gui)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)乘勝追擊(ji),進(jin)(jin)入魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)境(jing)內(nei)。齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)(wei)(wei)絕后(hou)患(huan),遣(qian)書給(gei)魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong),叫(jiao)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)殺(sha)公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu),交出管仲(zhong)(zhong)和召忽(hu)(hu)。否則齊(qi)(qi)軍(jun)將(jiang)(jiang)全面進(jin)(jin)攻(gong)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)得知后(hou)與大(da)夫施(shi)伯商量(liang),施(shi)伯認為(wei)(wei)(wei)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)要管仲(zhong)(zhong)不是為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)報仇雪恨,而是為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)任用(yong)他為(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)。因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)(wei)管仲(zhong)(zhong)的才干(gan)世間(jian)少有(you)(you),他為(wei)(wei)(wei)政(zheng)的國(guo)(guo)(guo)家必然會(hui)富強稱霸。假如(ru)管仲(zhong)(zhong)被齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)任用(yong),將(jiang)(jiang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的大(da)患(huan)。因(yin)(yin)此施(shi)伯主(zhu)張殺(sha)死管仲(zhong)(zhong),將(jiang)(jiang)尸首還給(gei)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。但鮑叔牙用(yong)計稱齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)恨管仲(zhong)(zhong)入骨(gu),一定要生(sheng)殺(sha)管仲(zhong)(zhong)。且魯(lu)(lu)莊(zhuang)(zhuang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)新敗,聞齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)大(da)兵壓(ya)境(jing),早嚇(xia)得心顫膽(dan)寒,沒有(you)(you)聽施(shi)伯的主(zhu)張。在齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)壓(ya)力(li)下,殺(sha)死公(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)糾(jiu)(jiu),并將(jiang)(jiang)管仲(zhong)(zhong)和召忽(hu)(hu)擒(qin)住,準(zhun)備(bei)將(jiang)(jiang)二人(ren)送(song)還齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)發落,以期退兵。
管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)清楚這(zhe)是鮑叔牙的(de)(de)計謀,于是讓(rang)押運工人快馬加鞭(bian)趕去(qu)齊國,最后平安到(dao)了齊國,經(jing)鮑叔牙的(de)(de)建議,齊桓公同意選擇吉祥(xiang)日(ri)子,以(yi)非常隆重(zhong)的(de)(de)禮(li)節(jie),親(qin)自去(qu)迎接(jie)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong),以(yi)此(ci)來(lai)表示對(dui)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)視和信(xin)任。同時(shi)也(ye)讓(rang)天下人都知道齊桓公的(de)(de)賢達大(da)度。齊桓公迎接(jie)管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)后,一連聊了三(san)(san)(san)天三(san)(san)(san)夜,句句投機,齋戒三(san)(san)(san)日(ri),拜了管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為相,并(bing)稱管(guan)仲(zhong)(zhong)為“仲(zhong)(zhong)父”。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公二年(前684年),桓(huan)公又對管仲(zhong)(zhong)說:“我想加強軍備。”管仲(zhong)(zhong)又說:“不(bu)行。”桓(huan)公不(bu)聽,果(guo)然(ran)修(xiu)治軍備。一次,宋夫人惹怒(nu)了齊(qi)桓(huan)公,桓(huan)公怒(nu)對管仲(zhong)(zhong)說:“我想伐宋。”管仲(zhong)(zhong)說:“不(bu)可以(yi),我認為內政不(bu)修(xiu),對外用兵(bing)不(bu)會(hui)成功。”桓(huan)公不(bu)聽,果(guo)然(ran)起兵(bing)伐宋。各諸侯興兵(bing)救宋,把齊(qi)軍打得大敗(bai)。
齊桓(huan)公三年(前(qian)683年),管仲(zhong)建議出兵問罪不(bu)遵禮法的(de)譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)本來很(hen)小,力量十(shi)分微弱,結(jie)果很(hen)快就被齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)沒(mei)費力氣消滅了譚(tan)國(guo)(guo)(guo),擴大(da)了國(guo)(guo)(guo)土。
齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)五年(前681年),在管(guan)仲的建議下,齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)宋、陳、蔡、鄭等國(guo)(guo)(guo)在齊(qi)(qi)的北杏(今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)聊城東(dong)(dong))會(hui)盟(meng),商(shang)討(tao)安定宋國(guo)(guo)(guo)之計。遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)(今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)肥城南)也(ye)被(bei)(bei)邀請,但沒有(you)參加。管(guan)仲為了(le)(le)提高齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的威望,就(jiu)出兵把遂國(guo)(guo)(guo)消滅。魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)本來比較強大(da),但因(yin)接(jie)連被(bei)(bei)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)打敗,又看到諸(zhu)侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)都服從齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),不(bu)服從齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)的遂、譚(tan)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又被(bei)(bei)消滅,所(suo)以也(ye)屈服了(le)(le)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。不(bu)久,齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)與(yu)魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)和好,在柯(今山(shan)東(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)阿(a)西南)會(hui)盟(meng)。就(jiu)在這次會(hui)盟(meng)中,發生了(le)(le)著名的曹沫(mo)劫盟(meng)事(shi)件。曹沫(mo)迫使齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)歸還之前魯(lu)(lu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)所(suo)有(you)失(shi)地,齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)事(shi)后想反悔,但是管(guan)仲用大(da)國(guo)(guo)(guo)不(bu)該失(shi)信讓齊(qi)(qi)桓公(gong)(gong)歸還了(le)(le)失(shi)地。
齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公六年(前(qian)680年),魯、宋(song)、陳、蔡、衛都先后屈服(fu)齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo),譚、遂(sui)兩國(guo)(guo)早已消滅,只有鄭國(guo)(guo)還在內亂。管仲因此建議齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公出面調解鄭國(guo)(guo)內亂,以(yi)此來提高齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)的地位,加速實現(xian)做霸(ba)主(zhu)的目的。鄭國(guo)(guo)自(zi)厲公回國(guo)(guo)殺了(le)子儀,又殺了(le)恩人傅瑕,逼死大夫(fu)原繁,登位稱(cheng)君后,為鞏固(gu)君位,就(jiu)要聯合齊(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)。管仲抓住這一時機,建議齊(qi)(qi)桓(huan)公聯合宋(song)、衛、鄭三(san)國(guo)(guo),又邀(yao)請周王室參加,于鄄(juan)(今(jin)山東鄄(juan)城)會盟。
齊桓公七年(nian)(前(qian)679年(nian)),管仲又讓齊桓公以自(zi)己名義召(zhao)集(ji)宋(song)、陳(chen)、衛、鄭又在(zai)鄄會盟。
齊桓公(gong)(gong)二十(shi)四年(前662年),山(shan)戎(rong)攻打(da)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo),燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)向齊國(guo)(guo)求救(jiu),齊桓公(gong)(gong)認為南面楚國(guo)(guo)禍(huo)害更大(da),不愿出(chu)兵。但管仲認為,當時為患一方的,南有楚國(guo)(guo),北有山(shan)戎(rong),西有狄,都是中原諸國(guo)(guo)的禍(huo)患。國(guo)(guo)君要想征(zheng)(zheng)伐楚國(guo)(guo),必(bi)須先進攻山(shan)戎(rong),北方安定(ding),才能(neng)專心去征(zheng)(zheng)伐南方。如今燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)被犯,又求救(jiu)于我國(guo)(guo),舉兵率先伐夷,必(bi)能(neng)得到各國(guo)(guo)的擁戴。齊桓公(gong)(gong)深以為然,遂舉兵救(jiu)燕(yan)。管仲隨軍討(tao)伐山(shan)戎(rong)救(jiu)援燕(yan)國(guo)(guo),一直打(da)到孤竹(zhu)才回師。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)二十六年(前660年),當時西北方的(de)狄(di)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)起(qi)兵(bing)進攻(gong)中原,先攻(gong)邢國(guo)(guo)(今(jin)河北邢臺)。作為霸主的(de)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong),當然不(bu)能置之不(bu)理。管仲也(ye)很(hen)關(guan)心這個問題,他向齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)說:“戎(rong)狄(di)性情(qing)十分(fen)殘暴,貪得(de)無厭。諸夏各國(guo)(guo)都是親戚,彼此關(guan)心,一(yi)國(guo)(guo)有難,大(da)家都應相(xiang)助,不(bu)能袖(xiu)手不(bu)理。滿足現狀的(de)安(an)樂(le)是很(hen)危險(xian)的(de),出(chu)兵(bing)救邢才是上策(ce)。”齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)很(hen)欣賞管仲的(de)想法(fa),就派兵(bing)救邢國(guo)(guo),邢國(guo)(guo)很(hen)快得(de)救。不(bu)久狄(di)人(ren)(ren)又(you)出(chu)兵(bing)攻(gong)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)被殺,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)滅亡。狄(di)人(ren)(ren)又(you)追趕(gan)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)到黃(huang)河沿岸。 宋國(guo)(guo)出(chu)兵(bing)救出(chu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo)百(bai)姓(xing)七百(bai)三(san)十人(ren)(ren)。加上共(gong)、滕(teng)兩邑的(de)居民(min)一(yi)共(gong)五千人(ren)(ren)。就在曹邑(今(jin)河南(nan)滑縣)立衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)戴公(gong)(gong)為國(guo)(guo)君(jun)。剛剛恢復的(de)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),處境(jing)十分(fen)困難。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)、管仲派了(le)公(gong)(gong)子(zi)無虧帶著五百(bai)乘(cheng)車馬和(he)三(san)千名甲士來武裝衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)國(guo)(guo),戎(rong)守(shou)曹邑。又(you)給衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)帶來乘(cheng)馬祭服,還給衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)君(jun)夫人(ren)(ren)帶來乘(cheng)車和(he)錦帛。此外還有牛(niu)羊豬狗雞等三(san)百(bai)余只。又(you)幫助修(xiu)建宮殿。 邢國(guo)(guo)還未恢復,狄(di)人(ren)(ren)又(you)來第二次(ci)洗劫。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)二十七年(前659年),狄(di)人(ren)攻(gong)邢(xing),形(xing)勢十分(fen)嚴重。齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)和(he)管仲(zhong)立即聯合宋(song)、曹救邢(xing)。當(dang)齊(qi)、宋(song)、曹軍隊到達時(shi),邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)百姓如見親人(ren),紛(fen)紛(fen)投奔(ben),狄(di)人(ren)被打退(tui)。邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)又(you)被狄(di)人(ren)洗劫(jie)(jie)一空。于是(shi)齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)和(he)管仲(zhong)同宋(song)、曹兩國(guo)(guo)(guo),幫助邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)把都城(cheng)(cheng)遷(qian)到夷(yi)儀(yi)(今聊城(cheng)(cheng)西南(nan)),這里靠近齊(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo),較為安全。使破亂的(de)邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)得(de)(de)到安定。 邢(xing)、衛兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)都遭狄(di)人(ren)洗劫(jie)(jie),在齊(qi)桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)、管仲(zhong)的(de)主持下,得(de)(de)以復(fu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)。當(dang)時(shi)人(ren)們都贊賞地說:邢(xing)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)遷(qian)進(jin)新(xin)都城(cheng)(cheng),好像回到了老家;恢復(fu)后(hou)的(de)衛國(guo)(guo)(guo),人(ren)們心情高興(xing),也忘記(ji)了亡國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)悲痛。
齊桓公(gong)二十九年(nian)(nian)(前657年(nian)(nian)),楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)又(you)出兵鄭(zheng)國(guo)。齊桓公(gong)與管(guan)仲約(yue)諸侯共同救鄭(zheng)抗楚(chu)(chu)。由于楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)不斷(duan)攻鄭(zheng),齊桓公(gong)和(he)管(guan)仲約(yue)魯、宋、陳、衛、鄭(zheng)、許(xu)、曹等八國(guo)組成(cheng)聯軍(jun)南下(xia),首先一舉消滅蔡(cai)國(guo),直指(zhi)楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)。楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)在大軍(jun)壓境的形勢下(xia),派(pai)使(shi)臣屈完出來(lai)談判(pan)。
屈完(wan)見(jian)到齊桓公(gong)就問:“你們住在(zai)北海(hai)(hai),我們住在(zai)南海(hai)(hai),相隔千里(li),任何事情都不相干涉。這次你們到我們這里(li)來(lai),不知是(shi)為(wei)了(le)什么?”
管(guan)仲在齊桓(huan)公身旁,聽了(le)(le)(le)之后就(jiu)替齊桓(huan)公答道:“從前召康公奉了(le)(le)(le)周王(wang)的命令,曾對我們(men)(men)(men)的祖先(xian)太公說(shuo)過(guo),五等侯九級伯,如不(bu)守(shou)法你們(men)(men)(men)都(dou)可以去征討。東到海(hai),西(xi)到河(he),南到穆陵(ling),北(bei)到無(wu)隸,都(dou)在你們(men)(men)(men)征討范圍內。你們(men)(men)(men)不(bu)向周王(wang)進貢用于祭(ji)祀的濾(lv)酒的包(bao)茅,公然(ran)違反王(wang)禮。還(huan)有(you)昭王(wang)南征,至今未回,這事也不(bu)是(shi)與你們(men)(men)(men)無(wu)關。我們(men)(men)(men)興師來到這里,正是(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)問(wen)罪(zui)你們(men)(men)(men)。”
屈完(wan)回答說(shuo):“多年沒有進(jin)貢包(bao)茅(mao),確實是我(wo)們(men)的(de)過錯。至于昭(zhao)王南征(zheng)未回是發生(sheng)在漢水(shui)(shui),你(ni)們(men)只好(hao)去(qu)漢水(shui)(shui)邊(bian)打聽好(hao)了。”
齊桓公見楚(chu)使屈(qu)(qu)完的態度不(bu)軟不(bu)硬,就(jiu)(jiu)命令大軍在陘(今河南郾城(cheng)南)駐扎(zha)下來。南北(bei)兩(liang)軍相峙,從春(chun)季到(dao)夏季,已經半年。楚(chu)國又派(pai)屈(qu)(qu)完和(he)齊桓公、管仲談(tan)判。齊桓公、管仲早(zao)就(jiu)(jiu)無意(yi)(yi)打仗(zhang),只是想通(tong)過這(zhe)次軍事(shi)行動來顯(xian)示霸主(zhu)的威風,嚇唬(hu)楚(chu)國罷了。所以他們很快就(jiu)(jiu)同意(yi)(yi)與屈(qu)(qu)完談(tan)判,并達(da)成協議(yi),將軍隊撤到(dao)召(zhao)陵(今河南偃縣(xian))。
齊(qi)桓(huan)公為了(le)炫耀(yao)兵力,就請屈完來到軍(jun)中與(yu)他同車觀看(kan)軍(jun)隊(dui)。齊(qi)桓(huan)公指(zhi)著軍(jun)隊(dui)對屈完說:“指(zhi)揮(hui)這樣的軍(jun)隊(dui)去(qu)打仗,什(shen)么(me)樣的敵(di)人(ren)能(neng)抵抗得了(le)?指(zhi)揮(hui)這樣的軍(jun)隊(dui)去(qu)夾攻(gong)城寨,有什(shen)么(me)樣的城寨攻(gong)克不(bu)下呢?”
屈(qu)完(wan)很沉靜地回(hui)答(da);“國(guo)君,你若用(yong)德義來安撫天下(xia)諸(zhu)侯,誰敢不服從(cong)呢?如果只憑(ping)武力(li),那么(me)我們楚國(guo)可以把方(fang)城(cheng)山(shan)當(dang)城(cheng),把漢水當(dang)池(chi),城(cheng)這(zhe)么(me)高,池(chi)這(zhe)么(me)深,你的兵再多,恐怕也(ye)無濟于事(shi)。”回(hui)答(da)得委婉有力(li)。
為形(xing)勢(shi)所(suo)迫(po),齊桓公(gong)同意(yi)與楚國結盟。這樣南北軍事(shi)對峙就體面的(de)結束了。
齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)三十五年(nian)(前651年(nian)),周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)(wang)去世(shi)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)會同各(ge)諸侯國(guo)擁立(li)太子(zi)鄭為天子(zi),這就是周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)。周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)即位后,命宰孔賜(si)(si)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)文武胙、彤弓(gong)矢、大路,以表彰其(qi)功。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)召集各(ge)路諸侯大會于葵(kui)丘(今河南蘭考(kao)、民權(quan)縣境(jing)),舉行受賜(si)(si)典(dian)禮(li)。受賜(si)(si)典(dian)禮(li)上(shang),宰孔請周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)襄王(wang)(wang)之命,因齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)年(nian)老德高(gao),不(bu)必(bi)下(xia)拜受賜(si)(si)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)想聽從(cong)(cong)王(wang)(wang)命,管仲從(cong)(cong)旁(pang)進言道(dao):“周(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)(wang)雖然(ran)謙讓,臣(chen)(chen)子(zi)卻不(bu)可不(bu)敬(jing)。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)于是答道(dao):“天威不(bu)違顏咫尺,小白敢貪王(wang)(wang)命,而(er)廢臣(chen)(chen)職嗎(ma)?”說罷,只見(jian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)疾走(zou)下(xia)階,再拜稽首,然(ran)后登堂(tang)受胙。眾諸侯見(jian)此,皆嘆服(fu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)君(jun)之有禮(li)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)(huan)公(gong)又重申(shen)盟好,訂立(li)了新盟。這就是歷史上(shang)有名(ming)的“葵(kui)丘之盟”。
齊(qi)桓公三十(shi)九年(前647年),周襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)弟弟叔帶勾結戎(rong)人進攻京城,王(wang)(wang)(wang)室內亂,十(shi)分危機。齊(qi)桓公派管仲(zhong)幫助襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)平息內亂。管仲(zhong)完(wan)成得很好,獲得周王(wang)(wang)(wang)贊賞(shang)。周襄王(wang)(wang)(wang)為了表示尊(zun)重霸主的(de)臣下,準備用上卿(qing)禮儀設宴(yan)為管仲(zhong)慶(qing)功,但管仲(zhong)沒(mei)有(you)接受(shou)。最后他接受(shou)了下卿(qing)禮儀的(de)待(dai)遇。
齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)四十(shi)一年(前645年),管仲臨(lin)死前齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)問誰可(ke)以替代(dai)相位,管仲推薦了公(gong)(gong)孫隰朋,并要(yao)求齊(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)遠(yuan)離開方、豎刁、易牙(ya)三人,管仲死后,繼(ji)任的公(gong)(gong)孫隰朋、鮑叔牙(ya)兩位相國繼(ji)續沿用管仲所留下的政治(zhi)制度。管仲的后代(dai)被任命為大夫,世世代(dai)代(dai)享受福蔭。
《管(guan)子》一(yi)書(shu)原為86篇,至(zhi)唐又亡(wang)佚10篇,今(jin)本存76篇,托(tuo)名(ming)春秋(qiu)管(guan)仲(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)。其(qi)實《管(guan)子》同先(xian)秦許多典籍一(yi)樣(yang),既非一(yi)人之(zhi)(zhi)著(zhu)(zhu),亦非一(yi)時之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)。是(shi)一(yi)部稷下黃老道家學派的(de)文集匯編。西漢國(guo)家藏書(shu)目錄《漢書(shu)·藝文志(zhi)》,在“道家”類中(zhong)(zhong)著(zhu)(zhu)錄有(you)管(guan)仲(zhong)所著(zhu)(zhu)《管(guan)子》85篇,班(ban)固(gu)注曰:“名(ming)夷吾,相(xiang)齊桓公(gong),九合(he)諸侯,不以兵(bing)車也。有(you)《列(lie)傳(chuan)》。”今(jin)存76篇,內容極(ji)豐,包(bao)含道、儒、名(ming)、法(fa)、兵(bing)、陰陽等(deng)(deng)(deng)家的(de)思想(xiang)以及天文、輿地、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)和(he)農業(ye)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方面的(de)知(zhi)識,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)《輕重(zhong)》等(deng)(deng)(deng)篇,是(shi)古代典籍中(zhong)(zhong)不多見的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)文作(zuo),對(dui)生產、分配(pei)、交(jiao)易、消費、財政、貨幣等(deng)(deng)(deng)均有(you)論述,是(shi)研(yan)究我(wo)國(guo)先(xian)秦農業(ye)和(he)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)珍貴(gui)資料。管(guan)仲(zhong)的(de)傳(chuan)記,載於《史記·管(guan)晏(yan)列(lie)傳(chuan)》。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)以黃老道家著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)最多,其(qi)次法(fa)家著(zhu)(zhu)作(zuo)16篇,其(qi)余各家雜之(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)法(fa)家思想(xiang)是(shi)道家影響下的(de)法(fa)家思維。
行政改革
管仲整頓行政管理系統(tong),“叁其國(guo)(guo)而(er)伍其鄙(bi)”。所謂“叁其國(guo)(guo)”,就是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)國(guo)(guo)劃(hua)分為(wei)(wei)21鄉,士居15鄉,工(gong)居3鄉,商居3鄉,分設3官管理。所謂“伍其鄙(bi)”,就是(shi)(shi)將(jiang)鄙(bi)野(國(guo)(guo)都之(zhi)外的(de)廣大地區)分為(wei)(wei)5屬(shu),設立(li)5大夫(fu)、5正官分管。屬(shu)下有(you)縣、鄉、卒、邑4級,分別設立(li)縣帥(shuai)、鄉帥(shuai)、卒帥(shuai)、司官管理。整頓行政系統(tong)的(de)目的(de)是(shi)(shi)“定民之(zhi)居”,使士、農、工(gong)、商各就其業,從而(er)使部落(luo)的(de)殘(can)余影響被徹底革除,行政區域的(de)組織結構(gou)更加(jia)精細(xi)化,并(bing)且有(you)效地維護了(le)社會穩定。
用人人事
他(ta)提(ti)出的(de)(de)用(yong)人原則是:“德義(yi)未明(ming)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)朝者(zhe),則不可(ke)加于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)尊位;功力未見于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)國者(zhe),則不可(ke)授以(yi)重(zhong)祿;臨(lin)事不信(xin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)者(zhe),則不可(ke)使任(ren)大官。”用(yong)今天的(de)(de)話說就是在任(ren)命一切官員(yuan)時,都必須根(gen)據其(qi)實際的(de)(de)政績,特別是要有取信(xin)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)民(min)的(de)(de)真(zhen)實政績,而不是虛假(jia)的(de)(de)、表面的(de)(de)政績。此外,他(ta)還總結出一套對于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)各級官員(yuan)實行獎懲的(de)(de)具體辦法。
國中“慈孝”、“聰慧”、“拳(quan)勇”出(chu)眾(zhong)者,由鄉(xiang)長推薦試用(yong),稱職的委任為吏,任用(yong)稱職的又可以晉升(sheng),直至升(sheng)為上卿助理。選賢任能,在一定程度上突(tu)破了世卿世祿(lu)制,擴大了人才來(lai)源,這一制度成(cheng)為日后科舉制度的雛形(xing)。
政治主張
管仲注重經濟和(he)農業(ye),反對空談主(zhu)(zhu)義,開創(chuang)職業(ye)技能教育(yu)。主(zhu)(zhu)張改革以富國(guo)(guo)(guo)強兵,他說:“國(guo)(guo)(guo)多財則遠者(zhe)來,地(di)辟舉則民留處,倉(cang)廩(lin)實(shi)而(er)(er)知禮節,衣食足而(er)(er)知榮(rong)辱”,唯物論(lun)中“物質(zhi)(zhi)決(jue)定(ding)意(yi)識”的觀(guan)念和(he)《管子(zi)》的思(si)想頗(po)為接近。齊桓公尊管仲為“仲父”,授權(quan)讓他主(zhu)(zhu)持一(yi)(yi)(yi)系列(lie)政治和(he)經濟改革:在全國(guo)(guo)(guo)劃分政區,組(zu)織(zhi)軍事編制,設官(guan)吏管理;建(jian)立選拔(ba)人(ren)才(cai)制度(du)(du),士(shi)經三審選,可為“上卿(qing)之贊”(助(zhu)理);按土地(di)分等征稅,禁止貴族掠奪私產;發(fa)展鹽鐵業(ye),鑄造貨幣(bi),調劑(ji)物價。管仲改革的實(shi)質(zhi)(zhi),改革土地(di)和(he)人(ren)口制度(du)(du)。管仲改革成效顯著,齊國(guo)(guo)(guo)由(you)此(ci)國(guo)(guo)(guo)力大振。對外,管仲最早提(ti)出“華(hua)夷(yi)之辨”與“尊王攘夷(yi)”的民族主(zhu)(zhu)義思(si)想。聯合北(bei)方(fang)鄰(lin)國(guo)(guo)(guo),抵(di)抗山戎族南侵(qin)。這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)外交戰略也獲得成功。后來孔子(zi)感嘆說:“管仲相桓公,霸諸(zhu)侯,一(yi)(yi)(yi)匡天下,民到(dao)于(yu)今受其(qi)賜(si)。微管仲,吾其(qi)被(bei)發(fa)左衽(ren)矣。豈若(ruo)匹(pi)夫(fu)匹(pi)婦之為諒也,自經于(yu)溝(gou)瀆,而(er)(er)莫之知也?”又說:“桓公九合諸(zhu)侯,不以兵車,管仲之力也。如(ru)其(qi)仁,如(ru)其(qi)仁。”
管仲的外交主張,打出(chu)“尊王攘夷”的旗幟,以(yi)諸侯長的身份,挾天子以(yi)伐(fa)不敬。
為了(le)使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成為諸(zhu)侯(hou)之長(chang),管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)外(wai)(wai)交上(shang)協助齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)做了(le)許(xu)多努力。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)663年(nian)(nian)),山戎(rong)攻(gong)(gong)打燕國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),燕向(xiang)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)求救,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)救燕。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)二十五年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)661年(nian)(nian)),山戎(rong)攻(gong)(gong)打刑國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提出“戎(rong)狄(di)豺狼,不可厭也;諸(zhu)夏親昵,不可棄也。”齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)再(zai)次(ci)發兵(bing)攻(gong)(gong)打山戎(rong)以救邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。打退了(le)毀邢都(dou)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狄(di)兵(bing),并在(zai)夷儀(yi)為邢國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建(jian)(jian)立(li)了(le)新都(dou)。次(ci)年(nian)(nian),狄(di)人大舉(ju)攻(gong)(gong)衛(wei),衛(wei)懿公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)被殺。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)率(lv)(lv)諸(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)替衛(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在(zai)楚(chu)(chu)丘另建(jian)(jian)新都(dou)。齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)三(san)十年(nian)(nian)(前(qian)656年(nian)(nian)),管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質問楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)為何不按時(shi)向(xiang)周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)子(zi)進(jin)貢祭(ji)祀(si)所用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)茅草(cao)而導致祭(ji)祀(si)大典無法(fa)及(ji)時(shi)進(jin)行,使得楚(chu)(chu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)承認(ren)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錯誤。前(qian)655年(nian)(nian),周(zhou)(zhou)惠王(wang)有另立(li)太(tai)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意向(xiang)。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獻(xian)計讓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)會(hui)(hui)集諸(zhu)侯(hou)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君于首止,與周(zhou)(zhou)天(tian)子(zi)盟(meng)(meng)(meng),以確(que)(que)定(ding)太(tai)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正統地位。前(qian)654年(nian)(nian),管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)因鄭文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)首止逃會(hui)(hui),率(lv)(lv)聯軍討伐鄭國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。數年(nian)(nian)后(hou),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)多國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君與周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)派來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大夫會(hui)(hui)盟(meng)(meng)(meng),并確(que)(que)立(li)了(le)周(zhou)(zhou)襄(xiang)王(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)王(wang)位。前(qian)651年(nian)(nian),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)召(zhao)集魯、宋、曹(cao)等國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君及(ji)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)宰(zai)孔會(hui)(hui)于葵(kui)丘。周(zhou)(zhou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)宰(zai)代表周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)正式封齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為諸(zhu)侯(hou)長(chang)。同年(nian)(nian)秋,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)以霸主身份主持了(le)葵(kui)丘之盟(meng)(meng)(meng)。此(ci)后(hou)遇到侵(qin)犯(fan)周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)室(shi)權威的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事,齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)都(dou)會(hui)(hui)過問和制止,此(ci)次(ci)盟(meng)(meng)(meng)會(hui)(hui)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)確(que)(que)立(li)了(le)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)霸主地位。管仲(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)交戰略獲(huo)得了(le)很大成功(gong),使齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)桓(huan)(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)霸業更(geng)加合法(fa)合理,同時(shi)也保護(hu)了(le)中(zhong)原經濟和文(wen)(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。為華(hua)夏文(wen)(wen)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存續做出了(le)巨大貢獻(xian)。
其原(yuan)則(ze)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“作(zuo)內政(zheng)而寄(ji)軍(jun)令”,其措施(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)“參其國(guo)而伍其鄙”,其內容為(wei)(wei):將全國(guo)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)二十(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang),工(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)六,士鄉(xiang)十(shi)(shi)五。工(gong)(gong)商(shang)(shang)之(zhi)鄉(xiang)不從(cong)事作(zuo)戰,實際從(cong)事作(zuo)戰的是(shi)(shi)(shi)士鄉(xiang)十(shi)(shi)五。五鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)帥,有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)萬一(yi)(yi)千人。由齊君率(lv)為(wei)(wei)中軍(jun),兩個上卿各率(lv)五鄉(xiang)為(wei)(wei)左右軍(jun),是(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)三軍(jun),就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“參其國(guo)”。一(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)連,一(yi)(yi)連有(you)(you)四(si)里(li),一(yi)(yi)里(li)有(you)(you)十(shi)(shi)軌(gui),一(yi)(yi)軌(gui)有(you)(you)五家(jia),五家(jia)為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)軌(gui),這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“伍其鄙”。軌(gui)中的五家(jia),因世代相居處在一(yi)(yi)起,因為(wei)(wei)利害禍福相同(tong),所以(yi),“守(shou)則(ze)同(tong)固(gu),戰則(ze)同(tong)強”。
這(zhe)是一種社會(hui)與軍事相結合的戰斗體制,亦為后來大規模的戰爭作了準備。
孔子:“微(wei)管仲,吾其(qi)(qi)被發(fa)左衽矣。”(《論語·憲問篇》)意思是:管仲輔助齊桓公(gong)做諸侯霸主,尊王攘夷,一匡天(tian)下。要是沒有管仲,我們都會披散頭發(fa),左開衣襟,成為(wei)野蠻(man)人了。又說(shuo):“桓公(gong)九合諸侯,不以(yi)兵車,管仲之力(li)也,如其(qi)(qi)仁(ren),如其(qi)(qi)仁(ren)!”
《淮南(nan)子·泰族訓》:“文王舉(ju)太公(gong)望、召公(gong)奭(shi)而(er)王,桓公(gong)任(ren)管仲、隰朋而(er)霸(ba),此舉(ju)賢以(yi)立功也(ye),夫差用太宰嚭而(er)滅,秦任(ren)李斯、趙高而(er)亡,此舉(ju)所與(yu)同。故(gu)觀其所舉(ju),而(er)治亂可(ke)見(jian)也(ye);察其黨(dang)與(yu),而(er)賢不肖(xiao)可(ke)論也(ye)。”
司馬遷:①”管(guan)仲,世所(suo)謂(wei)賢臣(chen),然孔子小之(zhi)(zhi)。豈(qi)以為周道衰微(wei),恒公既(ji)賢,而不勉之(zhi)(zhi)至王,乃稱霸哉?語曰:將順其美,匡救其惡(e),故上下能相親(qin)也。豈(qi)管(guan)仲之(zhi)(zhi)謂(wei)乎(hu)?“②“晏子儉(jian)矣,夷吾則奢;齊桓以霸,景公以治(zhi)。”
蜀(shu)漢名(ming)相諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)經常把自(zi)己比作(zuo)管(guan)仲(zhong),樂毅。歷史上(shang)管(guan)仲(zhong)相齊(qi),使(shi)齊(qi)國(guo)成(cheng)為春秋五霸之首;諸(zhu)葛亮(liang)(liang)相蜀(shu),使(shi)劉備與曹操,孫權三(san)分天下。二人(ren)皆(jie)嘔心瀝血,鞠躬(gong)盡瘁(cui),而且居功至偉。
房玄齡:“至若夷吾體仁(ren),能相小國,孔明踐義,善翊新邦,撫事(shi)論(lun)情(qing),抑斯之類也(ye)。”
李(li)靖:“若樂毅,管仲,諸(zhu)葛亮,戰必勝,守必固(gu),此非查天(tian)時地利,安能邇忽?”
劉勰:“古(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)將相,疵(ci)咎實多。至如管仲孝竊,吳起之(zhi)(zhi)貪淫,陳平(ping)之(zhi)(zhi)污點,絳灌(guan)之(zhi)(zhi)讒嫉,沿(yan)茲以下,不可(ke)勝數。孔光負衡據鼎,而仄(ze)媚董賢,況班(ban)馬(ma)(ma)之(zhi)(zhi)賤職,潘岳之(zhi)(zhi)下位哉?王戎開國上(shang)秩(zhi),而鬻官囂俗(su);況馬(ma)(ma)杜之(zhi)(zhi)磬懸(xuan),丁路之(zhi)(zhi)貧薄哉?然子夏無虧于名儒,浚沖不塵乎竹林(lin)者,名崇而譏減也(ye)。若夫(fu)屈賈之(zhi)(zhi)忠貞,鄒(zou)枚之(zhi)(zhi)機覺,黃香之(zhi)(zhi)淳孝,徐干之(zhi)(zhi)沉默,豈曰文(wen)士,必(bi)其玷歟?”
司(si)馬貞:“夷吾成霸,平仲稱賢。粟乃(nai)實廩(lin),豆不(bu)掩肩。轉禍為福,危言獲(huo)全。孔賴(lai)左衽,史忻執(zhi)鞭。成禮而去,人望(wang)存焉。”