人物生平
姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)為晉(jin)(jin)文公舉行慶功(gong)宴(yan)。晉(jin)(jin)文公更向姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)“請隧(sui)” (要求(qiu)在死后也(ye)享(xiang)受(shou)天子規格的(de)(de)葬(zang)禮),但被姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)婉(wan)言拒絕,而將(jiang)陽樊、溫(wen)、原(yuan)和攢茅四(si)邑(在今河南(nan)省濟源縣、溫(wen)縣和修武縣內)賜給晉(jin)(jin)作為報答。周襄王(wang)(wang)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(前664年(nian)),秦、晉(jin)(jin)兩國(guo)已經擅自將(jiang)允姓的(de)(de)一支(zhi)戎族(zu)遷居到周王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)境內的(de)(de)伊川(今洛(luo)陽市南(nan)伊河)一帶,占據(ju)此地。這樣(yang),周王(wang)(wang)朝(chao)的(de)(de)地盤僅剩(sheng)下方圓100多(duo)里的(de)(de)彈丸之(zhi)地。
周襄王元年(前651年),齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)在宋(song)國(guo)的(de)(de)癸(gui)丘(qiu)(今河南省蘭考縣東北)召集魯僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)、宋(song)襄公(gong)(gong)(gong)、衛文公(gong)(gong)(gong)、鄭文公(gong)(gong)(gong)、許僖公(gong)(gong)(gong)、曹共(gong)公(gong)(gong)(gong)等國(guo)會(hui)盟(meng)(meng),而以齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)為主盟(meng)(meng)。姬鄭為感謝齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)對他的(de)(de)支持,特地派周公(gong)(gong)(gong)宰孔參加(jia)大(da)會(hui),并將(jiang)周天子祭(ji)祀祖先的(de)(de)祭(ji)肉分賜(si)給齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong),還聲(sheng)明齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)不(bu)用(yong)行(xing)謝恩的(de)(de)下(xia)拜禮,以示對齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)霸主地位(wei)的(de)(de)承認。這次會(hui)盟(meng)(meng)史稱(cheng)“癸(gui)丘(qiu)之盟(meng)(meng)”,它(ta)使(shi)齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)聲(sheng)望達(da)到最高峰(feng)。齊桓(huan)公(gong)(gong)(gong)死(si)后,他的(de)(de)五個兒子爭奪國(guo)君的(de)(de)權位(wei),內亂(luan)不(bu)已,國(guo)力削(xue)弱,從而使(shi)齊國(guo)失去霸主的(de)(de)地位(wei)。
接著稱霸(ba)的(de)(de)是宋襄公(gong),他(ta)(ta)(ta)是個空(kong)談(tan)仁義道(dao)德的(de)(de)諸侯(hou)。前638年,楚國伐宋,宋襄公(gong)率領大(da)軍(jun)迎戰于泓(河(he)(he)名,即今河(he)(he)南省柘城西北的(de)(de)漶河(he)(he))。他(ta)(ta)(ta)認(ren)為(wei)君子不(bu)(bu)能乘敵軍(jun)正(zheng)在渡河(he)(he)時(shi)發(fa)(fa)起攻擊(ji),不(bu)(bu)能乘敵軍(jun)未列陣之前沖(chong)鋒,不(bu)(bu)能俘虜(lu)頭上(shang)有些(xie)白發(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)敵兵,因而不(bu)(bu)顧部下一(yi)再(zai)請(qing)戰,坐失戰機,最后被從容列陣后的(de)(de)楚軍(jun)打得大(da)敗,他(ta)(ta)(ta)自己也受(shou)傷而身亡。歷史(shi)上(shang)將他(ta)(ta)(ta)稱為(wei)十(shi)分愚蠢的(de)(de)人(ren)物的(de)(de)代表(biao)。
前632年(nian),晉文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)率(lv)領大軍在城濮(pu)(pu)(今河(he)南省濮(pu)(pu)縣(xian)內)之戰(zhan)中(zhong)大敗楚軍,聲威(wei)大振(zhen)。晉文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)將(jiang)1000名(ming)楚軍俘(fu)虜和(he)100輛(liang)俘(fu)獲(huo)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)車獻給姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng),姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)回(hui)贈100張紅色的(de)(de)弓和(he)1000張黑色的(de)(de)弓,并答應晉文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)可以征伐其他諸(zhu)(zhu)侯。同(tong)年(nian)冬(dong),晉文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)在鄭(zheng)(zheng)國(guo)的(de)(de)踐土(今河(he)南省原陽縣(xian)西南)大會諸(zhu)(zhu)侯;為(wei)增(zeng)加他的(de)(de)威(wei)望(wang),更派人暗示姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)應該前去赴會。姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)感到(dao)堂(tang)堂(tang)周(zhou)天(tian)子竟(jing)然落到(dao)唯諸(zhu)(zhu)侯之命是從的(de)(de)地步,十分難堪,又懾于晉國(guo)的(de)(de)威(wei)力(li),不(bu)得不(bu)前往。后(hou)來,孔子寫《春秋(qiu)》時,將(jiang)此事寫成(cheng)“天(tian)子狩獵于河(he)陽”,以維護周(zhou)天(tian)子的(de)(de)顏面。晉文(wen)(wen)公(gong)(gong)這時成(cheng)為(wei)威(wei)震(zhen)中(zhong)原的(de)(de)霸主。
繼晉(jin)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)后稱霸的(de)是(shi)秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)。他任用賢才百里奚等人,增強國力,于前624年伐晉(jin),取得大勝,威望大振,連西戎20多個小國和部(bu)落(luo)都聞風(feng)歸附,秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)被尊奉為西戎的(de)霸主。秦又大力向東發展,擴地1000多里。姬鄭派使者送去銅(tong)鼓12面,表示(shi)祝賀,也就是(shi)正式承認秦穆(mu)公(gong)(gong)的(de)霸主地位。
周襄王三十二年(前620年),姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)去世,謚號襄王。姬(ji)鄭(zheng)(zheng)死后,其子姬(ji)壬臣繼位,是為周頃王。
子帶之亂
王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)帶不(bu)甘心失敗,從公(gong)元前(qian)649年(nian)起,幾(ji)次(ci)引導西戎兵攻(gong)周,都先后(hou)(hou)(hou)被挫敗。公(gong)元前(qian)636年(nian),姬鄭發覺王(wang)(wang)(wang)后(hou)(hou)(hou)隗氏與(yu)王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)帶秘密(mi)勾結,立即(ji)廢黜了隗后(hou)(hou)(hou)。王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)帶得(de)到消(xiao)息,再次(ci)引導西戎兵攻(gong)周,攻(gong)占了都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。姬鄭倉皇逃出,避居于(yu)鄭國的汜(今河南省襄城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)縣),向各國諸(zhu)侯求(qiu)救。即(ji)位不(bu)久的晉文(wen)公(gong)打著勤(qin)王(wang)(wang)(wang)的旗(qi)號(hao),于(yu)公(gong)元前(qian)635年(nian)出兵攻(gong)克(ke)王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)帶當時所(suo)在的溫(wen),生擒王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)帶,然后(hou)(hou)(hou)迎姬鄭回都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),將王(wang)(wang)(wang)子(zi)(zi)帶押到都城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)處死,平定(ding)了內亂。這次(ci)內亂,史稱(cheng)“子(zi)(zi)帶之亂”。
史籍記載
《史(shi)記·卷(juan)四·周本紀第四》
影視形象
1996年電視劇《東周(zhou)列(lie)國·春(chun)秋篇》:魏金虎(hu)飾演周(zhou)襄王(wang)。