電(dian)動汽車如何(he)充電(dian)? 電(dian)動汽車充電(dian)方式(shi)詳解

1、電動汽車充電設備

對(dui)于(yu)一輛(liang)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)來講，蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)是不(bu)可缺少的(de)(de)(de)子系統之一，它的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)是將電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車(che)車(che)載(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充電(dian)(dian)裝置的(de)(de)(de)分類有(you)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)方法。總體上可分為(wei)車(che)載(zai)充電(dian)(dian)裝置和非車(che)載(zai)充電(dian)(dian)裝置。

車載(zai)充電(dian)裝置(zhi)，指(zhi)安裝在電(dian)動汽車上的采用地面交流電(dian)網和車載(zai)電(dian)源對電(dian)池(chi)組進行(xing)充電(dian)的裝置(zhi)。

包括車載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機、車載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機組和運(yun)行能量回(hui)收充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置。它將一根帶插(cha)頭的交流動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜線(xian)直接插(cha)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車的插(cha)座中給電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)(qi)車充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。車載(zai)(zai)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置通常使用結構簡單(dan)、控(kong)制方便的接觸式充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)也可以是感應充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)。它完全按照車載(zai)(zai)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的種類進行設計，針對(dui)性較強。

非車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，即地面充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，主要包括專(zhuan)用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機、專(zhuan)用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站、通用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)機、公共場(chang)所用(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)站等。它可以滿足(zu)各種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)各種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式。通常非車載(zai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)功率、體積和重量均比較大，以便(bian)能夠(gou)適應各種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式。

另外(wai)，根據對(dui)電(dian)動車蓄電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)電(dian)時的能(neng)量(liang)裝(zhuang)換的方(fang)式不(bu)同，充(chong)電(dian)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)可以分為接觸式和感應式。

隨著電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子技(ji)術(shu)和變流(liu)(liu)(liu)控制技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)飛(fei)速發展，高精度可控變流(liu)(liu)(liu)技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)成熟和普(pu)及，分階段恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)已經基(ji)本被(bei)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)和充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)連續變化的(de)(de)恒壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)取代(dai)。直(zhi)到目前，主(zhu)導充(chong)電(dian)(dian)工藝的(de)(de)還是恒壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)。接(jie)觸式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)最大問(wen)題在(zai)于它的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性和通用(yong)性，為了使(shi)它滿足嚴(yan)格的(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)標(biao)準(zhun)，必須在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)上采用(yong)許多措(cuo)施(shi)使(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設備(bei)能夠在(zai)各種環境下(xia)安(an)全(quan)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)。恒壓(ya)(ya)限流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)和分階段恒流(liu)(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)均屬于接(jie)觸式(shi)(shi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術(shu)。

近(jin)年(nian)來，新型(xing)的電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車感(gan)應(ying)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)技術(shu)發展(zhan)很快。、感(gan)應(ying)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)是利用高(gao)頻交流(liu)磁場(chang)的變壓器(qi)原理，將電(dian)(dian)能從離(li)車的原方(fang)感(gan)應(ying)到(dao)車載的副(fu)方(fang)，以達到(dao)給蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的目的。感(gan)應(ying)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的最(zui)大優點(dian)是安全(quan)，這是因為充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)與電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車之間并無直(zhi)接的點(dian)接觸(chu)，使得即使電(dian)(dian)動(dong)車在惡劣的氣(qi)候下，如(ru)雨雪(xue)天，進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也無觸(chu)電(dian)(dian)的危險（如(ru)圖1）。

2、電動汽車充電方式

2.1 常規充電方式

該充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)采用(yong)(yong)恒壓(ya)、恒流的(de)(de)(de)傳統(tong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)車進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。以(yi)相(xiang)當低的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流為(wei)(wei)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流大小約為(wei)(wei)15A,若以(yi)120Ah（例(li)(li)(li)如360V,即(ji)串聯12V100Ah30只(zhi)）的(de)(de)(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)(wei)例(li)(li)(li)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)要(yao)持(chi)續8個(ge)多(duo)小時。相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)和安裝成本相(xiang)對比較低。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車家用(yong)(yong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設施(shi)（車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)）和小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站多(duo)采用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)。車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)轎(jiao)車的(de)(de)(de)一種最(zui)基本的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)（如圖(tu)2）。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)標準配置(zhi)固(gu)定在車上(shang)(shang)或(huo)放(fang)在后備(bei)箱里。由(you)于(yu)(yu)只(zhi)需將車載充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)插(cha)頭插(cha)到停車場或(huo)家中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源插(cha)座上(shang)(shang)即(ji)可進行(xing)(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因(yin)此充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)一般由(you)客戶自己獨(du)立完成。直(zhi)接從低壓(ya)照明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路取電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)較小，由(you)220V/16A規格的(de)(de)(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。典型的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)為(wei)(wei)8～10h（SOC達(da)到95%以(yi)上(shang)(shang)）。這(zhe)種充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式(shi)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)沒有(you)(you)特殊要(yao)求，只(zhi)要(yao)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)滿足照明(ming)(ming)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)質(zhi)量就能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)使用(yong)(yong)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)在家中充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)通常是(shi)晚(wan)上(shang)(shang)或(huo)者是(shi)在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷期(qi)，有(you)(you)利于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效利用(yong)(yong)，因(yin)此電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力部門一般會給(gei)予(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車用(yong)(yong)戶一些(xie)優惠，例(li)(li)(li)如電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)低谷期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)打折。

小型充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的一(yi)種最重要的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)（如圖3），充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機設置(zhi)在街邊、超市(shi)、辦公樓、停車場等處。采用常規充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車駕駛(shi)員只需(xu)將(jiang)車停靠在充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)指定的位置(zhi)上，接上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)即(ji)可開始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。計費方式(shi)是投幣或(huo)刷卡，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率一(yi)般(ban)在5～10kW,采用三相四線(xian)制(zhi)380V供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)單相220V供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其(qi)典型的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間是：補電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1～2h,充(chong)(chong)(chong)滿5～8h（SOC達到(dao)95%以上）。

2.2 快速充電方式

該充(chong)電方式以150～400A的(de)高充(chong)電電流在短時間(jian)內為蓄(xu)電池充(chong)電，與前(qian)者相比安裝成本(ben)相對較高。

快(kuai)速(su)充電(dian)(dian)也可稱為迅速(su)充電(dian)(dian)或應急充電(dian)(dian)，其目的(de)是在短(duan)時間內給電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充滿電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)時間應該(gai)與燃油車的(de)加油時間接近(jin)。大型充電(dian)(dian)站（機(ji)）多采用(yong)這種(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)。

大型充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站（機(ji)）—快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)（如圖(tu)4）主要(yao)針對(dui)長距離旅(lv)行(xing)或(huo)需(xu)要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)快速補充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)情況進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功率(lv)很大，一般都大于(yu)30kW,采用三相四線(xian)制380V供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。其典型的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間是(shi)：10～30min。這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽(shou)命有一定(ding)的(de)(de)影響，特(te)別是(shi)普通蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)能(neng)進(jin)行(xing)快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因為在短時間內接受(shou)大量的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量會導致蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池過熱。快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)是(shi)非車載快速充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)組件，它能(neng)夠輸出35kW甚至更高(gao)的(de)(de)功率(lv)。由于(yu)功率(lv)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)額定(ding)值都很高(gao)，因此(ci)這(zhe)種(zhong)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網有較高(gao)的(de)(de)要(yao)求，一般應(ying)靠近10kV變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站附近或(huo)在監(jian)測站和(he)服務中心中使用。

2.3 無線充電方式

電(dian)動汽(qi)車(che)無線充電(dian)方式是近(jin)幾年國(guo)外的(de)研(yan)究成果，其原理就像在(zai)車(che)里使用(yong)的(de)移動電(dian)話———將電(dian)能轉換成一種符合現行技術標準要(yao)求的(de)特殊的(de)激光或微波束，在(zai)汽(qi)車(che)頂上安裝一個專用(yong)天線接收(shou)即可。

有(you)了無線充(chong)電(dian)技術(shu)，公路上行駛的(de)電(dian)動汽(qi)車或雙能源汽(qi)車可(ke)通過安裝(zhuang)在電(dian)線桿或其它高(gao)層建(jian)筑上的(de)發射器(qi)快(kuai)速(su)補(bu)充(chong)電(dian)能。電(dian)費將從(cong)汽(qi)車上安裝(zhuang)的(de)預(yu)付卡中扣除。

2.4 更換電池充電方式

除(chu)了以(yi)(yi)上(shang)幾種充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式(shi)(shi)外，還可以(yi)(yi)采用(yong)(yong)更換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)方式(shi)(shi)，即在(zai)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量耗(hao)盡(jin)時，用(yong)(yong)充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組更換(huan)(huan)已(yi)經耗(hao)盡(jin)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組。蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)歸服務站或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)廠(chang)商(shang)所有，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)用(yong)(yong)戶只需租用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)。更換(huan)(huan)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)工作原理如圖5所示，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)用(yong)(yong)戶把(ba)車(che)停在(zai)一個特定的(de)區域，然后用(yong)(yong)更換(huan)(huan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組的(de)機器將耗(hao)盡(jin)的(de)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)取下，換(huan)(huan)上(shang)已(yi)充(chong)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組。對于更換(huan)(huan)下來的(de)未充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)服務站充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，也可以(yi)(yi)集中收集起來以(yi)(yi)后再充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。由于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)更換(huan)(huan)過程包括機械更換(huan)(huan)和(he)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，因此(ci)有時也稱它為機械“加油”。

或機械充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池更換站(zhan)同時(shi)具備(bei)正常充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)優點，也就是說可以用(yong)(yong)低谷(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)給蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，同時(shi)又能在很(hen)短的(de)時(shi)間內完(wan)成(cheng)“加油(you)”過(guo)程。通過(guo)使用(yong)(yong)機械設備(bei)，整(zheng)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)池更換過(guo)程可以在10min內完(wan)成(cheng)，與現有的(de)燃油(you)車加油(you)時(shi)間大(da)致相當(dang)。

不過，這種方法還存在(zai)不少問(wen)題(ti)有待解決(jue)。首先，這種電(dian)池更換(huan)系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)初始(shi)成本(ben)很(hen)(hen)高，其中包括(kuo)昂(ang)貴的(de)(de)機械裝(zhuang)置和(he)大(da)量的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)池。其次，由于存放大(da)量未充電(dian)和(he)已充電(dian)的(de)(de)蓄電(dian)池需要很(hen)(hen)多空間(jian)(jian)，因此修(xiu)建(jian)一個(ge)蓄電(dian)池更換(huan)站所需空間(jian)(jian)遠(yuan)大(da)于修(xiu)建(jian)一個(ge)正常充電(dian)站或快速(su)充電(dian)站所需的(de)(de)空間(jian)(jian)。還有，在(zai)蓄電(dian)池自動更換(huan)系統(tong)(tong)得到(dao)應用之前，需要對蓄電(dian)池的(de)(de)物理尺寸(cun)和(he)電(dian)氣參數制定(ding)統(tong)(tong)一的(de)(de)標準(zhun)。

2.5 移動式充電方式

對電(dian)動汽車蓄電(dian)池而(er)言，最理想的情況是(shi)汽車在(zai)路上巡航時充(chong)電(dian)，即所(suo)謂(wei)的移動式充(chong)電(dian)（MAC）。

這樣，電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)用戶(hu)就(jiu)沒有必要(yao)去尋找充電(dian)站、停放(fang)車(che)輛并花費(fei)時(shi)間(jian)去充電(dian)了(le)。MAC系統(tong)埋設在一段路(lu)面之下(xia)，即充電(dian)區(qu)，不需(xu)要(yao)額(e)外的空間(jian)。

接觸(chu)式(shi)和感(gan)應式(shi)的MAC系統(tong)都可實施。對(dui)接觸(chu)式(shi)的MAC系統(tong)而言，需(xu)要在(zai)車(che)體的底部裝一個接觸(chu)拱，通(tong)過與嵌(qian)在(zai)路面上的充(chong)電(dian)元件(jian)相接觸(chu)，接觸(chu)拱便可獲得(de)瞬時高電(dian)流(liu)。當電(dian)動汽車(che)巡航通(tong)過MAC區時，其充(chong)電(dian)過程(cheng)為(wei)脈沖充(chong)電(dian)。對(dui)于感(gan)應式(shi)的MAC系統(tong)，車(che)載式(shi)接觸(chu)拱由(you)感(gan)應線圈所(suo)取(qu)代(dai)，嵌(qian)在(zai)路面上的充(chong)電(dian)元件(jian)由(you)可產(chan)生(sheng)強(qiang)磁場的高電(dian)流(liu)繞(rao)組所(suo)取(qu)代(dai)。

很明顯，由于機械(xie)損耗和(he)接(jie)觸拱(gong)的安裝位置等因素的影響，接(jie)觸式的MAC對人們的吸(xi)引力不(bu)大。

目前的研究主要集(ji)中在(zai)感應充電方式，因(yin)為它(ta)不需(xu)要機械接觸，也不會產生大的位置誤(wu)差。當(dang)然，這(zhe)種充電方式的投資巨大，現(xian)在(zai)仍處于實(shi)驗階(jie)段。