一、電動車電池硫化原因分析

電動車是由電(dian)瓶，即蓄電(dian)池(chi)提供電(dian)能的(de)。電(dian)動車蓄電(dian)池(chi)常(chang)出(chu)現(xian)硫化現(xian)象。

1、何為硫化

蓄電池內部極(ji)(ji)板的表面上附著一層白色堅硬(ying)的結晶體，充電后依舊不能(neng)剝離極(ji)(ji)板表面轉化(hua)為活性物質的硫酸鉛，這就(jiu)是硫酸鹽化(hua)，簡稱(cheng)為“硫化(hua)”。

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2、硫化表象

電池內阻增(zeng)大，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)較未硫(liu)化前(qian)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)提前(qian)到達充(chong)電(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大越明顯。酸液密(mi)度低于正常值(zhi)。放電(dian)(dian)容(rong)量下降，放電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)越大容(rong)量下降越明顯。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時(shi)有產(chan)生氣泡，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)溫升(sheng)增(zeng)快，嚴(yan)重時(shi)可導致(zhi)充(chong)不進電(dian)(dian)。

3、硫化的生成

根(gen)據(ju)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)雙硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)化(hua)(hua)論，蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)每次放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后，正負極(ji)板的(de)不(bu)同活性物質(zhi)(zhi)均轉變為硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后各(ge)自(zi)還原(yuan)回不(bu)同的(de)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)。而經常過放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)深(shen)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、低(di)溫(wen)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、補充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)及(ji)時(shi)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)充(chong)(chong)足、酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)密(mi)度過高、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)內部缺水、長(chang)期(qi)擱(ge)置時(shi)，極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)的(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)堆積過量(liang)且在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中溶(rong)(rong)解，呈飽和(he)狀態，這些硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)微粒在(zai)(zai)溫(wen)度、酸(suan)(suan)濃度的(de)波動下，重新(xin)結晶析出在(zai)(zai)極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)。由(you)于(yu)多晶體系(xi)傾向(xiang)于(yu)減(jian)(jian)小其(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)自(zi)由(you)能(neng)的(de)結果，重組析出后的(de)結晶呈增大、增厚趨勢。由(you)于(yu)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)是難溶(rong)(rong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)(zhi)，重組后的(de)結晶體其(qi)比(bi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積減(jian)(jian)小，在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)中的(de)溶(rong)(rong)解度和(he)溶(rong)(rong)解速度降低(di)。硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)附著在(zai)(zai)極(ji)板表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)和(he)微孔中阻(zu)礙了電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)正常擴(kuo)散反映，且硫(liu)(liu)(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉛(qian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)導不(bu)良阻(zu)值大，致使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)正常的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中歐姆極(ji)化(hua)(hua)、濃差極(ji)化(hua)(hua)增大，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)受率降低(di)，在(zai)(zai)活性物質(zhi)(zhi)尚未充(chong)(chong)分(fen)轉化(hua)(hua)時(shi)已達極(ji)化(hua)(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓產生水分(fen)解，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)迅速升溫(wen)使(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)能(neng)繼續(xu)下去進而活性物質(zhi)(zhi)轉化(hua)(hua)不(bu)完(wan)全，因(yin)而成為容量(liang)降低(di)和(he)壽命縮(suo)短的(de)原(yuan)因(yin)。

4、如何防止電池產生硫化

每次(ci)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后及時補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)且要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，尤其是大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后一(yi)定要(yao)及時補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。在小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時盡量(liang)控制放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)深度，小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)深放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生的硫(liu)酸鉛過于致密(mi)，放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采取小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)長時間。對(dui)于低溫大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，要(yao)采取多充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)百分之三(san)十來恢復容量(liang)。長期擱置的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池,要(yao)先充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后再(zai)擱置，在擱置每兩個月適當補充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)次(ci)。

二、電動車電瓶硫化之后如何修復

1、水療法

對已硫化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，可(ke)以先(xian)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，倒(dao)出原電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)并注入密度在1.10g/cm3以下較稀電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)，即(ji)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中加水稀釋電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)，以提高(gao)硫酸(suan)鉛的(de)溶解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)度。采用20h率以下的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，在液(ye)(ye)溫不超過20℃～40℃的(de)范圍內較長時間充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，最后在充足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下用稍高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)液(ye)(ye)密度至標(biao)準溶液(ye)(ye)濃度，一般硫化現象可(ke)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)除，容量恢復至80%以上可(ke)認為修復成功。

此法機理，用降低酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)密度提高硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鹽的(de)溶(rong)度積，采(cai)取小(xiao)電流長時間充電以降低歐姆極化延緩水分解(jie)電壓的(de)提早出現，最終(zhong)使硫(liu)化現象在溶(rong)解(jie)和(he)轉化為活性物(wu)質(zhi)中逐漸減輕或消(xiao)除。

此法特點對于加水(shui)蓄電(dian)池比較適用，對于硫化嚴重(zhong)現(xian)象亦可反復(fu)處(chu)理，無(wu)須投資設備即可自行修復(fu)，缺點是(shi)過程太(tai)繁瑣對密封電(dian)池不太(tai)使(shi)用。

2、淺循環大電流充電法

對已硫化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，采用(yong)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流5h率以內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至稍過充狀態控(kong)制液溫不(bu)超過40度(du)為(wei)宜，然后放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)30%，如此反復數次(ci)可減輕和消除硫化(hua)現象。

此法機理，用過充電析出(chu)氣體對極板(ban)表(biao)面輕微(wei)硫化鹽沖刷，使其脫(tuo)附溶解(jie)并轉化為活性物質。

此法(fa)特(te)點，對(dui)于輕微硫(liu)化可(ke)明(ming)顯修復。但(dan)對(dui)老電池不(bu)適(shi)用，因為在析出氣體沖刷(shua)硫(liu)酸鹽的同時也對(dui)正極板的活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)產生強烈沖刷(shua)，使活性(xing)物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)變(bian)軟甚至(zhi)脫落。

3、化學修復法

對已硫(liu)化電(dian)池(chi)，倒掉原電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)(ye)，加(jia)入純(chun)水(shui)與硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鈉、硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)鉀、酒石酸(suan)(suan)等物質混合液(ye)(ye)(ye)，采(cai)取正常充放電(dian)幾次，然后倒出純(chun)水(shui)加(jia)入稍高密度酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)(ye)(ye)調整電(dian)池(chi)內酸(suan)(suan)液(ye)(ye)(ye)至(zhi)標準(zhun)液(ye)(ye)(ye)濃度，容量恢復至(zhi)80%以上可認為(wei)修復成功。

此(ci)法機理，加(jia)入的這些硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽配(pei)位摻雜劑，可(ke)與很(hen)多(duo)金(jin)屬離子，包括硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)鹽形成(cheng)配(pei)位化(hua)(hua)合物。形成(cheng)的化(hua)(hua)合物在酸(suan)性介(jie)質中(zhong)是不(bu)穩定的，不(bu)導電的硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)層將逐(zhu)步溶解(jie)返回到溶液中(zhong)，使極(ji)板硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)脫附溶解(jie)。

此法特點(dian)，修(xiu)復效率和(he)功效高于前兩種修(xiu)復方(fang)法，缺點(dian)太繁(fan)瑣。

4、脈沖修復

對于硫化電(dian)池(chi)，可用一些專(zhuan)用的脈沖(chong)修復儀對電(dian)池(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)數次來消除(chu)硫化。

此(ci)法機理(li)(li)，從(cong)固體(ti)(ti)物理(li)(li)上來講，任(ren)何絕(jue)(jue)緣層在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)足(zu)夠(gou)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下(xia)都可以擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)。一(yi)旦絕(jue)(jue)緣層被擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)，就(jiu)(jiu)會由絕(jue)(jue)緣狀態(tai)(tai)轉(zhuan)變為(wei)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態(tai)(tai)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導差阻值(zhi)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層施加瞬間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，就(jiu)(jiu)可以擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結(jie)晶(jing)。如(ru)(ru)果(guo)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)足(zu)夠(gou)短(duan)，并(bing)且進行限流，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)打(da)穿(chuan)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)情形(xing)下(xia)，控制充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流適(shi)當，就(jiu)(jiu)不(bu)(bu)會引(yin)起(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)析(xi)氣。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)析(xi)氣量取決于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)以及充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)寬(kuan)度足(zu)夠(gou)短(duan)，占空比(bi)(bi)(bi)夠(gou)大，就(jiu)(jiu)可以在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)證擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)粗大硫(liu)酸(suan)鉛結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下(xia)，同時發生的(de)(de)(de)(de)微充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來不(bu)(bu)及形(xing)成析(xi)氣，如(ru)(ru)果(guo)含有(you)(you)負脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)去極(ji)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，就(jiu)(jiu)更能保(bao)(bao)證在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)擊(ji)(ji)穿(chuan)硫(liu)酸(suan)鹽層時極(ji)板的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣體(ti)(ti)析(xi)出(chu)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣就(jiu)(jiu)實(shi)現了(le)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)消除硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。從(cong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)物理(li)(li)學(xue)來說，硫(liu)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)具有(you)(you)5個(ge)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)能級狀態(tai)(tai)，處于(yu)(yu)亞穩定(ding)能級狀態(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)離子(zi)(zi)(zi)趨向于(yu)(yu)遷(qian)落到穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價健能級存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共(gong)價鍵能級狀態(tai)(tai)，硫(liu)以包含8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形(xing)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)形(xing)式(shi)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)8個(ge)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)形(xing)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)模式(shi)是(shi)一(yi)種穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)組合，難以躍(yue)變和被打(da)碎，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)現象就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)種穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能級。要打(da)碎這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)些硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構，就(jiu)(jiu)要給環(huan)(huan)形(xing)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)(zi)提供一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量，促(cu)使外(wai)層原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)加帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)被激活(huo)到下(xia)一(yi)個(ge)高能帶，使原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)之間(jian)解(jie)除束縛。每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)特(te)(te)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能級都有(you)(you)唯一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)諧振(zhen)頻率，諧振(zhen)頻率以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能量過高會使躍(yue)遷(qian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)處于(yu)(yu)不(bu)(bu)穩定(ding)狀態(tai)(tai)，過低(di)能量不(bu)(bu)足(zu)以使原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)脫離原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)束縛，這(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)樣脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)修復儀在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)頻率多(duo)次變換中只要有(you)(you)一(yi)次與硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產生諧振(zhen)，就(jiu)(jiu)能使硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為(wei)溶解(jie)于(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)(de)自由離子(zi)(zi)(zi)，重新(xin)參(can)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反(fan)應，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)特(te)(te)定(ding)條(tiao)件下(xia)轉(zhuan)換回(hui)活(huo)性物質(zhi)。此(ci)法特(te)(te)點，效果(guo)好操作方便。但需(xu)要有(you)(you)專(zhuan)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)，個(ge)人(ren)用(yong)戶都不(bu)(bu)具備(bei)，需(xu)要購買。市場(chang)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)修復充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)參(can)差不(bu)(bu)齊，很多(duo)脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)甚至是(shi)專(zhuan)用(yong)修復儀的(de)(de)(de)(de)脈(mo)(mo)寬(kuan)比(bi)(bi)(bi)、占空比(bi)(bi)(bi)、負脈(mo)(mo)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)設計(ji)得并(bing)不(bu)(bu)合理(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)能起(qi)到去硫(liu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。

大(da)(da)容量鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)（以下簡稱“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)”）是(shi)基(ji)站電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)保障。在國內出現“電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荒”的(de)(de)(de)時候(hou)，后備(bei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性顯得格外重(zhong)要(yao)。在長三(san)角和珠三(san)角地區，每周內停三(san)供(gong)四的(de)(de)(de)時間很多(duo)(duo)，甚至出現聽四供(gong)三(san)更加嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)局面。多(duo)(duo)數處于(yu)野外的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)站，其供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)難(nan)以保證都是(shi)采用(yong)一、二類電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)，這樣，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)可靠性問(wen)題尤其嚴重(zhong)。 雖(sui)然目前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)科學技(ji)術飛速發(fa)展，近(jin)(jin)年(nian)鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展也(ye)(ye)比較快(kuai)，基(ji)本上(shang)以大(da)(da)型(xing)閥(fa)控(kong)密(mi)封式鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)代替了防算酸(suan)隔爆(bao)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。就是(shi)大(da)(da)型(xing)閥(fa)控(kong)密(mi)封式鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)近(jin)(jin)些年(nian)也(ye)(ye)在發(fa)展。但是(shi)大(da)(da)容量的(de)(de)(de)固定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)還是(shi)以鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)為(wei)唯(wei)一的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇。如(ru)何延(yan)長鉛(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正常使(shi)用(yong)壽命，一直是(shi)業(ye)內人(ren)士(shi)探討的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)問(wen)題。

相同(tong)的(de)(de)電池(chi)，在(zai)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)設備條(tiao)(tiao)件、不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)使(shi)用條(tiao)(tiao)件和不(bu)(bu)同(tong)維(wei)護條(tiao)(tiao)件下使(shi)用壽命相差(cha)很大。這(zhe)就需要(yao)在(zai)設備條(tiao)(tiao)件、使(shi)用條(tiao)(tiao)件和維(wei)護條(tiao)(tiao)件上尋找(zhao)其差(cha)異(yi)。而(er)電池(chi)失(shi)效(xiao)的(de)(de)的(de)(de)幾個(ge)主要(yao)現象是：

a、正極板軟化；

b、正極板板柵腐(fu)蝕(shi)；

c、負極(ji)板硫化；

d、失水；

e、少數電池出現熱失控（包括電池鼓脹）