什么是充電電池

充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，是(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)(shu)有(you)限的(de)可充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，配合充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器使(shi)用(yong)。市場上一(yi)般(ban)賣5號(hao)(hao)(hao)、7號(hao)(hao)(hao)，但是(shi)也有(you)1號(hao)(hao)(hao)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)好處是(shi)經濟、環保、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量足、適合大功率、長時間使(shi)用(yong)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(如隨(sui)身聽、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)玩具(ju)等)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓比(bi)型號(hao)(hao)(hao)相同的(de)一(yi)次(ci)性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)低，AA電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(5號(hao)(hao)(hao)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian))是(shi)1.2伏(fu)，9V充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)實際上是(shi) 8.4伏(fu)。現在一(yi)般(ban)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)次(ci)數(shu)(shu)能在1000次(ci)左右。目前只有(you)五種：鎳(nie)鎘、鎳(nie)氫、鋰離(li)子、鉛蓄、鐵鋰。

種類

鎳鎘電池（Ni-Cd）

電壓：1.2V 充電電池 使(shi)用壽命為：500次(ci) 放電溫度為：-20度～60度 充電溫度為：0度～45度

鎳氫電池（Ni-MH）

電壓：1.2V 使(shi)用壽命為：1000次 放電溫度(du)為：-10度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫度(du)為：10度(du)～45度(du)

備注(zhu)：目前國產5號(hao)電池最高容量是2500mAh左右(you)。

鋰離子電池（Li-lon）

電(dian)(dian)壓：3.6V 使用壽命(ming)為(wei)：500次 放電(dian)(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)：-20度(du)～60度(du) 充(chong)電(dian)(dian)溫度(du)為(wei)：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注(zhu)：重量比鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池輕30%～40%，容量高出鎳(nie)氫電(dian)池60%以(yi)上。但是不耐過充，如果過充會造成溫度過高而破壞(huai)結(jie)構(gou)=>爆炸(zha)。

鋰聚合物電池（Li-polymer）

電壓：3.7V 使用壽(shou)命為(wei)：500次(ci) 充(chong)電電池(chi) 放電溫度為(wei)：-20度～60度 充(chong)電溫度為(wei)：0度～45度

備注：鋰電(dian)的改良型，沒(mei)有電(dian)池液，而改用聚合(he)物電(dian)解(jie)質，可以做(zuo)成各種形狀，比(bi)鋰電(dian)池穩(wen)定。

鉛酸電池（Sealed）

電壓：2V 使(shi)用壽命為：200～300次 放電溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du) 充電溫(wen)(wen)度(du)為：0度(du)～45度(du)

備注：就是(shi)一般車用(yong)電(dian)瓶（它是(shi)以6個2V串(chuan)聯成12V的），免(mian)加水(shui)的電(dian)池(chi)使用(yong)壽命長達10年，但體(ti)積和(he)容量是(shi)最(zui)大的。

特征

鎳鎘： 有記憶效(xiao)應 容量小

鎳氫： 記憶效應(ying)小 容量大

鋰(li)離子(zi)： 無記憶效(xiao)應 身薄 容量(liang)大，因電極(ji)材料不同，電動勢為(wei)3.6V、3.7V兩種(zhong)。鋰(li)電池的性能(neng)是(shi)現(xian)有各類電池中(zhong)最(zui)好的一種(zhong)，體積小(xiao)、重(zhong)量(liang)輕、容量(liang)大。廣(guang)泛(fan)用(yong)于(yu)數碼相(xiang)機、筆記本電腦、移動電話等電子(zi)產品中(zhong)。

鉛蓄(xu)：電(dian)動(dong)勢約為2V，鉛蓄(xu)電(dian)池可(ke)以反復充(chong)電(dian)使用，電(dian)解液(ye)(ye)是(shi)硫酸溶液(ye)(ye)，內阻很(hen)小，廣泛用于汽車、摩托車中(zhong)。

鐵(tie)鋰：電力更足，更安全，也更輕，未(wei)來(lai)電動車(che)的主要發展方向。一(yi)般,同種類型的充電電池,容量越大(da)(da)，體(ti)積越大(da)(da)，重量也較(jiao)大(da)(da)。

名詞解釋

充電率(C-rate)

C是Capacity的(de)(de)第一個字母，用來表示電(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時電(dian)(dian)流的(de)(de)大小(xiao)數值。例如：充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)額定容量為(wei)1100mAh時，即(ji)表示以1100mAh（1C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)1小(xiao)時，如以200mA（0.2C）放(fang)電(dian)(dian)時間可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)5小(xiao)時，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)也(ye)可(ke)按此對照計(ji)算。

終止電(dian)壓（Cut-off discharge voltage）

指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)下降到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)宜(yi)再繼續(xu)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最低工作電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值。根(gen)據(ju)不(bu)同的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)類(lei)型及不(bu)同的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)也不(bu)相同。規定終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)放(fang)(fang)一般都要隨放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流的(de)增大而(er)減少。以1.2V、800mah鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)為(wei)例，采(cai)取40ma（20小(xiao)時率）的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流它的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)一般設(she)定在1.15v；采(cai)取80ma（10小(xiao)時率）的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流則它的(de)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)就要設(she)定在1.10v了。

開路電壓(ya)（Open circuit voltage OCV）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池不(bu)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池兩極之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位差被稱(cheng)為開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，會依電(dian)(dian)(dian)池正、負極與電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)材(cai)料(liao)而異，如果(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池正、負極的(de)材(cai)料(liao)完全一(yi)樣，那么不(bu)管電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)體積有多大，幾(ji)何(he)結構如何(he)變化，起(qi)開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓都一(yi)樣的(de)。

放電(dian)深度（Depth of discharge DOD）

在(zai)電(dian)池使(shi)用過程(cheng)中，電(dian)池放出的容(rong)量占其額定容(rong)量的百(bai)分(fen)比，稱為(wei)放電(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)。放電(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)的高低和二次電(dian)池的充電(dian)壽(shou)命有很深(shen)(shen)(shen)的關系，當二次電(dian)池的放電(dian)深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)越(yue)深(shen)(shen)(shen)，其充電(dian)壽(shou)命就越(yue)短，因(yin)此在(zai)使(shi)用時應(ying)盡量避免深(shen)(shen)(shen)度(du)放電(dian)。

過放電（Over discharge）

電(dian)(dian)池若是在放電(dian)(dian)過程中，超過電(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)的(de)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值(zhi)，還繼續放電(dian)(dian)時就可(ke)能會(hui)造成電(dian)(dian)池內壓(ya)升(sheng)高，正、負極(ji)活性(xing)物質的(de)可(ke)逆性(xing)遭到損(sun)壞，使電(dian)(dian)池的(de)容量產生明顯減少。

過度充電 （Over charge）

在充(chong)電(dian)過程中(zhong)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)會(hui)(hui)隨(sui)著儲(chu)(chu)存電(dian)量(liang)的(de)增加(jia)而逐漸(jian)上(shang)(shang)升,當電(dian)池(chi)儲(chu)(chu)存的(de)電(dian)量(liang)達到飽(bao)和電(dian)極材料無法繼續(xu)充(chong)電(dian)時,若(ruo)繼續(xu)充(chong)電(dian)則電(dian)解(jie)液會(hui)(hui)起電(dian)解(jie),并(bing)且在陽極產生(sheng)氧氣,在陰極產生(sheng)氫氣,如此會(hui)(hui)在密封的(de)電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部造成(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)部壓(ya)力上(shang)(shang)升,會(hui)(hui)對(dui)電(dian)池(chi)內(nei)部結(jie)構造成(cheng)(cheng)破壞(huai).像這(zhe)種現象稱(cheng)之(zhi)為過度充(chong)電(dian).

為了避(bi)免過度(du)(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)遭毀損,通常將(jiang)(jiang)陰(yin)極(ji)之(zhi)容(rong)量制(zhi)作得(de)(de)比陽極(ji)容(rong)量大,如此當過度(du)(du)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時陽極(ji)會(hui)先達到(dao)飽(bao)和(he)并產(chan)(chan)生氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi),而(er)陰(yin)極(ji)卻未飽(bao)和(he)而(er)不會(hui)產(chan)(chan)生氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi),陽極(ji)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)擴(kuo)散到(dao)陰(yin)極(ji)之(zhi)后會(hui)與(yu)(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬鎘起化(hua)學反(fan)應吸收掉氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi),且此反(fan)應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)與(yu)(yu)金屬鎘產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)度(du)(du)平(ping)衡(heng),因此可以有效地避(bi)免電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)力(li)上升.但是若充(chong)(chong)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)過大(使(shi)(shi)用快充(chong)(chong)時)就會(hui)失去(qu)平(ping)衡(heng),電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內壓(ya)過大會(hui)將(jiang)(jiang)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)閥推開,氫(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)會(hui)泄(xie)漏(lou)到(dao)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)外部,直到(dao)壓(ya)力(li)降(jiang)低安(an)全(quan)閥關(guan)閉電(dian)池(chi)(chi)才又(you)再(zai)密封(feng)起來.但是氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)泄(xie)漏(lou)已(yi)使(shi)(shi)得(de)(de)內部化(hua)學材料減少,造(zao)成(cheng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)壽(shou)命的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縮短。

能量(liang)密度(du)（Energy density）

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平均(jun)單(dan)位體(ti)積(ji)或質(zhi)量所釋(shi)放(fang)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)。一般在(zai)相同體(ti)積(ji)下(xia)，鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量密度是鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)2.5倍，是鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)1.8倍，因此(ci)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量相等的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)，鋰離(li)子電(dian)(dian)池(chi)就會比鎳鎘、鎳氫(qing)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)積(ji)更小(xiao)，重量更輕。

自我放電（Self discharge）

電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)不(bu)管在有無被使用的狀(zhuang)態(tai)下，由于(yu)各種原因，都(dou)會引起(qi)其電(dian)(dian)(dian)量損失的現象。若是以一(yi)個月為(wei)單位(wei)來計(ji)算的話(hua)，鋰(li)離(li)子電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自我(wo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)約是1%-2%、鎳氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)自我(wo)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)約3%-5%。

充電循環壽命（Cycle life）

充電(dian)電(dian)池在反復充放電(dian)使用下，電(dian)池容量(liang)回逐漸下降到初期(qi)容量(liang)的60%-80%。

記憶效應（Memory effect）

在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中，會在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板上產生許多小氣(qi)泡，時間(jian)一久，這(zhe)些(xie)氣(qi)泡會減少(shao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)極(ji)板的面(mian)積，也(ye)間(jian)接影響電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的容量。

中國電池發展前景

中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)口有大(da)幅增長，但同時歐盟綠色壁壘、中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)出(chu)口退稅制度取消、原(yuan)材料上漲、國(guo)外企業(ye)(ye)壟斷(duan)高端市場等(deng)問題制約著中(zhong)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)行業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)。中(zhong)國(guo)已(yi)成(cheng)為全(quan)球最大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)生產國(guo)和(he)(he)最大(da)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)消耗國(guo)，但產品更新(xin)換代不(bu)及時，生產自動化、機械(xie)化程度不(bu)高，為了(le)適應世界(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)的(de)(de)趨勢，中(zhong)國(guo)必(bi)須致力(li)于太陽(yang)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)(he)燃料電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)新(xin)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)研(yan)發，大(da)力(li)發展(zhan)高新(xin)技術的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)產品。

電池業是中國的重點產業之一，有著良好發展前景。二十一世紀的電池具有大容量、高功率、長壽命、無污染、安全可靠輕便的特點，是高科技、高產出、高利潤、高創匯產品。隨著信息時代的到來，資訊產業蓬勃發展，在邁入電子、資訊、通訊的“3C”時代后，電子產品朝著“短、小、輕、薄”的趨勢發展，作為電子產品不可或缺的電池，其重要性也越來越顯著。