船舶(bo)基礎知識:造船業(ye)的噸位和排水量
為表(biao)示(shi)船舶(bo)的大小,除用船長、船寬等尺度(du)以外,通常用噸(dun)(dun)位。船舶(bo)噸(dun)(dun)位種(zhong)(zhong)類繁雜又易(yi)混(hun)淆(xiao),主要有四種(zhong)(zhong):①表(biao)示(shi)船舶(bo)的重量(liang)(liang)(liang),排水量(liang)(liang)(liang)噸(dun)(dun);②表(biao)示(shi)船舶(bo)的容積,用總(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(GT)或凈噸(dun)(dun)(NT)表(biao)示(shi);③表(biao)示(shi)裝(zhuang)載貨物的重量(liang)(liang)(liang),用載重噸(dun)(dun)(DWT)表(biao)示(shi);④表(biao)示(shi)船舶(bo)建造工作量(liang)(liang)(liang),用修正總(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(CGT)表(biao)示(shi)。
排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)噸(dun)(dun):船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)浮在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面上(shang)時,排開水(shui)(shui)(shui)的重量(liang)(liang)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)浮力,也(ye)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)本身的重量(liang)(liang)。因此,排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)噸(dun)(dun)也(ye)就(jiu)等(deng)于(yu)(yu)船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)的重量(liang)(liang)。排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)噸(dun)(dun)在(zai)軍用(yong)(yong)艦艇上(shang)廣泛(fan)應用(yong)(yong),但在(zai)民船(chuan)上(shang)除待拆船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)用(yong)(yong)空載排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)噸(dun)(dun)(即輕噸(dun)(dun),LDT) 作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為買賣(mai)廢船(chuan)的尺度外,很(hen)少(shao)實際用(yong)(yong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)新船(chuan)度量(liang)(liang)單位(wei)。只是(shi)在(zai)中國,對于(yu)(yu)非(fei)貨運(yun)船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)類的拖船(chuan)、漁船(chuan)、工程船(chuan)等(deng),往(wang)往(wang)使用(yong)(yong)滿載排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)噸(dun)(dun)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)為表示船(chuan)舶(bo)(bo)大小的單位(wei)。
載(zai)(zai)重噸(dun)(DWT):是貨船可用于裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)貨物的最(zui)大營運噸(dun)位。一般(ban)指貨船在(zai)結(jie)構吃水(shui)(shui)(shui)或滿(man)載(zai)(zai)吃水(shui)(shui)(shui)時裝(zhuang)載(zai)(zai)的貨物、淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)、燃料潤(run)滑油、爐水(shui)(shui)(shui)、備(bei)品、供應品及人(ren)員(yuan)、行李(li)等噸(dun)位之和(he)(空載(zai)(zai)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量+載(zai)(zai)重噸(dun)=滿(man)載(zai)(zai)排水(shui)(shui)(shui)量噸(dun))。
總噸(dun)(GT):是國(guo)際(ji)通(tong)行的(de)(de)船(chuan)舶計量單位(wei)之一,是登記噸(dun)位(wei)的(de)(de)一種,主要用來衡量民用船(chuan)舶的(de)(de)大小(xiao)(容(rong)積(ji)(ji))。總噸(dun)是指(zhi)各航海國(guo)家按照《國(guo)際(ji)船(chuan)舶噸(dun)位(wei)丈(zhang)(zhang)量公約(yue)》(1982年7月18日起(qi)實行)制定的(de)(de)丈(zhang)(zhang)量規范丈(zhang)(zhang)量的(de)(de)船(chuan)舶圍蔽處所的(de)(de)容(rong)積(ji)(ji)噸(dun)。
修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)(CGT):是國際(ji)通行(xing)的(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)計量(liang)(liang)單位(wei)之一。在船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)基礎上(shang)考慮船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)復雜(za)度(du)(du)而計算出的(de)(de)船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)度(du)(du)量(liang)(liang)單位(wei),計算方法為:修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)GT=GT×C,其中為GT總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)數(shu)(shu),C為修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)。中國民用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋼質船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)按船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)行(xing)業標準(zhun)《民用(yong)(yong)(yong)船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)噸(dun)計算》標準(zhun)號為CB/T3484-2005確(que)(que)定。目前國際(ji)上(shang)均(jun)按0ECD造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)組1994年(nian)1月(yue)制定的(de)(de)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)表(biao)選用(yong)(yong)(yong)。修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)不(bu)僅(jin)比(bi)(bi)載重(zhong)噸(dun)、總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)更能(neng)正(zheng)確(que)(que)反(fan)(fan)映造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)(liang)大小,同時(shi)還在一定程(cheng)度(du)(du)上(shang)反(fan)(fan)映船(chuan)(chuan)價高低和(he)產(chan)值大小。因而,能(neng)比(bi)(bi)較正(zheng)確(que)(que)地用(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)表(biao)示造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)產(chan)量(liang)(liang)、造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)量(liang)(liang)(新接船(chuan)(chuan)舶(bo)訂(ding)單量(liang)(liang)和(he)手持訂(ding)單量(liang)(liang))和(he)造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)能(neng)力。特別是在產(chan)品結構差異很大的(de)(de)國家之間和(he)企業之間進(jin)行(xing)比(bi)(bi)較,用(yong)(yong)(yong)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)正(zheng)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)作(zuo)(zuo)為統(tong)計單位(wei)比(bi)(bi)載重(zhong)噸(dun)、總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)要準(zhun)確(que)(que)得(de)多(duo)。
中(zhong)國主要(yao)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(DWT)和排(pai)水量噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun),而(er)國際(ji)上采(cai)用(yong)(yong)較(jiao)多(duo)是總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(GT)、修正(zheng)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(CGT)。國際(ji)造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)業,包括造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)企業、船(chuan)(chuan)級(ji)社、咨詢研究(jiu)機(ji)構(gou)和國際(ji)造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)組(zu)織(如經(jing)濟合作與(yu)發展組(zu)織(OECD)造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作組(zu)),在船(chuan)(chuan)舶生(sheng)產總(zong)(zong)量的統(tong)計中(zhong),較(jiao)少使用(yong)(yong)載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。只有一(yi)些大型常規貨船(chuan)(chuan)的造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)公(gong)司為顯示其(qi)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)位(wei)大而(er)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun);一(yi)些咨詢研究(jiu)機(ji)構(gou)在統(tong)計貨運船(chuan)(chuan)舶時也有以(yi)載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)為統(tong)計單位(wei),但是他們(men)更(geng)多(duo)地使用(yong)(yong)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)和修正(zheng)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。作為當今世界重(zhong)要(yao)的國際(ji)造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)組(zu)織OECD造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)作組(zu),在造(zao)船(chuan)(chuan)統(tong)計不(bu)使用(yong)(yong)載(zai)(zai)重(zhong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun),而(er)只使用(yong)(yong)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)和修正(zheng)總(zong)(zong)噸(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)。