一、功率表的原理是什么
功率表的核心工作(zuo)原理基(ji)于電(dian)動(dong)(dong)系(xi)測(ce)(ce)量機(ji)(ji)構(gou)。在(zai)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)系(xi)測(ce)(ce)量機(ji)(ji)構(gou)中,定(ding)圈串(chuan)聯(lian)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)路(lu)(lu),而動(dong)(dong)圈與(yu)附加(jia)電(dian)阻串(chuan)聯(lian)后并聯(lian)接(jie)(jie)入(ru)被測(ce)(ce)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)。國家標準規(gui)定(ding),在(zai)測(ce)(ce)量線路(lu)(lu)中,用一個圓加(jia)一條(tiao)水(shui)平(ping)粗實線和一條(tiao)豎直細實線來表(biao)示電(dian)壓與(yu)電(dian)流相乘的線圈。
1、直流電路的功率測量
當用于(yu)直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)測量時,通(tong)過(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流線圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流與被測電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流相等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)線圈中的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)歐姆(mu)定律確(que)定。由于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流線圈兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)降遠(yuan)小于(yu)負載(zai)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya),因此可(ke)以(yi)認(ren)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)支路(lu)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)與負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)相等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動系功(gong)率(lv)(lv)表可(ke)動部分的(de)(de)(de)偏轉角(jiao)正(zheng)比于(yu)被測負載(zai)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。
2、交流電路的功率測量
在交流(liu)電路(lu)中,功率表的工(gong)作原(yuan)理與直(zhi)流(liu)電路(lu)類(lei)似,但(dan)由于交流(liu)電的特(te)性,需要考慮電流(liu)與電壓(ya)之間的相位差。功率表可以測(ce)量出交流(liu)電路(lu)中的有(you)功功率,即實(shi)際功率,它等于電壓(ya)與電流(liu)有(you)效值的乘(cheng)積(ji)再乘(cheng)以功率因數。
二、功率表的使用方法
1、正確選擇功率表的量程
選擇(ze)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程就(jiu)是選擇(ze)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流量(liang)(liang)(liang)程和電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓量(liang)(liang)(liang)程。使(shi)用(yong)時應使(shi)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流表(biao)(biao)程不小(xiao)于(yu)負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓量(liang)(liang)(liang)程不低于(yu)負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓,而(er)不能(neng)僅從功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程來考慮。例如,兩只功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao),量(liang)(liang)(liang)程分別是ia、300v和2a、150v,由(you)計(ji)算可知(zhi)其功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程均為30ow,如果要測量(liang)(liang)(liang)一負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為220v、電(dian)(dian)(dian)流為ia的(de)(de)負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)時應逸用(yong)ia、300v的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao),而(er)2a、150v的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)雖(sui)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程也大于(yu)負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv),但(dan)是由(you)于(yu)負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高于(yu)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)所能(neng)承(cheng)受的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓150v,故不能(neng)使(shi)用(yong)。所以,在(zai)測量(liang)(liang)(liang)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)前要根據負載(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓和額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)流來選擇(ze)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)量(liang)(liang)(liang)程。
2、正確連接測量線路
電(dian)動系測量機構的(de)(de)轉動力(li)矩(ju)方向和兩線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)電(dian)流(liu)方向有(you)關,為了防止電(dian)動系功(gong)率表(biao)的(de)(de)指(zhi)針反偏,接(jie)線(xian)(xian)時(shi)功(gong)率表(biao)電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)標有(you)“·”號的(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)鈕(niu)(niu)必須接(jie)到電(dian)源的(de)(de)正極端(duan)(duan),而電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)(duan)則與負(fu)載(zai)相連,電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)以串聯形(xing)式接(jie)入電(dian)路中(zhong)。功(gong)率表(biao)電(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)標有(you)“·”號的(de)(de)端(duan)(duan)鈕(niu)(niu)可以接(jie)到電(dian)源端(duan)(duan)鈕(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)任一(yi)端(duan)(duan)上,而另(ling)一(yi)電(dian)壓端(duan)(duan)鈕(niu)(niu)則跨接(jie)到負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)(duan)。
3、正確讀數
一(yi)般安裝式(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率表(biao)(biao)為(wei)直讀單量程式(shi)(shi),表(biao)(biao)上的示數(shu)(shu)即(ji)為(wei)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率數(shu)(shu)。但(dan)便(bian)攜式(shi)(shi)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率表(biao)(biao)一(yi)般為(wei)多量程式(shi)(shi),在表(biao)(biao)的標(biao)度尺上不(bu)直接(jie)標(biao)注示數(shu)(shu),只標(biao)注分格(ge)。在選用不(bu)同的電(dian)流與電(dian)壓(ya)量程時,每(mei)一(yi)分格(ge)都可以表(biao)(biao)示不(bu)同的功(gong)(gong)(gong)率數(shu)(shu)。在讀數(shu)(shu)時,應先(xian)根據(ju)所(suo)選的電(dian)壓(ya)量程u、電(dian)流量程i以及標(biao)度尺滿量程時的格(ge)數(shu)(shu),求(qiu)出每(mei)格(ge)瓦數(shu)(shu)(又(you)稱(cheng)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率表(biao)(biao)常數(shu)(shu))c,然后再乘上指(zhi)針偏轉的格(ge)數(shu)(shu),就(jiu)可得到所(suo)測功(gong)(gong)(gong)率p。
三、功率表使用注意事項
1、功率表(biao)在使用過程中應水(shui)平(ping)放置(zhi)。
2、儀(yi)表(biao)指(zhi)針如不(bu)在零(ling)位時,可(ke)利用表(biao)蓋上零(ling)位調(diao)整器調(diao)整。
3、測量時,如遇儀表指針反向偏轉,應改變儀表面扳上的“ ”、“-”換向開關極性,切忌互(hu)換電壓接線,以免(mian)使(shi)儀表產生誤差。
4、功率表與其它指示儀表不同,指針偏轉大小只表明功率值,并不顯示儀表本身是否過栽,有時表針雖未達到滿度,只要U或I之一超過該表的量程就會損壞儀表。故在使用功率表時,通常(chang)需(xu)接入電壓(ya)表和(he)電流表進行監控。
5、功率(lv)表所(suo)(suo)測(ce)功率(lv)值包(bao)括了其本(ben)身電流(liu)線圈的(de)功率(lv)損耗(hao),所(suo)(suo)以在作準確測(ce)量時,應從測(ce)得(de)的(de)功率(lv)中減(jian)去(qu)電流(liu)線圈消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)功率(lv),才是所(suo)(suo)求(qiu)負載消(xiao)耗(hao)的(de)功率(lv)。