一、功率表的正確接線方法
在進行功率表接(jie)線時(shi),必須(xu)遵(zun)守“發電機端”的接(jie)線規(gui)則(ze)(ze)。這一規(gui)則(ze)(ze)主要(yao)強調以下幾(ji)點:
1、電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)與電(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)圈(quan)的極性必須正確連接(jie)。標有“*”或“±”號的電(dian)流(liu)端(duan)鈕應(ying)接(jie)至(zhi)電(dian)源的一端(duan),另一端(duan)應(ying)接(jie)至(zhi)負載端(duan)。電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)圈(quan)需要串聯接(jie)入電(dian)路中(zhong)。
2、電壓(ya)(ya)線圈(quan)的接(jie)線也需遵循(xun)一(yi)定的規則(ze)。標有“*”或“±”號(hao)的電壓(ya)(ya)端(duan)鈕應接(jie)到電源(yuan)同極性的端(duan)子上,另(ling)一(yi)個電壓(ya)(ya)端(duan)鈕則(ze)跨接(jie)到負載的另(ling)一(yi)端(duan)。電壓(ya)(ya)線圈(quan)并(bing)聯接(jie)入電路中(zhong)。
3、如果功(gong)率(lv)表的(de)(de)(de)接(jie)線正確,但發現功(gong)率(lv)表的(de)(de)(de)指針(zhen)反轉(zhuan),這可能是因(yin)為(wei)電(dian)流端(duan)鈕的(de)(de)(de)連接(jie)錯誤。在這種情況下,應將電(dian)流端(duan)鈕換接(jie),而不是電(dian)壓(ya)端(duan)鈕。
4、功率表有(you)兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)不同的接(jie)線(xian)方(fang)式,以滿足不同的測量需求(qiu)。以下(xia)是兩(liang)(liang)種(zhong)接(jie)線(xian)方(fang)式的示意(yi)圖(tu)和說(shuo)明:
5、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)前接(jie)(jie)方(fang)式:在這種(zhong)方(fang)式中,功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)兩端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等于負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)加上(shang)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)降。這意味(wei)著在功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)讀數(shu)中會多(duo)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)。這種(zhong)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)式適用于負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻遠比功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻大(da)得多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。在這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中,功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)等于負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)加上(shang)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu),即功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)讀數(shu)中多(duo)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)消(xiao)耗(hao)(hao)。因此,這種(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接(jie)(jie)法適用于負(fu)載電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻遠比功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻小得多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況(kuang)。
6、電(dian)壓線圈(quan)后接方式(shi)(shi):這(zhe)種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)與前接方式(shi)(shi)相反,電(dian)壓線圈(quan)的(de)連接在電(dian)流(liu)線圈(quan)之后。這(zhe)種(zhong)接線方式(shi)(shi)適用于(yu)負載(zai)電(dian)阻較(jiao)小的(de)場(chang)合,因為這(zhe)樣可(ke)以減少電(dian)壓線圈(quan)的(de)功(gong)率消耗對(dui)測(ce)量結果的(de)影響。
7、在實際(ji)測(ce)量中(zhong),被測(ce)功(gong)率一般比儀(yi)(yi)表本身(shen)(shen)損耗(hao)(hao)大得(de)多,而(er)功(gong)率表電流線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)(de)損耗(hao)(hao)通(tong)常比電壓線(xian)圈(quan)損耗(hao)(hao)小,因此(ci)為了滿足測(ce)量需(xu)求,通(tong)常會采用(yong)電壓線(xian)圈(quan)前接(jie)(jie)(jie)方(fang)式。然而(er),具體采用(yong)哪種(zhong)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)方(fang)式應(ying)根據被測(ce)功(gong)率與(yu)儀(yi)(yi)表本身(shen)(shen)損耗(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)比例來確定(ding)。在實際(ji)操作(zuo)中(zhong),應(ying)根據實際(ji)情況選擇合適的(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)方(fang)式,并遵守相應(ying)的(de)(de)規則進行正確接(jie)(jie)(jie)線(xian)。
二、功率表四個端子如何接線
功率表的接線端至少應該有四個:兩個電流端,兩個電壓端,分別在一個電流端和一個電壓端上標有“*”號或(huo)“ ”號,它們(men)稱為電(dian)(dian)流線圈(quan)和電(dian)(dian)壓線圈(quan)的“同極性端(duan)”。
按(an)國標規(gui)定:功率(lv)表的符號是在一個圓內加(jia)一(yi)(yi)條水平粗實線(表示電(dian)流線圈(quan)(quan))和一(yi)(yi)條垂直細線(表示電(dian)壓線圈(quan)(quan))。
接線規則:電流線圈端與被測負載串聯,電壓線圈端與被測負載并聯;電流端鈕的“*”端和電壓端鈕(niu)的(de)“*”端(duan)(duan)必(bi)須接在(zai)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)同(tong)一極(ji)性上;如果“x”端(duan)(duan)同(tong)是電(dian)流和電(dian)壓(ya)線圈電(dian)流的(de)流入端(duan)(duan)(在(zai)交流情況下,其(qi)相位差(cha)小于(yu)或(huo)等于(yu)90")或(huo)流出端時,功率表的指針正向(xiang)偏(pian)轉,反之,則反向(xiang)偏(pian)轉。故“*”叉(cha)稱為“發電機端”。
接線方式的選擇:在上圖所示的四種接線方式中,a和c為“電壓支路前接”,而b和d為“電壓支路后(hou)接”。它們(men)的區別(bie)是產(chan)生(sheng)方法誤差不同。一般情況下,電流線(xian)圈(quan)的功耗都比電壓線(xian)圈支路小(xiao),所以一(yi)般都采用電壓支路前(qian)接的接法。
三、功率表接線注意事項
1、量程選擇
在使用功率表(biao)前,必須根據被測負載的(de)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)和(he)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)流(liu)選(xuan)擇合適的(de)電(dian)流(liu)量(liang)程(cheng)和(he)電(dian)壓(ya)量(liang)程(cheng)。電(dian)流(liu)線圈的(de)量(liang)程(cheng)應不小(xiao)于負載電(dian)流(liu),電(dian)壓(ya)線圈的(de)量(liang)程(cheng)應不低于負載電(dian)壓(ya)。
2、接線規則
功率表(biao)接(jie)線必(bi)須(xu)遵守“發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機端(duan)(duan)(duan)”規則(ze)。這意(yi)味著功率表(biao)上標(biao)有(you)特殊標(biao)記的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流端(duan)(duan)(duan)必(bi)須(xu)接(jie)至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)一端(duan)(duan)(duan),而另一端(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)至(zhi)負載(zai)端(duan)(duan)(duan)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流線圈(quan)應串(chuan)聯接(jie)入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中,而電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓線圈(quan)則(ze)并聯接(jie)入。
3、接線方式
根據(ju)負載(zai)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)與(yu)電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)、電(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的比較,可以選(xuan)擇電(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)前(qian)接法或后接法。前(qian)接法適(shi)用于負載(zai)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)遠大于電(dian)流(liu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的情況(kuang),而后接法適(shi)用于負載(zai)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)遠小(xiao)于電(dian)壓線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)的情況(kuang)。
4、讀數方法
對于多量(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)的便(bian)攜式功(gong)率(lv)表(biao),在讀數(shu)(shu)時需要根據(ju)所(suo)選的電(dian)壓量(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)、電(dian)流量(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)以及標度尺滿量(liang)程(cheng)(cheng)時的格數(shu)(shu),計算(suan)出每(mei)格瓦數(shu)(shu),再乘以指針偏轉的格數(shu)(shu)得到(dao)所(suo)測功(gong)率(lv)。
5、三相電路測量
在(zai)三(san)(san)相(xiang)電(dian)路(lu)中(zhong),如(ru)果負載(zai)對(dui)稱,可(ke)以使用單相(xiang)功(gong)率(lv)表(biao)測量一(yi)相(xiang)功(gong)率(lv)后乘以3得(de)到總功(gong)率(lv)。對(dui)于不對(dui)稱負載(zai)或(huo)三(san)(san)相(xiang)三(san)(san)線制電(dian)路(lu),可(ke)能需要使用兩(liang)個或(huo)三(san)(san)個功(gong)率(lv)表(biao)來測量。
6、安全操作
在接(jie)線前應(ying)將功率表的電壓(ya)和電流檔(dang)位調至最小(xiao),避免誤操作造(zao)成損壞(huai)。確保(bao)插(cha)(cha)頭與(yu)插(cha)(cha)座接(jie)觸良好,避免接(jie)觸不(bu)良導致測量不(bu)準確。
7、檢查與測試
接線完成后,應檢查一遍接線是否正確,確保沒有接反或接觸不良的情況。可以適當調節功率表的(de)設置,進(jin)行(xing)測試以驗證接線的(de)正確(que)性。
8、環境因素
功率表的使用應避免強磁場和強電場的干(gan)擾,以確(que)保測量結果的準確(que)性。
9、維護與保養
定期對功(gong)率表進行(xing)校準和維護,確保其測量精(jing)度。