我們可(ke)以(yi)通過觀察詢問(wen),提供情(qing)境(jing)或(huo)材料等手段,了(le)(le)解幼(you)兒興趣和(he)需要(yao)。在墻面(mian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾中體現(xian)(xian)幼(you)兒認知(zhi)(zhi)特點,色(se)彩上以(yi)艷麗純色(se)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主;造型(xing)以(yi)稚拙、簡潔為(wei)(wei)(wei)主要(yao)表現(xian)(xian)手法;內(nei)(nei)(nei)容應以(yi)幼(you)兒熟(shu)悉東西為(wei)(wei)(wei)主。環(huan)境(jing)布置(zhi)還要(yao)注意根據各(ge)年齡(ling)班(ban)幼(you)兒不同心(xin)理特點來設(she)計墻面(mian)布置(zhi)。小(xiao)班(ban)教(jiao)室和(he)活(huo)(huo)動區(qu)宜采用(yong)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)活(huo)(huo)潑(po)、造型(xing)簡單明確畫面(mian),內(nei)(nei)(nei)容要(yao)與幼(you)兒日常生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)相結合(he),是幼(you)兒熟(shu)悉事物(wu),如“水(shui)果(guo)娃(wa)娃(wa)”、“小(xiao)貓吃飯”等,這些(xie)都利用(yong)簡單夸張(zhang)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)幫助幼(you)兒認識事物(wu)或(huo)進行生(sheng)活(huo)(huo)常規教(jiao)育(yu),中班(ban)幼(you)兒思(si)維有了(le)(le)進一步發展,墻面(mian)布置(zhi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)容可(ke)以(yi)更(geng)加(jia)豐(feng)(feng)富,可(ke)以(yi)設(she)置(zhi)一定情(qing)節,增加(jia)一些(xie)細部表現(xian)(xian),如“動物(wu)火車”、“豐(feng)(feng)收果(guo)園(yuan)”等;到了(le)(le)大(da)班(ban),幼(you)兒思(si)維更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)活(huo)(huo)躍(yue),審美(mei)能力(li)有了(le)(le)提高,知(zhi)(zhi)識面(mian)也(ye)拓(tuo)寬了(le)(le)墻面(mian)布置(zhi)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)偏重知(zhi)(zhi)識性內(nei)(nei)(nei)容,形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)也(ye)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)豐(feng)(feng)富、抽(chou)象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang),以(yi)啟迪幼(you)兒想象(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)力(li),豐(feng)(feng)富幼(you)兒知(zhi)(zhi)識,如“太空(kong)旅行”、“祖國各(ge)地”、“海(hai)底世(shi)界”等,同時還可(ke)以(yi)增加(jia)一些(xie)工藝裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾性內(nei)(nei)(nei)容,如皺紙編(bian)織、浮雕、風景畫等給幼(you)兒以(yi)美(mei)感受。
從(cong)審美(mei)觀點(dian)看,成(cheng)功裝飾并不(bu)在(zai)于(yu)(yu)各種(zhong)美(mei)麗形象(xiang)和鮮艷色(se)彩任意堆(dui)砌和組(zu)合(he),而通過和諧畫(hua)面、相(xiang)應(ying)(ying)擺設巧妙地構成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種(zhong)獨特風格,突(tu)出一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)鮮明主題(ti)(ti)。這同樣(yang)適用于(yu)(yu)幼兒(er)園(yuan)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面布置(zhi),就(jiu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)班(ban)級來說,墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面布置(zhi)內(nei)容也多樣(yang)化,除了(le)(le)教(jiao)室墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面外,還(huan)有(you)家(jia)園(yuan)聯系(xi)角,小(xiao)(xiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面及各活(huo)動角墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾等,應(ying)(ying)將這些畫(hua)面作統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)安(an)排布局,以大(da)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面為(wei)主體設計(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)主題(ti)(ti),小(xiao)(xiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面布置(zhi)則圍繞這個(ge)(ge)(ge)主題(ti)(ti)安(an)排相(xiang)呼應(ying)(ying)畫(hua)面。如大(da)班(ban)教(jiao)育(yu)重點(dian)之一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)愛國主義教(jiao)育(yu),我就(jiu)選擇(ze)了(le)(le)“偉大(da)祖(zu)國”這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)主題(ti)(ti),大(da)幅墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)面布置(zhi)了(le)(le)“各民(min)族(zu)娃(wa)娃(wa)歌唱祖(zu)國”內(nei)容,而家(jia)園(yuan)聯系(xi)角應(ying)(ying)用了(le)(le)“天安(an)門”墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾,小(xiao)(xiao)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)布置(zhi)了(le)(le)“我愛祖(zu)國好山(shan)河”照片專(zhuan)欄,并用彩紙(zhi)、布條(tiao)編拼出各活(huo)動角墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)飾,這樣(yang)就(jiu)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)既多樣(yang)又統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)裝飾風格。當然,隨(sui)著時(shi)間推移,主題(ti)(ti)也要(yao)變化,最好以半學期為(wei)單位換一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)主題(ti)(ti),來一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)次全(quan)面更換。
幼兒園墻(qiang)面(mian)布置雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)有(you)很強裝飾(shi)性,但若(ruo)只純粹擺(bai)設(she),則又(you)(you)美(mei)中(zhong)不足,應結(jie)合(he)每一(yi)(yi)時(shi)期教(jiao)育內容和要求設(she)計畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian),力(li)求欣賞性、教(jiao)育性、實(shi)用性為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)。如小班(ban)(ban)墻(qiang)飾(shi)“雞一(yi)(yi)家(jia)”就根據認(ren)識(shi)活(huo)動(dong)(dong)內容設(she)置的,還(huan)可(ke)(ke)用于區別(bie)1和許多(duo)(duo),數數認(ren)圖形(xing)等;中(zhong)班(ban)(ban)設(she)置“動(dong)(dong)物運動(dong)(dong)會(hui)”畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian),既可(ke)(ke)以用來編故(gu)事,又(you)(you)可(ke)(ke)用作認(ren)識(shi)序(xu)數、數字(zi)(zi)以及(ji)故(gu)事教(jiao)學(xue)教(jiao)具;大(da)(da)班(ban)(ban)墻(qiang)飾(shi)可(ke)(ke)幫助(zhu)幼(you)兒認(ren)識(shi)各民(min)族服飾(shi),了(le)解祖國山(shan)河。再如四(si)面(mian)墻(qiang)壁(bi)分別(bie)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)春(chun)夏秋冬大(da)(da)幅油畫(hua)(hua)(hua),可(ke)(ke)使之(zhi)(zhi)成為(wei)季(ji)節教(jiao)學(xue)永(yong)久背(bei)景圖,既美(mei)觀又(you)(you)實(shi)用。當然(ran)(ran),考(kao)慮(lv)到整體(ti)性,這一(yi)(yi)點(dian)在(zai)家(jia)園聯系角(jiao)上(shang)比較難(nan)處(chu)理,因為(wei)家(jia)園角(jiao)上(shang)文字(zi)(zi)內容多(duo)(duo),更換頻率快,往往注意了(le)裝飾(shi)性,就不利(li)于文字(zi)(zi)安(an)排(pai)和更換,而以文字(zi)(zi)為(wei)重點(dian)又(you)(you)難(nan)安(an)排(pai)較完美(mei)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian),為(wei)了(le)使家(jia)園角(jiao)便于人閱讀,又(you)(you)體(ti)現(xian)幼(you)兒審(shen)美(mei)要求,我(wo)(wo)就盡量利(li)用畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)形(xing)象(xiang)特點(dian),做(zuo)成活(huo)動(dong)(dong)的,將(jiang)文字(zi)(zi)內容與畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)融(rong)為(wei)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)。如“秋天”主題中(zhong)我(wo)(wo)用果(guo)(guo)樹作為(wei)家(jia)園角(jiao)墻(qiang)飾(shi),樹上(shang)果(guo)(guo)子活(huo)動(dong)(dong)打開“水果(guo)(guo)門(men)”就文字(zi)(zi)內容,合(he)上(shang)又(you)(you)完整果(guo)(guo)樹;若(ruo)用記(ji)錄本就將(jiang)本子制成果(guo)(guo)子形(xing)狀或將(jiang)封(feng)面(mian)貼成果(guo)(guo)籃樣子,使之(zhi)(zhi)融(rong)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)面(mian)之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)。
環(huan)(huan)境創(chuang)設(she)教(jiao)(jiao)師與幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)合作(zuo)。幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)能(neng)以(yi)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)人(ren)身份親自(zi)參(can)與教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)過程/而僅僅由(you)(you)教(jiao)(jiao)師單方面(mian)策劃(hua)、忙碌、布置(zhi)好(hao)了之后,對幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)說聲“請進(jin)”做法(fa),只(zhi)會(hui)在(zai)無形(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)扼殺幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)體性(xing)和(he)參(can)與精神。雖然讓(rang)幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)參(can)與布置(zhi)比老師獨立完成(cheng)要花費更(geng)多(duo)時間和(he)精力,但就教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)效果(guo)來說,這(zhe)樣(yang)更(geng)能(neng)提高幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)興(xing)趣和(he)創(chuang)造性(xing),使幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)具有改變(bian)環(huan)(huan)境成(cheng)功感(gan)和(he)責任感(gan),也有助于(yu)對幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)進(jin)行(xing)愛(ai)惜勞動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)成(cheng)果(guo)教(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)。幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)參(can)與布置(zhi)內容可根據幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)能(neng)力發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)循(xun)序漸進(jin)地(di)進(jin)行(xing),先提供一(yi)些模型和(he)半成(cheng)品讓(rang)幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)加工,再(zai)過渡(du)到由(you)(you)幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)手制(zhi)作(zuo)。如在(zai)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)題活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)進(jin)行(xing)中(zhong)(zhong),墻(qiang)面(mian)環(huan)(huan)境就像“骨架(jia)”一(yi)樣(yang)把主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)題活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)系列活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)呈現出來,使墻(qiang)飾與幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。例如小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)班幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)在(zai)進(jin)行(xing)“彩(cai)色(se)(se)世界”這(zhe)一(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)題活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong),孩子(zi)們對色(se)(se)彩(cai)各異(yi)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)了濃厚興(xing)趣。從談話活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)中(zhong)(zhong),我(wo)了解到每(mei)個孩子(zi)喜(xi)歡(huan)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)各不(bu)(bu)相同,加上(shang)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)班孩子(zi)認(ren)知能(neng)力比較差(cha),很多(duo)寶(bao)寶(bao)對顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)認(ren)識不(bu)(bu)具體,不(bu)(bu)準確。如何在(zai)環(huan)(huan)境作(zuo)用下,讓(rang)幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)與墻(qiang)面(mian)環(huan)(huan)境產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)互動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong),推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)題活(huo)(huo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)發展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)?我(wo)請幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)選(xuan)出自(zi)己(ji)(ji)喜(xi)歡(huan)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se),制(zhi)作(zuo)了“我(wo)最喜(xi)歡(huan)顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)”展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban),幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)在(zai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)上(shang)做相應顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)標記。又(you)如,在(zai)“我(wo)從家中(zhong)(zhong)帶來顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)品”展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong),請幼(you)兒(er)(er)(er)參(can)與到墻(qiang)飾布置(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)來,孩子(zi)們從家中(zhong)(zhong)帶來自(zi)己(ji)(ji)喜(xi)歡(huan)各種顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)品,自(zi)己(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)手布置(zhi)到墻(qiang)飾展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)中(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)空閑時候,他們紛紛拉著小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)伙伴(ban)在(zai)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)板(ban)(ban)前(qian)講述著每(mei)個小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)朋(peng)友帶來帶有顏(yan)(yan)色(se)(se)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)物(wu)品。
1、墻面處理
墻面的基(ji)層處理(li)比較重(zhong)要(yao),一般(ban)是在刷好乳(ru)膠(jiao)漆的墻面上畫(hua)畫(hua),所以墻面的找平、刷底(di)漆、圖案(an)規劃等要(yao)事先準備。
2、打底稿
沒(mei)有美術功底的人(ren),要在墻上畫好底稿(gao),用筆輕輕勾出草(cao)稿(gao)輪(lun)廓,滿意后方可(ke)上色(se),否則不容易(yi)修(xiu)改(gai)。
3、配涂料
對照圖案效果購買顏料,如購買時對乳膠漆調色效果把握不(bu)住(zhu),不(bu)要急于在(zai)涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)店里(li)做決定,可(ke)把色板(ban)或涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)樣品帶(dai)回(hui)家,分別(bie)在(zai)自(zi)然光線(xian)和夜晚(wan)燈光下(xia)(xia)觀察(cha)涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)顏色。高光涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)會使(shi)房間看起來更明亮,但也易(yi)突出墻面(mian)(mian)缺點,如果墻面(mian)(mian)不(bu)太平整(zheng),建議選用(yong)平光涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。涂(tu)料(liao)(liao)(liao)千(qian)萬不(bu)可(ke)過稀,否則容易(yi)在(zai)墻面(mian)(mian)留(liu)下(xia)(xia)流痕(hen)。丙烯顏料(liao)(liao)(liao)可(ke)按(an)需要調色,謹慎下(xia)(xia)筆。
4、準備上色
首(shou)先,在(zai)要(yao)涂鴉的(de)墻(qiang)(qiang)壁前(qian)鋪滿報紙(zhi)(zhi),以免弄(nong)臟(zang)地(di)面。手(shou)繪(hui)色(se)(se)彩單純的(de)圖案時(shi),先在(zai)薄而吸水性好(hao)的(de)紙(zhi)(zhi)上畫好(hao)輪廓,然后將(jiang)其(qi)剪下(xia)來,放到(dao)墻(qiang)(qiang)面相應位置,用(yong)拓印的(de)方式著(zhu)色(se)(se)。如(ru)果怕把(ba)墻(qiang)(qiang)面弄(nong)壞,最(zui)方便的(de)方法(fa)是拿噴繪(hui)不(bu)(bu)(bu)干膠,噴完后把(ba)畫面刻下(xia)來,用(yong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)干膠貼在(zai)墻(qiang)(qiang)上。丙烯顏(yan)料(liao)在(zai)作畫時(shi),如(ru)果發現(xian)有(you)錯誤,可以拿濕抹布擦掉重(zhong)畫,但乳膠漆不(bu)(bu)(bu)能采用(yong)此辦法(fa)。
5、維護
畫完后(hou)(hou)要通風,待墻(qiang)面干透后(hou)(hou),才可觸碰。雖然(ran)丙烯(xi)顏料干后(hou)(hou)防水防劃,但(dan)也(ye)不可用水用力擦洗。