產品簡介
石柱黃連(lian),重慶市石柱土家(jia)族自治縣特產(chan)(chan)(chan),中國國家(jia)地(di)理標志產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(原產(chan)(chan)(chan)地(di)域產(chan)(chan)(chan)品)。因(yin)產(chan)(chan)(chan)產(chan)(chan)(chan)于該縣黃水(shui)森林(lin)公園,也(ye)稱“黃水(shui)黃蓮”。為(wei)毛茛科黃連(lian)屬植(zhi)物黃連(lian)Coptis chinensis Franch.,藥材商品為(wei)“味連(lian)”,系常(chang)用(yong)名貴中藥,石柱縣是(shi)黃蓮的原始產(chan)(chan)(chan)區、中國黃蓮之鄉,所產(chan)(chan)(chan)因(yin)品質優良,被(bei)確定為(wei)“國藥”“地(di)道黃蓮”。
石(shi)柱“神農牌(pai)”黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)具有(you)枝肥、肉(rou)厚、條長、色艷和有(you)效(xiao)成(cheng)份含(han)(han)量高等特點,其小(xiao)檗(bo)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(Berberine)(又稱黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)素)含(han)(han)量達5.20-7.69%(《中國藥典》2000年版(ban)規定(ding)不(bu)得小(xiao)于3.6%);黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)生物堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(Coptise)、甲基黃(huang)連(lian)(lian)(lian)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(Worenine)、巴(ba)馬亭(ting)(Palmatine)、藥根堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(Jatrorrhizine)等)含(han)(han)量在(zai)0.5%以下。此外,尚含(han)(han)木蘭花(hua)堿(jian)(jian)(jian)(Magnoforine)和一種青熒光酸(suan)(Lumicaruleicacid),即阿魏酸(suan)(Ferulic acid)。
石(shi)柱黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)蓮主要(yao)生產在石(shi)柱縣(xian)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)水鎮黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)水國(guo)家(jia)森林公(gong)園大風堡原始森林區(qu),該(gai)地(di)區(qu)獨(du)特(te)的氣候、水質和土壤條件是石(shi)柱黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)蓮的最(zui)(zui)佳生長區(qu),1991年,國(guo)家(jia)農業(ye)部投資在黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)水鎮建(jian)立國(guo)家(jia)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連GAP示范基地(di),該(gai)鎮還建(jian)立了(le)中國(guo)最(zui)(zui)大的黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連交易市場。2009年,“石(shi)柱黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連”地(di)理商標(biao)申(shen)報成(cheng)功后,該(gai)縣(xian)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連價格(ge)節(jie)節(jie)攀升,石(shi)柱土家(jia)族自治縣(xian)發(fa)展到7000余人種連。2010年在地(di)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連達5萬(wan)(wan)余畝,每年可采收(shou)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連約30萬(wan)(wan)公(gong)斤,產值突破3000萬(wan)(wan)元。
發展歷程
石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)土家族自治縣(xian)盛(sheng)產(chan)名貴中(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian),有中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)之鄉的美譽。據史料(liao)記載,742年(nian)(nian)(唐天寶(bao)元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)),石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)“上貢黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)十斤,木藥(yao)(yao)子百粒(li)”。公元(yuan)10-13世紀(ji)(北宋)地(di)理總(zong)志《太平寰(huan)宇記》載:“忠州(zhou)領(ling)五(wu)縣(xian):臨(lin)江(jiang)(jiang)、豐都、墊江(jiang)(jiang)、南(nan)賓、桂溪,土產(chan)苦藥(yao)(yao)子、黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)……”。時州(zhou)領(ling)五(wu)縣(xian),唯南(nan)賓(今石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu))縣(xian)產(chan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)。約1360年(nian)(nian)(元(yuan)末明初)開始(shi)人(ren)工栽(zai)培始(shi)[2] 。1775年(nian)(nian)(清乾隆四(si)十年(nian)(nian))《石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)廳志》記:“藥(yao)(yao)味廣(guang)產(chan),黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)尤多,賈客往來,絡繹不絕”。20世紀(ji)初的民國(guo)時期,石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)量即達(da)4000擔(dan)。1934年(nian)(nian)(民國(guo)二(er)十三年(nian)(nian))中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)銀(yin)行所編《四(si)川省(sheng)之藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)》記:“味連(lian),只有家種(zhong),專(zhuan)產(chan)石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)”。1959年(nian)(nian)《四(si)川醫學(xue)院學(xue)報》之《黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)史》曰:“峨眉、洪雅野生品種(zhong)馳(chi)名天下,石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)栽(zai)培品種(zhong)品質優良,產(chan)量甲全國(guo)”。1989年(nian)(nian)在首屆(jie)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)道(dao)地(di)藥(yao)(yao)材(cai)(cai)(cai)學(xue)術研討會上,石(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)被確認為(wei)道(dao)地(di)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)連(lian)。
石柱黃連(lian)為毛(mao)茛科黃連(lian)屬植物黃連(lian)Coptis chinensis Franch.的干燥(zao)根(gen)莖(jing)(味連(lian)),采用搭棚蔭(yin)蔽栽(zai)培,立夏采種,秋季(ji)播種(苗期兩年(nian)(nian)),春季(ji)移(yi)栽(zai),五年(nian)(nian)后秋季(ji)采挖,抖(dou)掉(diao)泥(ni)沙,剪除須根(gen)、莖(jing)葉(xie),土炕柴火干燥(zao),竹籠(long)脫毛(mao),撞去殘留須根(gen)及泥(ni)沙,除去雜質即(ji)為成品。
產品特征
產品多集(ji)聚成簇,常彎曲,形如雞爪,故俗稱(cheng)“雞爪連”,藥材商品為“味連”。表面(mian)灰黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)黃(huang)(huang)褐色(se)(se),粗糙(cao),有(you)(you)不(bu)規則細節狀(zhuang)隆起(qi)、須(xu)根及(ji)須(xu)根殘基,有(you)(you)的(de)節間表面(mian)平滑如莖干。上部(bu)(bu)多殘留褐色(se)(se)鱗片,頂部(bu)(bu)常有(you)(you)殘余的(de)莖或(huo)(huo)葉柄。質硬,斷(duan)面(mian)不(bu)整齊,皮部(bu)(bu)橙紅色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)暗棕(zong)色(se)(se),木部(bu)(bu)鮮黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se)或(huo)(huo)橙黃(huang)(huang)色(se)(se),呈放射狀(zhuang)排列,髓(sui)部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)的(de)中空。氣微,味極苦。
產品(pin)主含小檗堿(jian)(黃(huang)連素),另含黃(huang)連堿(jian),甲基黃(huang)連堿(jian)、掌葉防己堿(jian)、非洲(zhou)防己堿(jian)、棕櫚(lv)堿(jian)、巴馬亭堿(jian)等多種(zhong)生物(wu)堿(jian),尚含黃(huang)柏酮(tong)、黃(huang)柏內(nei)酯。性寒,味苦。入心、肝、膽、脾(pi)、胃、大(da)腸(chang)六經。
食用功效
瀉火解毒(du)、清熱(re)(re)(re)燥濕(shi),有(you)抑菌、抗病(bing)毒(du)、降壓、利膽(dan)、利尿、鎮(zhen)靜、鎮(zhen)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)增強白血(xue)球吞噬等(deng)作用(yong)(yong),臨床常(chang)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)煩熱(re)(re)(re)神昏(hun)、心煩失眠、濕(shi)熱(re)(re)(re)痞(pi)滿、腹痛(tong)(tong)(tong)瀉痢、目(mu)赤腫(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)、口舌生瘡(chuang)、耳(er)道(dao)流(liu)濃(nong)、牙(ya)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)、消(xiao)渴、濕(shi)疹、濕(shi)瘡(chuang)、燙傷、吐血(xue)、衄血(xue)、癰腫(zhong)疔瘡(chuang)及(ji)婦人(ren)陰中腫(zhong)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)等(deng)癥。酒黃連(lian)善清上焦之熱(re)(re)(re),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)目(mu)赤、口瘡(chuang)、牙(ya)痛(tong)(tong)(tong)、耳(er)濃(nong)、喉(hou)腫(zhong)等(deng)五官(guan)疾(ji)患;姜黃連(lian)清胃(wei)和(he)(he)胃(wei)止嘔(ou)(ou),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)寒熱(re)(re)(re)互(hu)結,痞(pi)滿嘔(ou)(ou)吐;萸黃連(lian)舒肝和(he)(he)胃(wei)止嘔(ou)(ou),用(yong)(yong)于(yu)肝胃(wei)不和(he)(he),嘔(ou)(ou)吐吞酸(suan)。以(yi)黃連(lian)磨(mo)人(ren)乳(ru)治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)眼疾(ji)效果甚佳(jia)。藥理研究(jiu)證明,黃連(lian)還具有(you)抗微(wei)生物及(ji)抗原蟲(chong)、抗癌、抗輻射、促(cu)進細胞代謝,改善循環系統,松弛(chi)平滑(hua)肌等(deng)作用(yong)(yong)。另有(you)研究(jiu)發現(xian),黃連(lian)具有(you)降血(xue)脂、血(xue)糖(tang)、血(xue)壓功能,對治(zhi)(zhi)療(liao)糖(tang)尿病(bing)、心腦血(xue)管(guan)疾(ji)病(bing)、皮膚病(bing)和(he)(he)某些腫(zhong)瘤有(you)一(yi)定療(liao)效。
地理位置
根(gen)據《中(zhong)華(hua)人民(min)共和(he)國產(chan)(chan)品質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)法》和(he)《原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地域產(chan)(chan)品保(bao)護規定》,國家質(zhi)(zhi)檢總(zong)局通過了對石柱黃連原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地域產(chan)(chan)品保(bao)護申請的審查,批(pi)準自2004年10月10日(ri)對石柱黃連實施原(yuan)(yuan)產(chan)(chan)地域產(chan)(chan)品保(bao)護(2004年第144號)。
石柱(zhu)黃連(lian)原產地域(yu)(yu)范圍(wei)(wei)(wei)以重慶(qing)市(shi)石柱(zhu)土家族自治縣人民政(zheng)府《關(guan)于石柱(zhu)黃連(lian)原產地域(yu)(yu)產品保(bao)護范圍(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)報告》(石柱(zhu)府文[2004]88號)提出的(de)地域(yu)(yu)范圍(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)準,即重慶(qing)市(shi)石柱(zhu)土家族自治縣的(de)黃水(shui)鎮(zhen)(zhen)、楓木鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、冷水(shui)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、悅(yue)崍鎮(zhen)(zhen)、石家鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、沙子鎮(zhen)(zhen)、臨溪鎮(zhen)(zhen)、王家鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)益(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、橋頭鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、中益(yi)(yi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、龍潭鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、洗新鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、金(jin)竹鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、金(jin)玲(ling)鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、六塘鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、三(san)星鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、魚池鎮(zhen)(zhen)、龍沙鎮(zhen)(zhen)、大歇鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、黃鶴鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、馬(ma)武鎮(zhen)(zhen)、新樂鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、下路鎮(zhen)(zhen)、三(san)河鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)、南賓鎮(zhen)(zhen)等26個鄉(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)鎮(zhen)(zhen)所轄行政(zheng)區域(yu)(yu)。