基本資料
莖(jing)紫綠色,長3.5-4.5米。葉綠色,卵圓(yuan)形(xing),先端三角形(xing)。葉腋生塊(kuai)莖(jing),橢圓(yuan)形(xing),長1.5-2.5厘(li)米,橫(heng)莖(jing)0.8-1.2厘(li)米。根(gen)莖(jing)棍(gun)棒狀,長80-110厘(li)米,橫(heng)徑3-5厘(li)米,重400-600克,皮(pi)薄,黃褐(he)色,有一塊(kuai)至多塊(kuai)紅(hong)褐(he)色斑痣,毛根(gen)細長,肉質(zhi)細面,味香甜(tian),適(shi)口。
品種特性
其塊(kuai)根(gen)呈圓柱形,皮薄,表面(mian)有(you)細毛根(gen),黃色,有(you)黃褐色斑痣(zhi),肉質(zhi)細白(bai),含有(you)粘液(ye)質(zhi)、皂甙、膽(dan)堿、尿囊(nang)素、精氨(an)酸、淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)酶、蛋白(bai)質(zhi)、脂肪、淀(dian)(dian)粉(fen)及碘(dian)質(zhi),營養(yang)和藥用價值很高,有(you)健脾(pi)、益腎、補肺、止(zhi)瀉等作用,為滋補健身之佳品。
栽培要點
種塊莖(jing)(jing)切塊繁殖和氣生塊莖(jing)(jing)繁殖。栽植錢應開挖深(shen)溝(gou)(gou),溝(gou)(gou)距1米(mi),溝(gou)(gou)寬20-30厘(li)米(mi),溝(gou)(gou)深(shen)1米(mi)以上。
栽培過程
嘉祥細毛長山藥(yao),一般667平(ping)方米產(chan)(chan)量1OOOkg,高產(chan)(chan)塊達1500kg以(yi)上,按當前市場(chang)價格2.5元(yuan)/kg,667平(ping)方米產(chan)(chan)值2500——3750元(yuan),扣除成本,667平(ping)方米純收入1800——3000元(yuan)之間,效(xiao)益顯(xian)著。
整地施肥
選用(yong)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)深(shen)(shen)厚、疏松肥(fei)沃、地勢(shi)較高、向陽、排水通(tong)暢、地下(xia)水位(wei)1m以下(xia)的砂質壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)種植(zhi)。一般(ban)在冬(dong)前(qian)深(shen)(shen)翻土(tu)(tu)(tu)地,挖栽植(zhi)溝,一般(ban)溝距1m,溝寬25一30cm,深(shen)(shen)80一100cm,挖出的土(tu)(tu)(tu)經冬(dong)季(ji)凍曬熟化,早(zao)春(chun)化凍后(hou),可將土(tu)(tu)(tu)過篩,將篩后(hou)的土(tu)(tu)(tu)重點填實在山(shan)藥(yao)塊(kuai)莖生長(chang)區,填后(hou)踩實。結(jie)合(he)做畦,施入(ru)基(ji)肥(fei),一般(ban)每667平方米施腐熟的有機肥(fei)4000一5000kg,腐熟餅肥(fei)50kg,施入(ru)淺(qian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)以供山(shan)藥(yao)根系(xi)吸(xi)收。
培養栽子
山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)一(yi)(yi)般以山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)栽子(zi)作(zuo)為繁殖材料,即在(zai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)塊(kuai)莖(jing)(jing)收刨(bao)時,把塊(kuai)莖(jing)(jing)先端(duan)具有隱(yin)芽和莖(jing)(jing)痕的(de)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)切(qie)下(xia),長(chang)(chang)17一(yi)(yi)20cm,太(tai)短了影響產量。山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)栽子(zi)收取(qu)后(hou)(hou),到翌(yi)年栽植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其間可(ke)(ke)將山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)栽子(zi)放入地窖(jiao)內貯藏。也(ye)可(ke)(ke)將塊(kuai)莖(jing)(jing)切(qie)成長(chang)(chang)8一(yi)(yi)10cm的(de)小段(duan)作(zuo)種(zhong),每段(duan)重30一(yi)(yi)40g,山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)段(duan)子(zi)制備后(hou)(hou),可(ke)(ke)直接(jie)用(yong)于播種(zhong),也(ye)可(ke)(ke)催芽后(hou)(hou)定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。若(ruo)想(xiang)擴大種(zhong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)面積,也(ye)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)氣生塊(kuai)莖(jing)(jing)(山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)豆)于當年繁殖成栽子(zi),翌(yi)年使用(yong),采用(yong)這種(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)栽子(zi),后(hou)(hou)代生活力旺盛,增產顯著(zhu),山(shan)(shan)(shan)藥(yao)栽子(zi)可(ke)(ke)于定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前25天置于溫暖(nuan)處催芽,芽長(chang)(chang)4cm時定植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。
適時定植
山藥為喜溫(wen)作物,不(bu)耐霜凍,當春(chun)季地(di)溫(wen)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)在(zai)9一10℃以(yi)上時(shi)(shi),為定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)適期,華(hua)北地(di)區多(duo)在(zai)4月(yue)中(zhong)下旬。定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)前一定(ding)(ding)要(yao)保證(zheng)土(tu)壤(rang)底(di)墑(di)充足,定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)后不(bu)再澆水,以(yi)促進(jin)山藥幼苗(miao)根系(xi)下扎(zha),定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)時(shi)(shi)于畦中(zhong)央開10cm深的定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)溝,按(an)山藥株距(ju)15一25cm的規格將山藥栽(zai)子平鋪于溝內,上面(mian)覆土(tu)8一1Ocm。當土(tu)壤(rang)水分(fen)不(bu)足時(shi)(shi),可在(zai)定(ding)(ding)植(zhi)溝內先澆水,然(ran)后栽(zai)種。