大同清(qing)真(zhen)(zhen)大寺(si)(si)為山(shan)西(xi)境(jing)內兩座清(qing)真(zhen)(zhen)古寺(si)(si)之一。位于大同城(cheng)內大西(xi)街九樓巷,寺(si)(si)內乾隆七年(1742年)重立《敕建(jian)清(qing)真(zhen)(zhen)寺(si)(si)碑》稱(cheng)始建(jian)于唐貞觀二年(628年),已有一千(qian)二百多年的(de)歷史。它比北京穆斯林(lin)進行禮拜、聚禮和節日活動的(de)中心,中國伊(yi)斯蘭教協會所(suo)在地東(dong)四清(qing)真(zhen)(zhen)寺(si)(si)(又名(ming)法明寺(si)(si))要早六百七十年。
現(xian)主(zhu)體(ti)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)禮拜大(da)(da)殿(dian)由四組殿(dian)堂組成(cheng),前(qian)為(wei)卷棚(peng)(peng)式抱(bao)廈,主(zhu)體(ti)為(wei)歇山頂(ding)(ding)和硬山頂(ding)(ding)兩組殿(dian)宇,最后(hou)為(wei)卷棚(peng)(peng)頂(ding)(ding)和圓(yuan)攢尖頂(ding)(ding)混合式賽殿(dian),建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面(mian)積490平方米(mi),外觀飛櫓翹角,雄壯華麗,為(wei)典型的明(ming)清時期清真寺大(da)(da)殿(dian)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)風格,門楣懸掛(gua)以“麥斯吉德”和“臺思(si)迷”為(wei)內(nei)(nei)容的阿拉伯文匾額.另有(you)配(pei)房、沐浴室(shi)等(deng),全寺建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)總面(mian)積400O平方米(mi),工(gong)程結構(gou)在和諧對稱之(zhi)上(shang)有(you)獨(du)到之(zhi)處,工(gong)藝(yi)精湛,歷史上(shang)曾是大(da)(da)同市(shi)一大(da)(da)名勝。寺內(nei)(nei)現(xian)存有(you)1尊大(da)(da)明(ming)紫銅香爐等(deng)文物,臥益夫寺產有(you)市(shi)內(nei)(nei)街道鋪(pu)面(mian)1座7間、民用(yong)院5座39間,租(zu)金收入供寺內(nei)(nei)開(kai)銷。大(da)(da)同市(shi)現(xian)有(you)穆(mu)斯林7300余人,均為(wei)回族。
禮(li)拜(bai)(bai)大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)面積達二十余間,大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)正中(zhong)央(yang),面對麥加(jia)方向的(de)一(yi)堵墻(qiang)壁(bi)稱為“米赫(he)拉布”——壁(bi)龕,墻(qiang)的(de)中(zhong)心位置設有(you)標記(ji)(ji),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)長(chang)站立的(de)地方。最初,標記(ji)(ji)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在地上(shang)插(cha)一(yi)枝標槍,后來(lai)人(ren)(ren)們(men)在墻(qiang)上(shang)畫(hua)一(yi)穹(qiong)形(xing)壁(bi),上(shang)刻(ke)有(you)古(gu)蘭經(jing)(jing)經(jing)(jing)文(wen),形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)生動,典雅(ya)清(qing)新。西(xi)北(bei)墻(qiang)設有(you)主持(chi)宗教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)儀式(shi)的(de)演講臺,這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伊(yi)(yi)斯蘭教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)禮(li)拜(bai)(bai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特(te)有(you)的(de)陳設。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)中(zhong)間有(you)三個(ge)(ge)(ge)穹(qiong)形(xing)門(men),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)典型的(de)阿拉伯建筑式(shi)樣。大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)穹(qiong)頂為磚瓦(wa)結構,不(bu)用(yong)一(yi)根木梁(liang)。大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頂中(zhong)央(yang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)座八角形(xing)的(de)“八卦橡(xiang)頂”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)傳統的(de)木結構形(xing)式(shi)。外形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)一(yi)座實壁(bi)圓亭,上(shang)鋪(pu)琉璃瓦(wa),在陽光之下(xia),金光耀眼,古(gu)樸(pu)宏麗,給人(ren)(ren)以肅穆(mu)之感。大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)頂部還有(you)類似中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)寺院(yuan)的(de)“藻井(jing)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)”,其(qi)中(zhong)又揉合了(le)佛教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)文(wen)化。整個(ge)(ge)(ge)禮(li)拜(bai)(bai)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)除(chu)了(le)圓形(xing)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)性阿拉伯文(wen)外,別無它物(wu)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伊(yi)(yi)斯蘭寺院(yuan)不(bu)同(tong)于佛寺、道觀、基(ji)督(du)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)又一(yi)獨特(te)之處。大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)內(nei)既沒有(you)塑像,也沒有(you)畫(hua)像和(he)其(qi)他裝(zhuang)飾(shi)圖案。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為伊(yi)(yi)斯蘭教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)信仰:“萬物(wu)非(fei)主、惟有(you)安拉,穆(mu)罕默(mo)德是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主的(de)使(shi)者”的(de)緣故。安拉無形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)、無如(ru)何、無比擬,無時不(bu)在,無所(suo)不(bu)在,沒有(you)具(ju)體形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)。穆(mu)罕默(mo)德是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)伊(yi)(yi)斯蘭教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)的(de)創始人(ren)(ren),他說(shuo);“我(wo)同(tong)大(da)(da)(da)家(jia)一(yi)樣,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)而不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)神(shen)”。所(suo)以,所(suo)有(you)的(de)清(qing)真大(da)(da)(da)寺都(dou)沒有(you)穆(mu)罕默(mo)德的(de)形(xing)象(xiang)(xiang)。正殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隔墻(qiang)書寫著伊(yi)(yi)斯蘭教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)經(jing)(jing)文(wen)和(he)穆(mu)罕默(mo)德語錄。整個(ge)(ge)(ge)大(da)(da)(da)廳鋪(pu)滿(man)了(le)羊毛細氈,供穆(mu)斯林禮(li)拜(bai)(bai)時使(shi)用(yong)。人(ren)(ren)們(men)進(jin)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時,必(bi)須把鞋脫在門(men)外,方可進(jin)入。大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)坐西(xi)向東,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)因為穆(mu)斯林做禮(li)拜(bai)(bai)時,人(ren)(ren)們(men)必(bi)須面向麥加(jia)方向。麥加(jia)在沙(sha)特(te)阿拉伯,位于中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)西(xi)方,大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)門(men)朝東,人(ren)(ren)們(men)背著門(men),正好面向西(xi)方。大(da)(da)(da)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)(ge)空廳,南北(bei)兩(liang)廂放置著十幾塊中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)古(gu)式(shi)石碑(bei),詳細記(ji)(ji)載著清(qing)真大(da)(da)(da)寺的(de)歷(li)史(shi)及歷(li)代捐銀(yin)維修(xiu)狀況。其(qi)中(zhong)以清(qing)代、民(min)國(guo)(guo)石碑(bei)居多,這(zhe)些碑(bei)刻(ke),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)珍貴的(de)古(gu)代和(he)近代文(wen)字(zi)資料。
清(qing)真(zhen)寺(si)(si)坐西向東,門(men)額(e)用漢文雕鑿,原有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方“犀(xi)牛(niu)望月”的圖案,兩邊鑲有(you)對(dui)稱的六塊阿(a)拉伯文石匾,上書《古蘭經》中(zhong)穆(mu)罕默德的遺教。現已不存。“清(qing)真(zhen)”是伊(yi)斯蘭教義中(zhong)“潔凈無染(ran)”,“真(zhen)事獨(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)”的意思(si)。而伊(yi)斯蘭則是服從真(zhen)主(zhu)(zhu)的一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)切命令的意思(si)。伊(yi)斯蘭教徒信仰唯(wei)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)的主(zhu)(zhu)宰(zai)“安(an)拉”,中(zhong)國(guo)穆(mu)斯林(也(ye)叫穆(mu)民(min))稱“真(zhen)主(zhu)(zhu)”。“安(an)拉”獨(du)(du)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)無二(er),可(ke)謂“清(qing)真(zhen)”,故我國(guo)稱伊(yi)斯蘭教寺(si)(si)院為“清(qing)真(zhen)寺(si)(si)”,又名(ming)“禮(li)拜寺(si)(si)”。大同清(qing)真(zhen)寺(si)(si)占地(di)二(er)十余畝,面積呈(cheng)長方形(xing)。從寺(si)(si)門(men)到禮(li)拜殿形(xing)成一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)下(xia)坡。整個(ge)寺(si)(si)院布局(ju)合(he)(he)理,結構(gou)嚴(yan)謹,清(qing)凈肅穆(mu)。寺(si)(si)內的建(jian)(jian)筑物廣泛吸收(shou)了具(ju)有(you)阿(a)拉伯和中(zhong)國(guo)古典文化特點的建(jian)(jian)筑風格(ge),把二(er)者巧妙(miao)地(di)揉(rou)合(he)(he)在一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)起,是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座中(zhong)國(guo)和阿(a)拉伯文化相(xiang)結合(he)(he)的典型(xing)建(jian)(jian)筑。
禮(li)拜大(da)(da)(da)殿是(shi)清真(zhen)大(da)(da)(da)寺(si)的中心,也是(shi)寺(si)中最宏偉高(gao)大(da)(da)(da)的建(jian)筑。其它一(yi)切建(jian)筑皆圍(wei)繞(rao)大(da)(da)(da)殿設(she)立(li)。大(da)(da)(da)殿正門原(yuan)有木匾(bian)兩塊(kuai),一(yi)塊(kuai)是(shi)用阿(a)拉(la)伯文書寫;“禮(li)拜殿是(shi)安拉(la)的天房”;另一(yi)塊(kuai)是(shi)清康熙皇帝御賜的“金匾(bian)”,上(shang)寫“穆民永樂”。此匾(bian)現已不存。
2020年6月(yue)2日,入(ru)選山西省民族團(tuan)結(jie)進步模(mo)范集體候(hou)選對(dui)象名(ming)單。
除大(da)殿外,還有石橋、滲水(shui)池、省心(xin)樓(lou)、南(nan)北講(jiang)堂、浴(yu)(yu)室等(deng)建(jian)筑,均(jun)被認為是明(ming)末(mo)清(qing)初時所建(jian)。清(qing)真寺設浴(yu)(yu)室,也是不同于(yu)任何其它(ta)寺院的(de)又一獨(du)特之處。伊(yi)斯蘭(lan)教(jiao)講(jiang)五功(gong)(念(nian)、禮(li)(li)、齋、課、朝),禮(li)(li)拜是五功(gong)之一。禮(li)(li)拜前按教(jiao)規,祈禱者應(ying)洗手、洗臉、洗腳、洗全身,稱(cheng)“大(da)凈”、“小(xiao)凈”。浴(yu)(yu)室結構和洗浴(yu)(yu)的(de)方法也很別致,每(mei)人(ren)一格,以一把特大(da)銅壺充放(fang)溫水(shui)淋浴(yu)(yu)。