麗(li)澤書(shu)院為(wei)南宋(song)(song)(song)著(zhu)名思(si)想家、史(shi)學家、文學家、教(jiao)育家呂(lv)祖謙(1137-1181,金華人(ren))講學會(hui)友之所(suo),設于宋(song)(song)(song)乾道初(約1165-1166)。“其(qi)地在光孝觀(guan)側(清金華縣學后,今市內一覽亭東北),四方學者皆受業于此”(宋(song)(song)(song)·樓鑰《東萊呂(lv)太史(shi)祠堂記》)。因屋前(qian)臨二湖(hu),故取堂名為(wei)“麗(li)澤”,人(ren)稱“麗(li)澤書(shu)堂”。
金(jin)華明(ming)招山。南宋(song)呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)兄弟授(shou)徒(tu)講(jiang)學(xue)之所(suo)(suo)。常(chang)邀永嘉學(xue)派的薛(xue)季宣、陳傅(fu)良、葉適和(he)(he)永康(kang)學(xue)派的陳亮等(deng)來(lai)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院切磋、探討(tao)學(xue)問(wen)。編著(zhu)《東萊左(zuo)氏(shi)博議》、《近(jin)思錄》(與(yu)朱熹合著(zhu))等(deng),供(gong)生徒(tu)學(xue)習。手(shou)訂(ding)規(gui)約,規(gui)定“凡(fan)與(yu)此(ci)學(xue)者(zhe),以講(jiang)求經(jing)旨、明(ming)理(li)躬行(xing)為(wei)本(ben)。肄(yi)業必有常(chang),日記所(suo)(suo)習于(yu)簿,多寡隨(sui)意”。“凡(fan)有所(suo)(suo)疑(yi),專置冊記錄,同(tong)志異(yi)時(shi)相(xiang)會(hui),出所(suo)(suo)習及所(suo)(suo)疑(yi),互相(xiang)商榷(que)”。“一時(shi)士人(ren)(ren)傾(qing)心向往(wang),道統學(xue)派燦(can)然昌明(ming),名(ming)儒蔚興,踵武相(xiang)接(jie),天下稱婺(wu)州(zhou)(zhou)為(wei)小鄒魯。”金(jin)華學(xue)派得以創立(li)。麗(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院遂與(yu)岳麓(lu)、白鹿洞(dong)、象山并列而稱南宋(song)四大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院。呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)去(qu)世后,弟呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)儉(jian)承兄志傳道講(jiang)學(xue)。嘉定元(yuan)年(nian)(1208),經(jing)呂(lv)(lv)氏(shi)門人(ren)(ren)請(qing)求,官府重修書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,建呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)祀(si)室和(he)(he)收藏(zang)其生前著(zhu)作的遺(yi)書(shu)(shu)(shu)閣,并開始(shi)刊刻圖書(shu)(shu)(shu),其中紹定三年(nian)(1230)刻印的司(si)馬光(guang)《切韻(yun)指掌(zhang)圖》至今猶存(cun),是(shi)宋(song)版書(shu)(shu)(shu)院的珍本(ben)書(shu)(shu)(shu)。端平間(jian)呂(lv)(lv)氏(shi)門人(ren)(ren)又(you)將呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)祀(si)室改建為(wei)呂(lv)(lv)成公祠,以呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)儉(jian)配(pei)祀(si)。淳祐(you)六年(nian)(1246),知(zhi)州(zhou)(zhou)許應龍(long)遷(qian)書(shu)(shu)(shu)院于(yu)雙溪之畔,理(li)宗(zong)御(yu)賜匾額。咸(xian)淳間(jian)又(you)遷(qian)至旌孝門外印光(guang)寺故址。宋(song)末元(yuan)初(chu),著(zhu)名(ming)學(xue)者(zhe)何(he)基、王柏(bo)、金(jin)履祥先(xian)后任(ren)山長、主講(jiang),四方來(lai)學(xue)者(zhe)甚眾。明(ming)嘉靖十四年(nian)(1535),巡按御(yu)史(shi)張景命金(jin)華府通判(pan)汪防重修書(shu)(shu)(shu)院,供(gong)祀(si)朱熹、張栻、呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)。毀于(yu)明(ming)末。
呂(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)這(zhe)一(yi)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)會友之所(suo),系其曾祖(zu)父東(dong)萊(lai)郡(jun)侯呂(lv)好問于建炎年間宋室南遷時(shi)(shi)攜全家自開封遷居(ju)金華時(shi)(shi)所(suo)借之官(guan)屋。后呂(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)將此屋歸還官(guan)府(fu),另置新居(ju)于城之北(bei)隅,而(er)講(jiang)(jiang)學(xue)會友之所(suo)麗澤堂也隨之北(bei)移。以探(tan)討學(xue)術、交(jiao)流思想。呂(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)為麗澤書(shu)(shu)堂制訂了(le)學(xue)規(gui),并以“孝(xiao)悌、忠信、明(ming)理、躬(gong)行(xing)(xing)”為基(ji)本(ben)準則,學(xue)生中如(ru)有“親在別(bie)居(ju)、親沒(mei)不(bu)(bu)葬、因喪婚(hun)聚、宗俟訟財、侵(qin)犯(fan)公財、喧噪場(chang)屋、游蕩不(bu)(bu)檢”等行(xing)(xing)為者,即令其退學(xue)。他還為書(shu)(shu)堂編(bian)著了(le)《東(dong)萊(lai)左氏博(bo)議》(二十五卷(juan))、《近(jin)思錄》(十四卷(juan))等教材(cai)。書(shu)(shu)院以“講(jiang)(jiang)求經旨,明(ming)理躬(gong)行(xing)(xing)”為本(ben)。教學(xue)采用個別(bie)鉆研(yan)、相(xiang)互問答與(yu)集眾講(jiang)(jiang)解相(xiang)結合(he)的方法,切磋、研(yan)討之風甚盛。書(shu)(shu)院每月授課2-3次,一(yi)年舉行(xing)(xing)一(yi)次考(kao)試(shi)。呂(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)的嫡(di)傳弟子即有呂(lv)祖(zu)儉(jian)(jian)、葉邽、樓(lou)昉、喬行(xing)(xing)簡、王瀚、戚(qi)如(ru)琥、王深源(yuan)、李(li)大有等89人。至淳熙八(ba)年(1181)8月,呂(lv)祖(zu)謙(qian)(qian)謝世,麗澤書(shu)(shu)堂便由其弟呂(lv)祖(zu)儉(jian)(jian)主持(chi)。
麗(li)澤(ze)(ze)書院,原名(ming)麗(li)澤(ze)(ze)堂,亦叫麗(li)澤(ze)(ze)書堂。為(wei)南宋著名(ming)思想家(jia)、史學家(jia)、文學家(jia)、教育家(jia)呂祖謙(qian)(1137-1181,金(jin)華人)講學會友之所,設(she)于宋乾道初(約1165-1166)。
宋孝宗乾道、淳(chun)熙時期,呂祖謙與朱(zhu)(zhu)熹(xi)、張(zhang)栻齊名,被稱為“東(dong)南三賢”。呂祖謙是金華(hua)學派的奠基人,并開(kai)南宋浙(zhe)東(dong)學派之先聲。他除自(zi)己在麗澤書堂(tang)教授生徒、著書立說外,還先后(hou)(hou)邀請(qing)當時的著名學者朱(zhu)(zhu)熹(xi)、張(zhang)栻、陸(lu)九淵(yuan)、陸(lu)九齡、薛季宜(yi)、葉適(shi)、陳亮等前來講學,以探討學術、交流思想。后(hou)(hou)呂祖謙將此屋歸還官府,另(ling)置新居于城之北隅,而講學會友之所麗澤堂(tang)也隨之北移。
麗澤諸儒的(de)(de)理(li)學(xue)(xue)學(xue)(xue)術活(huo)動(dong),貫穿在整個“麗澤”的(de)(de)歷史變(bian)遷過程中。由(you)于當時(shi)呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙正(zheng)在嚴(yan)陵(ling)(今建德(de))任(ren)職,麗澤堂的(de)(de)執教由(you)朱熹門人(ren)潘(pan)叔度、潘(pan)叔昌和呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)儉、呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)泰及金華一批學(xue)(xue)者擔任(ren)。至(zhi)宋(song)(song)慶(qing)元(yuan)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1196年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙死后14年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),宰相韓胄,為排(pai)除(chu)異己,把南宋(song)(song)興起的(de)(de)理(li)學(xue)(xue)誣(wu)作“偽學(xue)(xue)”,嚴(yan)加禁止(zhi),史稱“慶(qing)元(yuan)黨案”。被(bei)迫害(hai)坐(zuo)罪朝廷大(da)臣和理(li)學(xue)(xue)名儒多達59人(ren)。呂(lv)(lv)學(xue)(xue)也在禁案之列(lie)。呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)儉、呂(lv)(lv)祖(zu)泰均遭(zao)逐放。時(shi)隔10年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),即(ji)宋(song)(song)開(kai)禧二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1206年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),宋(song)(song)寧(ning)宗詔(zhao)殺了韓胄。黨案也獲(huo)昭雪(xue)。
金華(hua)一(yi)批士代大(da)夫和(he)呂氏門人向郡(jun)里呈詞,建議將呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙祖(zu)(zu)(zu)父呂中租住過的位于金華(hua)城的公(gong)屋劃出一(yi)半,為呂祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙建祠紀念(nian)。知郡(jun)李大(da)異(yi)撥巨款并派(pai)得(de)力官員(yuan)主董修(xiu)建,專藏(zang)呂氏著(zhu)述,并設一(yi)書院,匾懸(xuan)“麗澤書院”,旨存(cun)“麗澤堂”舊名。
王柏逝后七年,南宋滅亡,麗澤書院(yuan)(yuan)則(ze)由金履祥(xiang)司講。金履祥(xiang)系何基弟子,為金華學(xue)派之(zhi)中堅。宋亡后,他(ta)即(ji)隱居不(bu)仕,專心講學(xue)于麗澤書院(yuan)(yuan),兼事著述(shu),繼(ji)續(xu)傳授和發(fa)展"婺(wu)學(xue)",并(bing)積極培(pei)養后繼(ji)者(zhe),直至逝世。元(yuan)代著名學(xue)者(zhe)許謙(qian)(金華人)、柳(liu)貫(蘭溪人)即(ji)出其門人。
至元(yuan)三十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1294),官府(fu)(fu)對(dui)麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)進行了(le)大(da)(da)修(xiu),并由(you)王龍澤撰(zhuan)《修(xiu)麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)記(ji)》勒于石。大(da)(da)德年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1297-1307),書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)毀(hui)(hui)于大(da)(da)火(huo),后至元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1335-1340)曾重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建。元(yuan)末又毀(hui)(hui)于火(huo)。明天(tian)順(shun)年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(1457-1464),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)代(dai)后裔呂(lv)(lv)(lv)濟晟(sheng)、呂(lv)(lv)(lv)重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)濂重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)建書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),并追(zhui)回被占學(xue)田。到明代(dai)成(cheng)化三年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1467),浙江都(dou)指揮使司(si)僉事辛訪又命金華知府(fu)(fu)李嗣負責重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan),時(shi)人魏驥撰(zhuan)有《重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)碑記(ji)》記(ji)其事。嘉靖(jing)十四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1536),巡按御史張景(jing)又命金華府(fu)(fu)通判汪昉負責重(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)修(xiu)麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)。并由(you)麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)供祀同(tong)創道學(xue)于婺(wu)州的朱(zhu)熹、張栻、呂(lv)(lv)(lv)祖(zu)謙三位理(li)學(xue)大(da)(da)師(shi)。時(shi)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)氏子孫又將原在光孝觀北的呂(lv)(lv)(lv)成(cheng)公祠遷建至分守道右(清麗(li)(li)正書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)后,今將軍(jun)路道前北)。至明末,麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)終(zhong)因遭兵燹而毀(hui)(hui)。自南宋始建麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)堂算(suan)起,歷經元(yuan)明,麗(li)(li)澤書(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)共存478年(nian)(nian)(nian)。
南(nan)宋(song)“婺學(xue)(xue)(xue)”文(wen)(wen)化(hua)精(jing)粹——呂(lv)祖(zu)謙的(de)大量著述,一直珍藏在金華(hua)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)書院的(de)藏書閣里(li),到清乾隆年間,被(bei)紀曉嵐征集,編進了《四(si)庫全書》。當我們從(cong)(cong)事呂(lv)祖(zu)謙理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)研究(jiu)時,往(wang)往(wang)會見有“明(ming)(ming)招(zhao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)者”、“麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)諸儒(ru)”之(zhi)分。“明(ming)(ming)招(zhao)學(xue)(xue)(xue)者”指(zhi)的(de)是從(cong)(cong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)呂(lv)祖(zu)謙于武義明(ming)(ming)招(zhao)山的(de)學(xue)(xue)(xue)成弟子;“麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)諸儒(ru)”指(zhi)的(de)是從(cong)(cong)學(xue)(xue)(xue)呂(lv)祖(zu)謙、呂(lv)祖(zu)儉(jian)、呂(lv)祖(zu)泰和活動(dong)于金華(hua)“麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)堂(tang)”和“麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)書院”,繼承“金華(hua)學(xue)(xue)(xue)派(pai)”文(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)理(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)名(ming)流。
由(you)于呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖謙“丁憂”期間,曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)武(wu)義明(ming)招山幾(ji)度聚(ju)(ju)徒講(jiang)學(xue)。因(yin)呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)氏(shi)世家(jia)在(zai)(zai)(zai)宋代(dai)曾有五代(dai)為相,一門17人(ren)中進士(shi),呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)氏(shi)家(jia)學(xue)聲望(wang)名揚全(quan)國。故此,呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖謙在(zai)(zai)(zai)明(ming)招山服(fu)喪期間,弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)越(yue)聚(ju)(ju)越(yue)多,甚至出州、郡(jun)之外(wai),盛況非(fei)凡(fan)。其(qi)學(xue)子(zi)(zi)(zi)多到什么程度?門生鞏豐(feng)有詩說:“同(tong)門至千百”。另(ling)一門人(ren)陳(chen)良(liang)祐(you)在(zai)(zai)(zai)詩中說:“門生數百人(ren)”。有據可(ke)考,明(ming)招諸生中成鴻(hong)儒名宦達(da)20多人(ren),嫡(di)傳弟子(zi)(zi)(zi)80多人(ren),有造(zao)詣者150多人(ren),其(qi)中《嘉慶武(wu)義縣(xian)志》列名武(wu)義籍的明(ming)招學(xue)者有10人(ren)。這也(ye)造(zao)成了呂(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)祖謙曾在(zai)(zai)(zai)武(wu)義明(ming)招山創辦了“麗(li)澤(ze)書院”的假象(xiang)。
呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)逝世后(hou)二(er)十(shi)七年(nian)(嘉定(ding)元(yuan)年(nian),1208),呂(lv)氏(shi)門(men)人(ren)請求官府將(jiang)位于(yu)光孝觀旁的(de)(de)呂(lv)氏(shi)舊(jiu)居(屬官屋)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)半(ban)辟為(wei)(wei)一(yi)堂(tang),以供祀呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)。州(zhou)官李(li)大(da)異(yi)同意此請,并出錢五(wu)十(shi)萬,于(yu)此重修麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)堂(tang)和(he)呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祀室。共建屋十(shi)余楹,其中外(wai)門(men)五(wu)間(jian),祀室及前軒(xuan)各三間(jian)。前為(wei)(wei)一(yi)堂(tang),上懸(xuan)“麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)”匾額;后(hou)為(wei)(wei)“遺書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)閣”,即用來庋(gui)藏呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)生(sheng)前之(zhi)(zhi)作。至端(duan)平年(nian)間(jian)(1234-1236),呂(lv)氏(shi)門(men)人(ren)又(you)(you)將(jiang)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內的(de)(de)呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)祀室改建為(wei)(wei)“呂(lv)成公(gong)祠”,主(zhu)祀成公(gong)呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian),配(pei)祀忠公(gong)呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)儉。到(dao)淳祐年(nian)間(jian)丙午(1246),婺(wu)州(zhou)知州(zhou)許應龍(long)對麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進行(xing)了重建,并遷雙溪之(zhi)(zhi)畔,奏請宋理宗趙昀御(yu)賜匾額。寶祐年(nian)間(jian)(1253-1258年(nian)),呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)門(men)人(ren)時少(shao)章(金(jin)華(hua)人(ren))任(ren)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)(shan)長(chang)(書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)主(zhu)持者(zhe)(zhe))。景定(ding)五(wu)年(nian)(1264年(nian)),又(you)(you)請著名(ming)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)何基(ji)(金(jin)華(hua)人(ren))任(ren)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)山(shan)(shan)長(chang)。后(hou)著名(ming)學(xue)者(zhe)(zhe)王柏(金(jin)華(hua)人(ren))任(ren)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)講席,當時金(jin)華(hua)城(cheng)鄉的(de)(de)許多(duo)(duo)耆老碩(shuo)德者(zhe)(zhe)亦(yi)來書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)執(zhi)弟(di)(di)子(zi)(zi)之(zhi)(zhi)禮。宋末(mo)咸(xian)淳乙丑(1265),麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)又(you)(you)遷至旌孝門(men)(俗稱(cheng)(cheng)義烏門(men))外(wai)印光寺(si)故址(今城(cheng)東麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)弄一(yi)帶(dai)),此后(hou)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)址未變(bian)。總之(zhi)(zhi),呂(lv)祖(zu)(zu)(zu)謙(qian)(qian)(qian)開(kai)創的(de)(de)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan),不僅(jin)是金(jin)華(hua)學(xue)派的(de)(de)發祥地和(he)培養人(ren)才的(de)(de)基(ji)地,而且有許多(duo)(duo)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)弟(di)(di)子(zi)(zi)還把麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)之(zhi)(zhi)學(xue)傳播于(yu)各地,促(cu)進了新舊(jiu)學(xue)派的(de)(de)產生(sheng)和(he)發展,促(cu)進了南宋兩(liang)浙學(xue)術文化的(de)(de)繁榮,天(tian)下稱(cheng)(cheng)婺(wu)州(zhou)為(wei)(wei)“小(xiao)鄒魯”。因此全祖(zu)(zu)(zu)望在《鮚埼亭集外(wai)編》卷四(si)十(shi)五(wu)將(jiang)麗(li)(li)(li)澤(ze)(ze)(ze)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)與岳麓、白鹿洞、象山(shan)(shan)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)并稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)南宋四(si)大(da)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)院(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。
屬亞熱帶季(ji)風氣候,春早而暖(nuan),夏長而熱,秋爽而短(duan),冬濕而寒,四季(ji)分(fen)明,年平均氣溫18℃左右,有(you)明顯的干濕季(ji)之分(fen)。時至6月,常(chang)有(you)連(lian)綿數日甚至數月的降雨,避開(kai)梅雨季(ji)節皆可出行(xing)。