【稻(dao)種(zhong)催芽】水稻(dao)種(zhong)子(zi)浸種(zhong)催芽技術要點(dian) 水稻(dao)種(zhong)子(zi)催芽注意(yi)事(shi)項

水稻種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)催(cui)芽技術要點

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的發芽(ya)勢和(he)發芽(ya)率。但不宜(yi)在水泥地(di)、石板上(shang)曬種。浸種時首先要(yao)進行(xing)種子消(xiao)毒處理，再進行(xing)浸種。水稻(dao)種子浸種提倡流水浸種法，如確實需(xu)靜水浸種，則每天最少要(yao)淋種或換水二次(ci)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。一般早稻(dao)需(xu)浸種48小時以(yi)(yi)上(shang)，中、晚稻(dao)需(xu)浸種36小時以(yi)(yi)上(shang)。

浸(jin)種后催(cui)芽(ya)，主要掌(zhang)握(wo)高溫(35℃—38℃)破胸露白，適溫 (25℃—30℃)長芽(ya)，低溫(正常氣溫)晾(liang)芽(ya)練芽(ya)。以淋溫水和(he)覆(fu)蓋密閉的辦(ban)法調節谷種溫度(du)(du)和(he)水分，以翻(fan)堆的辦(ban)法促(cu)使谷堆內外(wai)、上下，溫度(du)(du)、濕度(du)(du)均勻，使芽(ya)、根長勢一致。催(cui)芽(ya)標(biao)準為芽(ya)長半粒谷、根長一粒谷。

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1、曬種

常規稻種浸種前一周(zhou)選(xuan)晴天將種子曬6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的(de)呼吸作用和酶的(de)活性，有利于(yu)提高種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽率(lv)和發芽勢；曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也可殺死部(bu)分附著在稻(dao)殼上的(de)病菌。但(dan)雜交(jiao)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前不(bu)要(yao)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)接著浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發芽率(lv)一般要(yao)降(jiang)低5%至10%，對于(yu)那些生(sheng)活力弱的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)負面影響更(geng)大。

2、選種

要求用(yong)清(qing)水選種(zhong)，把(ba)浮(fu)在表層的秕谷撈出(chu)，選用(yong)飽滿的稻種(zhong)，以培育出(chu)整齊健壯秧(yang)苗。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸種時間不易過(guo)長，最好采用(yong)“日浸(jin)夜(ye)露”的方法，即白天(tian)浸(jin)種、夜(ye)晚撈(lao)出攤開(kai)，浸(jin)種時(shi)最好將種子(zi)放入流動清(qing)水(shui)中(zhong)先浸(jin)6小時(shi)（無(wu)流動清(qing)水(shui)的要每(mei)隔4－6小時(shi)左右換(huan)水(shui)一次），要淘(tao)汰舊(老)的直接浸(jin)種48小時(shi)方法。

采用間歇浸種方法：常規(gui)早稻(dao)浸種最佳時(shi)間33—35小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，超過(guo)48小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)發芽勢和發芽率。（具體浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)視氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)水(shui)溫(wen)(wen)而(er)定(ding)，以(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)足水(shui)份為準----谷殼透明，米(mi)粒腹(fu)白可(ke)見，剝(bo)去(qu)穎殼米(mi)粒易(yi)折斷而(er)無響(xiang)聲，用(yong)手能碾碎時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)已(yi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi) 足水(shui)分）。雜交早稻(dao)(dao)宜采用(yong)多(duo)起多(duo)落，間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)歇(xie)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法(fa)，忌長時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)連續浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)程就是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)過(guo)程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)后，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)酶的(de)活性(xing)(xing)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)上升，在酶活性(xing)(xing)作用(yong)下胚乳淀粉(fen)逐步溶解(jie)成糖，釋放出供胚根、胚芽和胚軸所需(xu)要的(de)養分。當(dang)稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)達(da)(da)到(dao)谷重24%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，胚就開(kai)始(shi)(shi)萌(meng)動，稱這為破胸或露(lu)白。當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量(liang)達(da)(da)到(dao)谷重40%時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)才能正(zheng)常發芽，這時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量(liang)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)飽和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量(liang)。達(da)(da)到(dao)這一(yi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量(liang)的(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，一(yi)方面(mian)受(shou)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)溫(wen)(wen)影(ying)響(xiang)，在一(yi)定(ding)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)范圍內，溫(wen)(wen)度(du)越高，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)越快，達(da)(da)到(dao)飽和吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)越短(duan)。另一(yi)方面(mian)受(shou)水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和組合類型影(ying)響(xiang)。由于雜交水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)吸(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)后酶的(de)活性(xing)(xing)較強，故雜交水(shui)稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)要比常規稻(dao)(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)浸(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)要短(duan)。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議(yi)采(cai)用藥劑浸種，包衣(yi)種子除(chu)外。清水浸種6小(xiao)時后(hou)，使(shi)附在種子上(shang)的病(bing)菌(jun)孢子萌(meng)動,再(zai)進行藥(yao)劑殺(sha)菌(jun)。目前常用(yong)的藥(yao)劑有(you)25%咪鮮胺(an)2000-3000倍液（即2ml兌水(shui)(shui)5公(gong)斤，浸(jin)種4-5公(gong)斤）浸(jin)種6小(xiao)時。或(huo)用(yong)500倍強(qiang)氯精（2克強(qiang)氯精兌1公(gong)斤水(shui)(shui)）浸(jin)種6-8小(xiao)時后(hou)，消(xiao)毒藥(yao)液應高出(chu)種子表面一寸（消(xiao)毒期間不換水(shui)(shui)），然后(hou)把(ba)稻種用(yong)清水(shui)(shui)反復(fu)沖(chong)洗(xi)，把(ba)殘留藥(yao)液沖(chong)洗(xi)干(gan)凈。

5、催芽

目前還有(you)不少農民喜歡(huan)將(jiang)種子裝在(zai)(zai)編織袋(dai)(dai)中催(cui)芽，甚至(zhi)因為溫(wen)(wen)度(du)上(shang)(shang)不來，將(jiang)種子放在(zai)(zai)太陽下暴曬，往往造成(cheng)燒芽。最(zui)好最(zui)簡易(yi)的方法是(shi)用(yong)雙層、無病、濕潤(run)麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)催(cui)芽，在(zai)(zai)地(di)面(mian)墊一(yi)(yi)層無病稻草，將(jiang)一(yi)(yi)條麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)鋪好，把種子均(jun)勻地(di)鋪在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)，再將(jiang)另一(yi)(yi)條麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)蓋(gai)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)(shang)面(mian)，中途只少許(xu)注意是(shi)否添加水分即(ji)可。也可裝入麻(ma)(ma)袋(dai)(dai)或比較(jiao)通(tong)氣的編織袋(dai)(dai)，四周可用(yong)稻草封好保溫(wen)(wen)。谷種升溫(wen)(wen)后，控制溫(wen)(wen)度(du)在(zai)(zai)35～38℃，溫度過(guo)高要翻(fan)堆(dui)(dui)，過(guo)低(di)則要采取措施提(ti)高種堆(dui)(dui)溫度。經20小時左右(you)，谷種即(ji)可(ke)露白破胸。5月(yue)中(zhong)下旬氣溫正常(chang)，則采用日浸夜(ye)露方法，無需加保溫材(cai)料(liao)，均(jun)可(ke)正常(chang)發芽(ya)。

6、煉芽

在播種前要把催好芽(ya)(ya)的谷種攤開在常溫下煉芽(ya)(ya)3～6小時后播種。使谷種適應空氣溫(wen)度，提高(gao)成苗率。

7、適時播種

谷種露白后調溫(wen)到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催(cui)芽時(shi)每天要翻動(dong)1-2次，使(shi)種(zhong)子上(shang)下內外溫度均勻(yun)一(yi)致，達到發芽整齊。

2、 催芽(ya)時一定要注意(yi)溫度變化，防治高(gao)溫燒種，超過40℃種(zhong)子失去發(fa)芽能力。

3、 當種子85%破胸，使溫度降至(zhi)25℃，芽(ya)、根長控制在(zai)2毫米(mi)以內，攤開(kai)晾(liang)種。

4、 破胸(xiong)后，適當補水(shui)，注意通(tong)氣增氧(yang)，即可催出茁壯的好芽。

5、 根(gen)據各自的生產(chan)計劃，適時分批催(cui)芽、播(bo)種，把(ba)秧(yang)齡控制在3.5葉齡，防止(zhi)前期插(cha)小苗，后期插(cha)大苗。