【稻種催芽(ya)】水(shui)稻種子浸種催芽(ya)技(ji)術(shu)要點(dian) 水(shui)稻種子催芽(ya)注意事項

水稻種子浸種催(cui)芽技術要點(dian)

水稻種子浸種前需曬種2—3天，以利提高種子的發芽(ya)勢(shi)和發芽(ya)率。但不宜在水(shui)(shui)泥地、石板上(shang)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)首先(xian)要進行(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子消(xiao)毒處理，再進行(xing)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。水(shui)(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)提倡流水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)法，如(ru)確(que)實需(xu)靜水(shui)(shui)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，則(ze)每天最(zui)少要淋種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)或換水(shui)(shui)二(er)次以上(shang)。一(yi)般早稻(dao)需(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)48小時(shi)(shi)以上(shang)，中、晚稻(dao)需(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)36小時(shi)(shi)以上(shang)。

浸種后(hou)催(cui)芽(ya)，主要(yao)掌握高溫(35℃—38℃)破(po)胸露白(bai)，適(shi)溫 (25℃—30℃)長(chang)(chang)(chang)芽(ya)，低(di)溫(正(zheng)常氣溫)晾芽(ya)練(lian)芽(ya)。以淋溫水(shui)和覆蓋密閉的(de)辦法調節(jie)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)種溫度(du)和水(shui)分，以翻堆(dui)的(de)辦法促使谷(gu)(gu)(gu)堆(dui)內外(wai)、上(shang)下，溫度(du)、濕度(du)均勻(yun)，使芽(ya)、根(gen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)勢一致。催(cui)芽(ya)標準為芽(ya)長(chang)(chang)(chang)半粒(li)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)、根(gen)長(chang)(chang)(chang)一粒(li)谷(gu)(gu)(gu)。

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1、曬種

常規稻種(zhong)浸種(zhong)前(qian)一周選晴天將種(zhong)子(zi)曬(shai)6～8小時，然后將曬好的種子放在干燥、陰涼的地方涼透心,以促進種子的呼吸作用和酶(mei)的活(huo)性，有(you)利于提高種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子發芽率和發芽勢；曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)也可殺死部分附著在(zai)稻(dao)殼上的病菌。但雜交稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前不要(yao)曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)后接著浸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，發芽率一般要(yao)降(jiang)低5%至10%，對于那些生活(huo)力弱的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，曬種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的負(fu)面(mian)影(ying)響更(geng)大。

2、選種

要(yao)求(qiu)用清水選(xuan)種(zhong)(zhong)，把浮在表層的秕谷撈出，選(xuan)用飽滿的稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)，以培育出整齊健壯秧苗(miao)。

3、提倡活水浸種

浸種(zhong)時間不易過長，最好采用“日浸夜露”的方法，即白(bai)天浸種(zhong)、夜晚撈出(chu)攤(tan)開，浸種(zhong)時(shi)最好將種(zhong)子放入流(liu)動清水中先浸6小時(shi)（無流(liu)動清水的要(yao)每隔4－6小時(shi)左(zuo)右換水一次），要(yao)淘汰舊(老)的直接(jie)浸種(zhong)48小時(shi)方法。

采用間歇浸種方法：常規早稻浸種最佳(jia)時間33—35小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)，超過(guo)48小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)不(bu)利于種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)發芽勢和(he)發芽率。（具體(ti)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間視氣溫(wen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)而定，以(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)份為準----谷殼(ke)透明，米粒腹白(bai)可見，剝去穎(ying)殼(ke)米粒易折(zhe)斷(duan)而無響(xiang)(xiang)聲，用手能碾碎時(shi)(shi)，表明種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)已吸(xi) 足(zu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分）。雜交早稻(dao)宜采用多(duo)(duo)起(qi)多(duo)(duo)落，間歇浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方法，忌長(chang)時(shi)(shi)間連續(xu)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)程就是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)過(guo)程，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)酶的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性開始(shi)上升(sheng)，在(zai)(zai)酶活(huo)(huo)性作(zuo)用下(xia)胚乳淀粉逐步(bu)溶解成糖，釋(shi)放出供胚根、胚芽和(he)胚軸(zhou)所需要的(de)(de)(de)(de)養分。當(dang)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)達到谷重(zhong)24%時(shi)(shi)，胚就開始(shi)萌動，稱這(zhe)為破胸或(huo)露白(bai)。當(dang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)達到谷重(zhong)40%時(shi)(shi)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)才能正常發芽，這(zhe)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)飽(bao)和(he)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)。達到這(zhe)一(yi)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間，一(yi)方面受(shou)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)影響(xiang)(xiang)，在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定溫(wen)度范圍內，溫(wen)度越(yue)(yue)高，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)越(yue)(yue)快，達到飽(bao)和(he)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)間越(yue)(yue)短(duan)。另一(yi)方面受(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)組合(he)類型影響(xiang)(xiang)。由于雜交水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)后(hou)酶的(de)(de)(de)(de)活(huo)(huo)性較(jiao)強，故雜交水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間要比常規(gui)稻(dao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間要短(duan)。

4、提倡藥劑浸種

建議采(cai)用藥(yao)劑浸種，包衣種子除外。清水浸種6小(xiao)時后，使(shi)附在種(zhong)子上(shang)的(de)病(bing)菌孢子萌(meng)動,再(zai)進行藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)殺菌。目前常用的(de)藥(yao)(yao)劑(ji)有25%咪鮮胺2000-3000倍液(ye)（即2ml兌水(shui)5公斤，浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)4-5公斤）浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)6小(xiao)時。或用500倍強(qiang)(qiang)氯(lv)(lv)精（2克強(qiang)(qiang)氯(lv)(lv)精兌1公斤水(shui)）浸(jin)(jin)種(zhong)6-8小(xiao)時后，消毒藥(yao)(yao)液(ye)應(ying)高出種(zhong)子表(biao)面一寸(cun)（消毒期間不換水(shui)），然后把稻種(zhong)用清水(shui)反復沖(chong)洗，把殘留藥(yao)(yao)液(ye)沖(chong)洗干(gan)凈。

5、催芽

目前還(huan)有(you)不少(shao)農民喜(xi)歡將種(zhong)子裝(zhuang)在(zai)編織袋中(zhong)催芽(ya)，甚至(zhi)因為(wei)溫(wen)度上(shang)不來(lai)，將種(zhong)子放(fang)在(zai)太(tai)陽下暴曬，往往造成燒(shao)芽(ya)。最好(hao)(hao)最簡(jian)易的(de)方法是(shi)用雙層、無(wu)(wu)病、濕潤(run)麻(ma)袋催芽(ya)，在(zai)地(di)面墊一(yi)層無(wu)(wu)病稻草(cao)(cao)，將一(yi)條麻(ma)袋鋪(pu)好(hao)(hao)，把種(zhong)子均(jun)勻地(di)鋪(pu)在(zai)上(shang)面，再將另一(yi)條麻(ma)袋蓋在(zai)上(shang)面，中(zhong)途只少(shao)許(xu)注意(yi)是(shi)否添加水分即(ji)可(ke)(ke)。也(ye)可(ke)(ke)裝(zhuang)入麻(ma)袋或比(bi)較(jiao)通氣的(de)編織袋，四周(zhou)可(ke)(ke)用稻草(cao)(cao)封好(hao)(hao)保(bao)溫(wen)。谷種(zhong)升溫(wen)后，控制溫(wen)度在(zai)35～38℃，溫(wen)度(du)(du)過(guo)高要翻堆，過(guo)低則要采取(qu)措施提高種堆溫(wen)度(du)(du)。經20小時左(zuo)右，谷種即可露白(bai)破(po)胸。5月中下旬氣溫(wen)正常，則采用日浸夜露方(fang)法，無需加保溫(wen)材料，均可正常發芽。

6、煉芽

在播(bo)種前要把(ba)催好芽(ya)的谷種攤(tan)開在常溫下煉芽(ya)3～6小時后播種(zhong)。使谷種(zhong)適應空氣(qi)溫度，提(ti)高(gao)成苗率。

7、適時播種

谷種露白后調(diao)溫到25～30℃，適溫催芽促根，待芽長半粒谷、根長1粒谷時即可播種下田，機插拋栽育秧芽長要適當短些。

水稻種子催芽注意事項

1、 催芽(ya)時(shi)每天要翻動1-2次，使種子上下內外溫度(du)均勻一致(zhi)，達到發芽整齊。

2、 催芽時一定要注意溫度變化，防治高溫燒種，超過40℃種子失(shi)去發芽(ya)能(neng)力。

3、 當種子85%破(po)胸，使溫度(du)降至25℃，芽、根長控制在2毫米以內，攤開(kai)晾(liang)種。

4、 破胸后，適當補水(shui)，注意通氣增氧，即可催出茁壯的好芽。

5、 根(gen)據(ju)各自的生產(chan)計劃，適(shi)時(shi)分批(pi)催芽、播種，把秧齡控(kong)制(zhi)在3.5葉齡，防止前(qian)期插小苗，后期插大苗。