1、電池(chi)單體(ti)

電(dian)(dian)池單體是(shi)直接(jie)將(jiang)化(hua)學能(neng)轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的基本單元(yuan)裝置(zhi)，包括電(dian)(dian)極、隔膜、電(dian)(dian)解質(zhi)、外殼和(he)端子，并被設計(ji)成可充電(dian)(dian)。

2、電池模(mo)組

電池模組(zu)將一(yi)個以上(shang)電池單體(ti)按照串聯、并(bing)(bing)聯或串并(bing)(bing)聯方式組(zu)合(he)，且只有一(yi)對正負(fu)極輸出(chu)端子(zi)，并(bing)(bing)作為電源(yuan)使用的組(zu)合(he)體(ti)

3、電池單元

電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)由(you)數十(shi)個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)體或電(dian)(dian)池(chi)模組串聯(lian)在起，構(gou)成一個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)。由(you)數個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)單(dan)元(yuan)串聯(lian)在一起，構(gou)成動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)總成。

4、CSC采集系統

每一個(ge)電池單(dan)元有多個(ge)CSC采集系統，以監測其中每個(ge)電池單(dan)體(ti)或(huo)電池組單(dan)體(ti)電壓、溫度信息。

CSC采集系(xi)統將相關信息上報電池控制單元(yuan)（BMU）并根據BMU的指(zhi)令執(zhi)行單體電壓均衡。

5、電池控(kong)制單元

安裝于動力電(dian)池總(zong)成內(nei)部，是電(dian)池管(guan)理系統(tong)核心部件(jian)。電(dian)池控(kong)制(zhi)單(dan)元（BMU）將單(dan)體電(dian)壓(ya)、電(dian)流(liu)、溫度及(ji)整(zheng)車高壓(ya)絕緣等信息上(shang)報整(zheng)車控(kong)制(zhi)器（VCU）并(bing)根(gen)據∨CU的(de)指令完成對動力電(dian)池的(de)控(kong)制(zhi)。

6、電池高壓分配單元

安裝在動(dong)力電(dian)池總(zong)成的正(zheng)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)輸出端(duan)，由(you)高壓正(zheng)極(ji)(ji)(ji)繼(ji)電(dian)器、高壓負極(ji)(ji)(ji)繼(ji)電(dian)器、預充繼(ji)電(dian)器、電(dian)流傳感器和預充電(dian)阻(zu)等組成。

7、維修開關

位于動(dong)力(li)電池總成中(zhong)間表(biao)面位置，打開駕(jia)駛室內副儀表(biao)手(shou)套箱開關，可操作維(wei)(wei)修開關。在高壓零部(bu)件檢查(cha)和維(wei)(wei)護(hu)前斷(duan)(duan)開維(wei)(wei)修開關可以確保切(qie)斷(duan)(duan)高壓。

1、汽(qi)車和摩托車行(xing)業

主要(yao)是為發動機(ji)的(de)起動點(dian)火(huo)和車載電子設(she)備的(de)使用提供電能。

2、工業電(dian)力系統

用(yong)于輸(shu)變電(dian)站、為動力(li)機組提(ti)供合閘電(dian)流，為公共設施提(ti)供備用(yong)電(dian)源以及(ji)通訊用(yong)電(dian)源。

3、電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車和電(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行車行業

取代汽油和(he)柴油，作為電(dian)動(dong)汽車或電(dian)動(dong)自行車的行駛(shi)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)源。

4、軍(jun)事領域

由于高(gao)(gao)科技在軍事上的廣泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)，現代(dai)戰爭(zheng)已成為(wei)以數字化(hua)、信息化(hua)武器為(wei)主的高(gao)(gao)科技戰爭(zheng)。這種戰爭(zheng)模(mo)式使(shi)得高(gao)(gao)效、高(gao)(gao)比能(neng)量密度和(he)可快速充填(tian)燃料(liao)的軍用(yong)(yong)能(neng)源成為(wei)現代(dai)戰場上的迫切需要。當今世界各國對高(gao)(gao)能(neng)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)池的技術開發一直在緊張進行，如新型(xing)鉛酸電(dian)池、鋰離子電(dian)池和(he)燃料(liao)電(dian)池的使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

1、動(dong)力電(dian)池電(dian)壓

動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)分為(wei)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)、充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池正極和(he)負極之間的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差(cha)即為(wei)端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，在沒(mei)有負載(zai)情況下的端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)叫開路電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池在工作時輸出的標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)即為(wei)額(e)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)極限值就是(shi)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)極限值是(shi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)終(zhong)止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。

2、動(dong)力電池(chi)容量

容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)是(shi)指電(dian)池在(zai)一定放電(dian)條件下所能放出的(de)電(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)，用符(fu)號C表示，單位常用為(wei)A?h或mA?h，等于(yu)放電(dian)電(dian)流與放電(dian)時間的(de)乘(cheng)積。容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)可以分為(wei)理(li)論容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)、標稱容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)與額定容(rong)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。

3、動力電池能量和(he)能量密度

電池的(de)能量是指在一定放電制(zhi)度下(xia)，電池所能輸出的(de)電能，單位(wei)為(wei)Wh或kWh，它影響電動汽車的(de)行駛距離。

能(neng)量(liang)密度是指(zhi)單(dan)位(wei)質量(liang)或(huo)單(dan)位(wei)體積的電(dian)池(chi)所能(neng)輸出的能(neng)量(liang)，相應(ying)的也(ye)被(bei)稱為(wei)質量(liang)比能(neng)量(liang)或(huo)體積比能(neng)量(liang)。在(zai)電(dian)動汽車(che)應(ying)用方(fang)面，電(dian)池(chi)的質量(liang)比能(neng)量(liang)影響電(dian)動汽車(che)的整車(che)質量(liang)和(he)續(xu)駛(shi)里程，而體積比能(neng)量(liang)影響到電(dian)池(chi)的布(bu)置空間。

4、動力電(dian)池(chi)功率(lv)與功率(lv)密度(du)

功率是指在(zai)一(yi)定的放電制度(du)下，單位時間內電池(chi)輸(shu)出的能量(liang)，單位為W或kW。

功(gong)率密度(du)又稱比功(gong)率，是單位(wei)質(zhi)量或單位(wei)體積電池(chi)輸出的功(gong)率，比功(gong)率是評價電池(chi)及電池(chi)包(bao)是否滿足電動汽車(che)加速和爬坡能力的重要指(zhi)標(biao)。

1、超長(chang)壽命

長壽(shou)命鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循環(huan)壽(shou)命在300次(ci)左右，最高也就500次(ci)，而目前生(sheng)產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)鋰動力電(dian)池(chi)，最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池(chi)循環(huan)壽(shou)命可達到(dao)2000次(ci)以(yi)上，標準充(chong)電(dian)（5小時(shi)率）使用，可達到(dao)2000次(ci)。同質量的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)池(chi)是“新半(ban)年(nian)(nian)、舊半(ban)年(nian)(nian)、維(wei)護維(wei)護又半(ban)年(nian)(nian)”，最多也就1~1.5年(nian)(nian)時(shi)間，而磷酸(suan)(suan)鐵(tie)鋰電(dian)池(chi)在同樣條件下使用，將達到(dao)7－8年(nian)(nian)。綜合考慮，性(xing)能價格(ge)比將為鉛酸(suan)(suan)電(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)4倍以(yi)上。

2、使用安(an)全

磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)完全(quan)解決了鈷(gu)酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)和(he)錳酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)的安(an)全(quan)隱患問題，鈷(gu)酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)和(he)錳酸(suan)(suan)鋰(li)在(zai)(zai)強烈的碰撞下會產生(sheng)爆炸(zha)對消費者(zhe)的生(sheng)命安(an)全(quan)構成威(wei)脅，而磷(lin)酸(suan)(suan)鐵鋰(li)以經過嚴格(ge)的安(an)全(quan)測試即使在(zai)(zai)最惡劣的交通(tong)事故中也(ye)不(bu)會產生(sheng)爆炸(zha)。

3、可(ke)大電流2C快速充(chong)放電

在專用充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器下，1.5C充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)40分鐘內即可使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)滿，起動電(dian)(dian)(dian)流可達2C,而(er)鉛(qian)酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)池現在無此性(xing)能。

4、耐(nai)高溫

磷酸(suan)鐵鋰電熱峰值可達350℃~500℃而錳酸(suan)鋰和鈷酸(suan)鋰只在200℃左(zuo)右。

5、大容量

動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池相比傳統的(de)汽車(che)電(dian)(dian)池容量要大許多，一般(ban)的(de)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池都至少(shao)能帶動汽車(che)跑150km以(yi)上，好的(de)動力(li)電(dian)(dian)池則(ze)可以(yi)達到300km以(yi)上。

6、無(wu)記憶效應

傳統的鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)具有(you)記憶效(xiao)應，因此容(rong)易導致電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)容(rong)量降低。動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)則無需擔心，可(ke)以隨用隨充。

7、體積小、重量輕(qing)

動力電池由于(yu)采取了新技術，相(xiang)比傳統(tong)又(you)沉又(you)大(da)的電池來說(shuo)，體積更(geng)小，重量更(geng)輕。

1、性(xing)質不同

動力電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)指(zhi)為交通運(yun)輸工(gong)具提供(gong)動力的電(dian)池(chi)，一(yi)般是(shi)相對于為便攜(xie)式電(dian)子(zi)設備提供(gong)能量的小型(xing)電(dian)池(chi)而言；而普通電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)以鋰(li)(li)金屬(shu)或鋰(li)(li)合金為負極材料，使用非水電(dian)解質(zhi)溶液的一(yi)次(ci)電(dian)池(chi)，與可充電(dian)電(dian)池(chi)鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)跟(gen)鋰(li)(li)離子(zi)聚合物電(dian)池(chi)是(shi)不一(yi)樣。

2、電池容(rong)量不同

在(zai)(zai)都是新電(dian)池(chi)的(de)情況下(xia)，用(yong)放電(dian)儀(yi)測試電(dian)池(chi)容量，一般動力電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量在(zai)(zai)1000-1500mAh左右(you)；而普通電(dian)池(chi)的(de)容量在(zai)(zai)2000mAh以(yi)上，有的(de)能到(dao)3400mAh。

3、放(fang)電功(gong)率不同

一顆(ke)4200mAh的(de)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)可以(yi)在(zai)短(duan)短(duan)幾分(fen)鐘內將電(dian)(dian)量(liang)放(fang)光，但是普(pu)(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)完全(quan)(quan)做(zuo)不到，因此(ci)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)能力(li)完全(quan)(quan)無法與(yu)動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)相比。動(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)與(yu)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)最大的(de)差別，在(zai)于(yu)其放(fang)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率大，比能量(liang)高。由于(yu)動(dong)力(li)型電(dian)(dian)池(chi)主(zhu)要用途為車(che)用能源供(gong)給，所以(yi)相較于(yu)普(pu)(pu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)要有更高的(de)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率。

4、應用不同

為(wei)(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)提供(gong)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)被稱為(wei)(wei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，包(bao)括(kuo)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉛酸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)、鎳(nie)氫電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)以及新興的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰離子(zi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，分(fen)為(wei)(wei)功率型(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(混合動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)(che)(che))以及能量型(xing)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che))；手機(ji)、筆記本電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦等消費電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)產品使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)一般統(tong)稱為(wei)(wei)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，以區別于電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)。

固態鋰電(dian)池(chi)(聚合物固態電(dian)池(chi))研發應用現狀

法國Bollore：全固態二次(ci)電(dian)(dian)池(LMP)，負極材料采用(yong)金屬鋰，電(dian)(dian)解質采用(yong)聚(ju)合物(PEO 等(deng))薄膜，目前已經(jing)批量應用(yong)在法國的(de) EV，共享服務汽車“Autolib”和小型電(dian)(dian)動巴士“Bluelus，總(zong)體應用(yong)超過3000 輛。

美國Seeo：全固體二次(ci)電池采用大創公司的(de)干聚合物薄膜，提(ti)供的(de)樣(yang)品電池組(zu)能(neng)量密度(du)為 130-150Wh/kg，2017 年能(neng)量密度(du)能(neng)達到300Wh/kg，尚未推廣(guang)應用。

CATL：目前(qian)已經設計(ji)制造出(chu)(chu)了容(rong)量為 325 mAh的聚合物電芯，表現出(chu)(chu)較好(hao)的高溫(wen)循環(huan)性能，尚(shang)未推廣(guang)應(ying)用。

中科(ke)院青(qing)島能(neng)源所(suo)：開發的大容量(liang)(liang)固態聚合物鋰電池(chi)“青(qing)能(neng) I 號(hao)”完成深海(hai)科(ke)考，其能(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度超過 250 Wh/kg，500次循環容量(liang)(liang)保(bao)持 80%以(yi)上，在多次針(zhen)刺(ci)和擠壓等苛刻測試(shi)條件下(xia)保(bao)持非常好的安全性(xing)能(neng)。“青(qing)能(neng) II號(hao)”也(ye)已經研發成功，能(neng)量(liang)(liang)密度高達 300 Wh/kg，尚未推廣應用。

此外，固態(tai)鋰電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中，硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化物固態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(鋰硫(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池)由于具有(you)較高的(de)(de)能量(liang)(liang)密度和低(di)廉的(de)(de)成本(ben)，有(you)著巨(ju)大的(de)(de)開發潛力，豐田(tian)(tian)、三星(xing)、CATL、豐田(tian)(tian)等國內外企(qi)業均紛紛加速(su)布局，這(zhe)其(qi)中以(yi)豐田(tian)(tian)技術最(zui)為領先。豐田(tian)(tian)在2010年(nian)就推(tui)出硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化物固態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，2014年(nian)其(qi)實驗原型能量(liang)(liang)密度達到400Wh/kg，截止到2017年(nian)初，豐田(tian)(tian)固態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池專(zhuan)利數量(liang)(liang)達到30件，遠高于其(qi)它(ta)企(qi)業。據豐田(tian)(tian)高管透露，豐田(tian)(tian)或將在2020年(nian)實現硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化物固態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)產業化。國內企(qi)業CATL在硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化物固態(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池方面(mian)相對領先，正加速(su)開發純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)用的(de)(de)硫(liu)(liu)(liu)化物全固態(tai)鋰金屬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

固(gu)態(tai)鋰電池(硫(liu)化物固(gu)態(tai)電池)研發現(xian)狀

豐田：2010年(nian)開始推出固態電池，2014年(nian)其實(shi)驗原型能量密度達到(dao)400Wh/kg。

三星日(ri)本研究所：利用硫化(hua)物類固體電解質(zhi)試制(zhi)出2000mAh、175Wh/kg的壓層型全(quan)固態二(er)次電池。

Sakti3(美國)：2015年獲得英國家電(dian)巨頭戴森1500萬美元的(de)(de)投(tou)資，其開發(fa)的(de)(de)固(gu)態電(dian)池以陶(tao)瓷(ci)等為(wei)電(dian)解(jie)質，金屬鋰或鋰類合金為(wei)負極，能(neng)量密(mi)度(du)達到1000Wh/L，目(mu)前仍處于研發(fa)階段。

清(qing)陶能源(yuan)：公(gong)司核心在(zai)于高固含(han)量的全陶瓷隔膜(mo)和無機固體電(dian)解質的開發(fa)和生產。目(mu)前團(tuan)隊已經和北(bei)汽(qi)開展合作(zuo)進(jin)行(xing)中試，未來可能作(zuo)為北(bei)汽(qi)電(dian)動(dong)車(che)的重要組件。

CATL：主要研發方(fang)(fang)向是硫化物電解(jie)質，采用正極包覆方(fang)(fang)法，解(jie)決了界(jie)面反應問(wen)題，熱壓方(fang)(fang)式降低了界(jie)面電阻。