一、免維護蓄電池的原理

在(zai)(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為化(hua)學能(neng)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)化(hua)學能(neng)又轉(zhuan)化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，金屬鉛(qian)是(shi)負(fu)極，發(fa)生(sheng)氧化(hua)反(fan)應，被(bei)氧化(hua)為硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)；二(er)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)是(shi)正極，發(fa)生(sheng)還原反(fan)應，被(bei)還原為硫酸(suan)鉛(qian)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)用直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)，兩(liang)極分(fen)別(bie)生(sheng)成鉛(qian)和二(er)氧化(hua)鉛(qian)。移去電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)后(hou)，它又恢(hui)復到放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)前的狀態，組成內部動態平衡的化(hua)學電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。鉛(qian)蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)是(shi)能(neng)反(fan)復充電(dian)(dian)(dian)、放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，又叫做二(er)次電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)。

鉛酸蓄電(dian)池反應化學方(fang)程式如下：

放電→

PbO2+2H2SO4+Pb≒PbSO4+2H2O+PbSO4

←充電

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二、免維護蓄電池的結構

一般的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)鉛(qian)(qian)酸(suan)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)由正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)、隔板(ban)、殼體、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)和接線樁頭等組(zu)成，其(qi)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應是(shi)依靠正極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性物質(zhi)(二氧化(hua)鉛(qian)(qian)和鉛(qian)(qian))和負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)活性物質(zhi)(海綿狀(zhuang)純鉛(qian)(qian))在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)(稀硫(liu)酸(suan)溶液(ye))的(de)(de)作用(yong)下進(jin)行(xing)，其(qi)中(zhong)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)的(de)(de)柵(zha)架，傳統(tong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)用(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)銻(ti)(ti)合金制(zhi)造，免維(wei)護蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)用(yong)鉛(qian)(qian)鈣合金制(zhi)造，前者(zhe)用(yong)銻(ti)(ti)，后(hou)者(zhe)用(yong)鈣，這是(shi)兩者(zhe)的(de)(de)根本(ben)區別(bie)點(dian)。不同的(de)(de)材(cai)料就會產生不同的(de)(de)現象：傳統(tong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)使用(yong)過(guo)程中(zhong)會發(fa)生減液(ye)現象，這是(shi)因為柵(zha)架上的(de)(de)銻(ti)(ti)會污染(ran)負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上的(de)(de)海綿狀(zhuang)純鉛(qian)(qian)，減弱了完全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，造成水的(de)(de)過(guo)度(du)分解(jie)，大量氧氣(qi)和氫(qing)氣(qi)分別(bie)從(cong)正負(fu)極(ji)(ji)板(ban)上逸出(chu)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)減少。用(yong)鈣代替銻(ti)(ti)，就可以改變(bian)完全充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou)的(de)(de)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)反(fan)(fan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動勢，減少過(guo)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流，液(ye)體氣(qi)化(hua)速度(du)減低，從(cong)而減低了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液(ye)的(de)(de)損失。

三、如何保養免維護蓄電池

要求

1、檢查蓄電池(chi)在車上是否固定好(hao)，外殼表面是否有磕(ke)碰傷。

2、蓄電池電纜是(shi)否連接可(ke)靠，排氣孔(kong)是(shi)否有灰塵。

3、通過蓄電池(chi)上的電眼檢查充電情況(kuang)和質量(liang)狀態，綠色表示(shi)(shi)合格，黑色表示(shi)(shi)虧電，白色表示(shi)(shi)電池(chi)損壞需要更換(huan)。

補充充電

1、如果(guo)長時間不(bu)使(shi)用車輛或(huo)充(chong)電(dian)系統(tong)有故(gu)障，當(dang)蓄電(dian)池負載(zai)電(dian)壓低(di)于10V，空載(zai)電(dian)壓低(di)于12．4V必須補充(chong)充(chong)電(dian)。

2、采(cai)風(feng)恒(heng)電(dian)(dian)限流充電(dian)(dian)方(fang)法，多只蓄電(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)必須(xu)采(cai)用(yong)串聯連接(jie)。

3、充電(dian)(dian)第(di)一階段(duan)，以蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池容量的1/10電(dian)(dian)流充電(dian)(dian)，其充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為(wei)6A。充電(dian)(dian)至平均(jun)每只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓達到16A后(hou)轉(zhuan)為(wei)第(di)二階段(duan)充電(dian)(dian)。

4、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)第二階段，以蓄電(dian)(dian)池容(rong)量(liang)x0．045的電(dian)(dian)流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，如6－QW－60蓄電(dian)(dian)池，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流為60x0．045=2．7A。充(chong)電(dian)(dian)至平均每只(zhi)電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)壓達到(dao)16V后再繼續充(chong)3－5個小時。

5、充(chong)電時電解(jie)液溫度(du)(du)超過40度(du)(du)時，應(ying)采(cai)取停止充(chong)電，減(jian)少電流或物(wu)理(li)降溫，當溫度(du)(du)達(da)到45度(du)(du)時必須(xu)停止充(chong)電。

6、充電(dian)間保證良(liang)好通風，不許有明火和(he)易燃物。

7、充(chong)足電(dian)標準，電(dian)眼為(wei)綠(lv)色。

充電

1、快速充(chong)電僅限于汽車不(bu)能啟動的(de)應急措施，時間容許(xu)的(de)條件下盡量(liang)采用普通充(chong)電機。

2、快速(su)充電(dian)電(dian)流為蓄電(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量的(de)3/10。

3、快速充電時間不(bu)超過(guo)2小(xiao)時。

診斷

1、關閉附加電器的(de)情況下，測量(liang)各種發動機轉速下的(de)蓄電池兩極柱間電壓，應在13．8－14．5V之(zhi)間，如低于13．8V說(shuo)明充電系統輸出容量(liang)不夠，高于14．4V說(shuo)明電壓調節器失(shi)控，需要檢查(cha)具體故障原因(yin)。

2、關閉所有用電(dian)器，拆(chai)開蓄電(dian)池電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)，在電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)夾與(yu)極柱間(jian)串(chuan)入電(dian)流表，測量(liang)漏電(dian)流。除去(qu)石(shi)英鐘、各(ge)控(kong)制單元正常耗電(dian)，如漏電(dian)流過大，可依次(ci)撥(bo)開各(ge)保險觀察漏電(dian)是否(fou)減小。

3、如果電(dian)(dian)(dian)眼顏色為綠色，但存(cun)在起動(dong)機轉速較低(di)的情況，需要使用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池檢測儀檢查(cha)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池放電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓。測量時電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓高(gao)于(yu)10V經充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)正常使用(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓低(di)于(yu)10V經充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后可(ke)能仍存(cun)在虧電(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)象，應更換新蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

使用

1、電池使用在(zai)自(zi)然通風良好，環(huan)境溫度(du)最(zui)好在(zai)25±10℃的工作場所。

2、電池在(zai)這(zhe)些條件下使用將十分安全：導電連接(jie)良好(hao)，不(bu)(bu)嚴重過充，熱源不(bu)(bu)直(zhi)接(jie)輻(fu)射，保持自然通風。

注意

1、蓄(xu)電池應(ying)離(li)開(kai)熱源和(he)易產生火花的地方，其(qi)安全距離(li)應(ying)大于0.5m。

2、蓄電池(chi)應避免陽光直射(she)(she)，不能置于大量(liang)放射(she)(she)性(xing)、紅(hong)外線輻射(she)(she)、紫外線輻射(she)(she)、有機(ji)溶劑氣體和腐蝕(shi)氣體的環境中。

3、安(an)裝地面應有(you)足夠的承載能(neng)力(li)。

4、由于電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件電(dian)(dian)壓較高，存在(zai)電(dian)(dian)擊危險，因此在(zai)裝卸導電(dian)(dian)連(lian)接(jie)條時應使(shi)(shi)用(yong)絕(jue)緣工具，安裝或搬運電(dian)(dian)池(chi)時應戴(dai)絕(jue)緣手 套、圍裙和防(fang)護眼鏡。電(dian)(dian)池(chi)在(zai)安裝搬運過程中，只能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)非(fei)金屬吊(diao)帶，不能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)鋼(gang)絲繩等。

5、臟(zang)污的連接(jie)條或(huo)不緊密的連接(jie)均可(ke)引起電(dian)池(chi)打火，甚至(zhi)損壞電(dian)池(chi)組，因此(ci)安裝時(shi)應仔細(xi)檢查并清除連接(jie)條上的臟(zang)污，擰緊連接(jie)條。

6、電(dian)池外(wai)殼，不能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)有機溶劑清洗，不能使(shi)(shi)用(yong)二氧化(hua)碳(tan)滅火(huo)器撲滅電(dian)池火(huo)災，可(ke)用(yong)四氯(lv)化(hua)碳(tan)之類的滅火(huo)器具。

7、蓄電(dian)池(chi)與充電(dian)器或(huo)負載連接(jie)時，電(dian)路開關應(ying)位于“斷開”位置(zhi)，并保證連接(jie)正確:蓄電(dian)池(chi)的正極與充電(dian)器的正極連接(jie)，負極與負極連接(jie)。

運輸儲存

1、由于有的(de)電池(chi)重量較(jiao)重，必需注意運輸工具的(de)選用(yong)，嚴(yan)禁翻滾和摔擲(zhi)有包裝箱的(de)電池(chi)組。

2、搬運電池時不要(yao)觸動極柱和安(an)全閥。

3、蓄電(dian)池為帶液荷(he)電(dian)出廠，運輸中應防止電(dian)池短路。

4、電(dian)池(chi)在安裝(zhuang)前可(ke)在0～35℃的(de)環境下(xia)存(cun)(cun)放，但存(cun)(cun)放不能超過六個(ge)月，超過六個(ge)月儲存(cun)(cun)期的(de)電(dian)池(chi)應充電(dian)維護，存(cun)(cun)放地點應清潔、通風、干燥。