一、鎳鎘電池的原理

位于負(fu)極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)鎘(ge)(Cd)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)(NaOH)中(zhong)的(de)(de)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)子(OH-)化(hua)合成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎘(ge)，并附(fu)著(zhu)在陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)上，同時也放(fang)出電(dian)(dian)子。電(dian)(dian)子沿著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)至陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)，和(he)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)與氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)溶液中(zhong)的(de)(de)水反應形成(cheng)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)和(he)氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)子，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鎳(nie)會附(fu)著(zhu)在陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)上，氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)根離(li)子則又回到氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)溶液中(zhong)，故氫(qing)(qing)氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)鈉(na)溶液濃度不會隨著(zhu)時間(jian)而下降(jiang)。

鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)正極板上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)活性物質由氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎳(nie)粉(fen)(fen)和石(shi)墨粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，石(shi)墨不參(can)加(jia)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學(xue)反應，其(qi)主要(yao)作用(yong)是(shi)增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性。負極板上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)活性物質由氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)(fen)和氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)組成(cheng)，氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鐵粉(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)是(shi)使(shi)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鎘(ge)粉(fen)(fen)有(you)較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)擴散性，防止結塊，并增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)極板的(de)(de)(de)容量(liang)。活性物質分別包在(zai)穿(chuan)孔鋼帶中(zhong)，加(jia)壓(ya)成(cheng)型后即成(cheng)為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)正負極板。極板間用(yong)耐堿的(de)(de)(de)硬(ying)橡膠絕(jue)緣棍或有(you)孔的(de)(de)(de)聚氯乙烯瓦(wa)楞板隔開。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解液(ye)通常(chang)用(yong)氫(qing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)鉀(jia)溶(rong)液(ye)。與其(qi)它電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)相比，NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)自放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)率(即電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)不使(shi)用(yong)時失去(qu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷的(de)(de)(de)速率超科電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi))適中(zhong)。NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過程中(zhong)，如果放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不完(wan)全(quan)就又充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，下(xia)次再放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時，就不能(neng)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)全(quan)部電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。比如，放(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)80%電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)后再充(chong)足電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)只能(neng)放(fang)(fang)(fang)出(chu)80%的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)。這就是(shi)所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)(de)(de)記憶效(xiao)應。當然(ran)，幾次完(wan)整的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)/充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循環將使(shi)NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)恢(hui)復正常(chang)工作。由于NiCd電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)記憶效(xiao)應，若未完(wan)全(quan)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，應在(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)前將每節(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至1V以下(xia)。

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二、鎳鎘電池的基本特點

1、鎳鎘電(dian)池可(ke)重(zhong)復500次以上的充(chong)放電(dian)，非常的經濟。

2、內阻(zu)小(xiao)，可供大電流的(de)(de)放(fang)電，當它放(fang)電時電壓的(de)(de)變化很小(xiao)，作為直流電源是(shi)一種質量極佳的(de)(de)電池(chi)。

3、因為采用完全(quan)(quan)密封式(shi)，因此不會(hui)有電解液漏出的現(xian)象(xiang)，也完全(quan)(quan)不需要補(bu)充電解液。

4、與其他種類電(dian)池(chi)相比之下，鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池(chi)可耐(nai)過充(chong)電(dian)或放(fang)過電(dian)，操作簡單方便。

5、長時(shi)間的(de)放置下也不會(hui)使性能(neng)劣化，當(dang)十(shi)分(fen)充完電(dian)后(hou)即可(ke)恢復(fu)原來(lai)的(de)特性。

6、可使用在很廣(guang)的溫度范圍內(nei)。

7、因(yin)為它(ta)采(cai)用金屬容器而作成，有(you)機械性(xing)的堅固。

8、鎳鎘電池(chi)在非(fei)常嚴(yan)格的品質管(guan)理下被制造(zao)完(wan)成，有非(fei)常優良的品質性(xing)賴性(xing)。

三、鎳鎘電池的主要特征

1、高壽命

鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池可以提供500次以上的充放電周(zhou)期，壽(shou)命幾乎等同于使用該種電池的設(she)備的服務期。

2、優異的放電性能

在大(da)電(dian)流放電(dian)的(de)情況下(xia)，鎳鎘電(dian)池具有低內阻和高(gao)電(dian)壓的(de)放電(dian)特性，因而應用(yong)廣泛。

3、儲存期長

鎳(nie)鎘(ge)電池儲(chu)存壽命(ming)長(chang)而且限制條件(jian)少，在長(chang)期儲(chu)存后仍(reng)可正常充電。

4、高倍率充電性能

鎳(nie)鎘電(dian)池可根據應(ying)用需要進行快(kuai)速充電(dian), 滿充時間(jian)僅為1.2小時。

5、大范圍溫度適應性

普通型(xing)鎳鎘(ge)電(dian)池可以(yi)應用(yong)于較高或較低溫度(du)環境(jing)。高溫型(xing)電(dian)池可以(yi)在70攝氏度(du)或者更高溫度(du)的環境(jing)中(zhong)使用(yong)。

6、可靠的安全閥

安(an)全閥提供(gong)了(le)免(mian)維(wei)護功能(neng)。鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)池(chi)在充放(fang)電(dian)或者儲存過(guo)程中可以自由使用。由于密(mi)封圈使用的是特殊材料(liao)，再加上密(mi)封劑的作(zuo)用，使得鎳鎘(ge)(ge)電(dian)池(chi)很少出(chu)現漏液(ye)現象。

7、廣泛的應用領域

鎳鎘電池容量從100mAh 至(zhi) 7000mAh不(bu)等。通常(chang)使用(yong)的(de)有標準(zhun)型，消費型，高溫型和大電(dian)流放電(dian)型等四大類，可應(ying)用(yong)于任何無(wu)線設備。

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四、鎳鎘電池的保養

1、在日(ri)常工作中，應該熟悉自(zi)己使用(yong)電池所屬類型，它所具(ju)有的(de)基本特點和性能。這對(dui)于(yu)(yu)指導我們(men)正(zheng)確的(de)使用(yong)和保(bao)養，具(ju)有十分(fen)重(zhong)要的(de)意義，對(dui)于(yu)(yu)延長電池的(de)使用(yong)壽命也是極為重(zhong)要的(de)。

2、充電時(shi)，室溫(wen)最好(hao)控制在10℃－30℃之間進行，右高于30攝(she)氏(shi)度最好(hao)采取降溫(wen)措施，避免(mian)因(yin)電池(chi)內部過(guo)熱發生變形；室溫(wen)低于5攝(she)氏(shi)度時(shi)，會造成充電不足，影響電池(chi)的使用壽命。

3、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池經一(yi)段時間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)使用后，由(you)于放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)程度不同(tong)和(he)老化或(huo)多或(huo)少的(de)存在充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不足和(he)性能下降(jiang)的(de)情況，一(yi)般情況下鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池可在10次左右(you)的(de)充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)循(xun)環之后，進行一(yi)次過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。方法是延長充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)比(bi)正常(chang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)延長一(yi)倍左右(you)。具體舉例如下：用SONY的(de)BC--1WA(B)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器對NP-1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，在綠(lv)(lv)燈閃爍時為快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，綠(lv)(lv)燈停止閃爍長亮(liang)時快速充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結束點滴(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)開始，延長點滴(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)時，點滴(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)為過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)，過(guo)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)以3－4小時為宜(yi)。

4、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)放電(dian)應(ying)嚴格按要(yao)求(qiu)規(gui)范操作，切忌(ji)長(chang)期(qi)過充(chong)、過放或經常(chang)充(chong)電(dian)不足。放電(dian)不徹底、電(dian)池(chi)(chi)使用時長(chang)期(qi)小電(dian)流深度放電(dian)或短路(lu)都是(shi)造成電(dian)池(chi)(chi)容量下降、壽(shou)命縮(suo)短的重(zhong)要(yao)因(yin)素。長(chang)此(ci)以(yi)往違(wei)章使用操作不僅會(hui)影響使用，而且勢必會(hui)影響電(dian)池(chi)(chi)的容量與壽(shou)命。

5、在(zai)常用(yong)BC-1WA(B)充電器(qi)中，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)充電過(guo)程應(ying)一次完(wan)成，不(bu)可中途(tu)斷電或在(zai)快速充電結束后，電池(chi)(chi)(chi)處于高(gao)溫狀(zhuang)態，而重新(xin)接通電源，使(shi)得充電器(qi)再次給電池(chi)(chi)(chi)快速充電，結果會(hui)造(zao)成過(guo)充電。在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)中當(dang)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)告(gao)警指(zhi)示燈閃爍(shuo)告(gao)警時，應(ying)及時更(geng)換(huan)電池(chi)(chi)(chi)，避免電池(chi)(chi)(chi)過(guo)量放電。

6、鎳鎘電(dian)(dian)池(chi)長期不用(yong)時(shi)勿需充電(dian)(dian)保(bao)存，但須將(jiang)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)放電(dian)(dian)至終止電(dian)(dian)壓后(攝錄機電(dian)(dian)池(chi)告(gao)警燈閃爍(shuo))方可(ke)封(feng)裝存放在原包裝紙盒或用(yong)布、紙包裝后，置于干燥、通風(feng)處存放。