地龍燈是湖北省來鳳縣舊司鄉牛王(wang)節流傳下來的(de)(de)一種民(min)(min)間藝術(shu)文化(hua)。“地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)燈,地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)燈,不用篾(mie)簍不用棍,巴地(di)(di)梭著(zhu)走,活像其龍(long)(long)行。站(zhan)的(de)(de)騎馬樁,弓腰箭步(bu)行,似同獅子(zi)燈。”300多(duo)年前起源于(yu)來鳳縣舊司鄉大巖板村、板沙界村一帶的(de)(de)地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)燈,以“巴地(di)(di)梭”的(de)(de)舞(wu)蹈形式,生(sheng)動靈(ling)活地(di)(di)展現出龍(long)(long)“游于(yu)水(shui)、爬于(yu)山、騰于(yu)空(kong)”等神奇造型,在千姿百態的(de)(de)民(min)(min)間舞(wu)龍(long)(long)藝術(shu)中堪(kan)稱一絕(jue),深(shen)受(shou)國內外專家、學(xue)者的(de)(de)青睞,成為民(min)(min)族民(min)(min)間藝術(shu)舞(wu)臺的(de)(de)新寵。
一.發展歷史
龍(long)(long)燈在我國流傳了幾千年,由于地(di)域特征(zheng)、物質條件(jian)、民族(zu)性格(ge)、歷史文化等(deng)方面(mian)的差異,其(qi)藝術風格(ge)和(he)表演方式千姿百(bai)態。流傳在來鳳縣舊司鄉大巖板、板沙界一帶的地(di)龍(long)(long)燈,不同于常見(jian)的“布龍(long)(long)”、“草把龍(long)(long)”、“板凳龍(long)(long)”、“火龍(long)(long)”等(deng)龍(long)(long)燈,而是以(yi)其(qi)獨特的形象構造(zao)、精湛的表演技(ji)巧取勝,堪稱龍(long)(long)燈一絕。
(1)上世(shi)紀三四十年(nian)代
農村(cun)缺乏(fa)文(wen)化(hua)生活,地(di)(di)龍燈最(zui)受歡迎。春(chun)節(jie),龍燈走(zou)到哪里人們(men)就追到哪里,很(hen)是風光(guang)。解放后(hou),這(zhe)一(yi)群(qun)眾性文(wen)化(hua)活動被作為(wei)“四舊”清(qing)除,一(yi)直到改革(ge)開放后(hou),在地(di)(di)方民(min)族(zu)文(wen)化(hua)部門的支(zhi)持下(xia),地(di)(di)龍燈才(cai)慢慢恢復。
(2)1979年(nian)8月(yue)
來鳳(feng)縣文(wen)化館音舞組(zu)組(zu)長王(wang)蘭馨(xin)負(fu)責到當(dang)時的(de)高洞(dong)鄉尋(xun)訪、組(zu)織(zhi)民間文(wen)藝節目,文(wen)化站(zhan)長李逢貴(gui)向(xiang)他推(tui)薦了(le)地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)(deng)。隨(sui)后,他們召集大巖板(ban)及(ji)板(ban)沙(sha)界的(de)長者和(he)民間藝人,研究地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)(deng)道具制(zhi)作和(he)表演技巧,道具為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)龍(long)(long)、一(yi)(yi)鳳(feng)、一(yi)(yi)虎、一(yi)(yi)蚌、一(yi)(yi)魚、一(yi)(yi)蝦、一(yi)(yi)寶(龍(long)(long)珠),樂器定為(wei)(wei)一(yi)(yi)鼓(gu)兩(liang)鈸(ba)一(yi)(yi)鑼,伴(ban)奏曲名為(wei)(wei)《龍(long)(long)歸(gui)(gui)海》,鑼鼓(gu)經(jing)為(wei)(wei)“咚(dong)不隆咚(dong)”、“龍(long)(long)歸(gui)(gui)海、龍(long)(long)歸(gui)(gui)海、龍(long)(long)歸(gui)(gui)大海”;表演技巧編成順口(kou)溜:“地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)(deng),地(di)龍(long)(long)燈(deng)(deng),不用(yong)篾(mie)簍不用(yong)棍,巴地(di)梭著(zhu)走,活像其龍(long)(long)行。站(zhan)的(de)騎馬樁(zhuang),弓腰箭步行,似同獅子燈(deng)(deng)。”
經過不到一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)月時(shi)間的(de)(de)排練,新的(de)(de)地龍(long)(long)(long)燈(deng)在(zai)國慶晚會上(shang)亮相(xiang),贏(ying)得上(shang)萬(wan)名觀眾喝彩(cai)。地龍(long)(long)(long)燈(deng)的(de)(de)整套道具制(zhi)作(zuo)精巧古樸,色彩(cai)鮮艷明亮,造型美觀別致。舞(wu)(wu)時(shi)不用(yong)木棍舉,9節(jie)龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)(shen)分別由(you)9人(ren)(ren)控制(zhi),其(qi)(qi)中一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)執龍(long)(long)(long)頭,一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)背龍(long)(long)(long)尾,其(qi)(qi)余(yu)每節(jie)均由(you)一(yi)(yi)人(ren)(ren)單(dan)手(shou)抓住(zhu)龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)(shen)內的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)圓(yuan)形(xing)篾圈(quan)或以頭托龍(long)(long)(long),另(ling)一(yi)(yi)只手(shou)抓住(zhu)前者的(de)(de)腰帶,表(biao)演(yan)者上(shang)身(shen)(shen)藏于龍(long)(long)(long)身(shen)(shen)內,雙(shuang)(shuang)腳為彩(cai)色龍(long)(long)(long)衣(yi)所(suo)遮(zhe)。傳統舞(wu)(wu)單(dan)龍(long)(long)(long)只有(you)十(shi)來(lai)個(ge)(ge)人(ren)(ren)、五(wu)六個(ge)(ge)動作(zuo),雙(shuang)(shuang)龍(long)(long)(long)齊舞(wu)(wu),人(ren)(ren)數增加(jia)到二三十(shi)個(ge)(ge),動作(zuo)增加(jia)到12個(ge)(ge)。
縣文化館干部(bu)向代元從事地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)燈挖掘、整理、創新(xin)23年。他說,每(mei)一次(ci)小小的(de)(de)(de)創新(xin),都是當地(di)民情風俗和群(qun)眾智慧的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果。表(biao)演開始(shi)時(shi),由一男(nan)子舉“元寶”,在喧(xuan)天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)鑼(luo)鼓(gu)(gu)聲中(zhong)引龍(long)(long)(long)上(shang)場,并不時(shi)轉(zhuan)動元寶,即興穿插(cha)各種(zhong)跟(gen)斗技(ji)巧(qiao),逗(dou)引雙龍(long)(long)(long)追(zhui)珠(zhu)搶(qiang)寶。地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)則(ze)憨拙(zhuo)地(di)晃頭擺(bai)尾跟(gen)隨,形象栩栩如生,動作靈(ling)活多(duo)變,其表(biao)演套路(lu)有“龍(long)(long)(long)起身(shen)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)搶(qiang)寶”、“龍(long)(long)(long)盤餅”、“龍(long)(long)(long)回首”、“龍(long)(long)(long)過橋”、“龍(long)(long)(long)盤樹(shu)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)困灘(tan)”、“鳳(feng)騎(qi)龍(long)(long)(long)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)盤鳳(feng)”、“龍(long)(long)(long)走太極”等(deng)12種(zhong)。在熱烈的(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)氛中(zhong),彩鳳(feng)(一男(nan)子套鳳(feng)頭、鳳(feng)身(shen)和鳳(feng)翅扮(ban)演)長鳴一聲翩翩上(shang)場,圍繞地(di)龍(long)(long)(long)左右飛舞(wu)(wu),忽而與(yu)龍(long)(long)(long)嬉鬧,忽而展翅為龍(long)(long)(long)遮陽。鑼(luo)、鈸、鼓(gu)(gu)等(deng)打擊樂伴奏的(de)(de)(de)樂曲的(de)(de)(de)力度和速度緊隨舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)者的(de)(de)(de)情緒(xu)及舞(wu)(wu)蹈(dao)的(de)(de)(de)內容(rong)而自(zi)由轉(zhuan)換(huan),表(biao)演至高(gao)潮時(shi),彩鳳(feng)騰身(shen)躍上(shang)龍(long)(long)(long)背,頓時(shi)紅鞭齊爆,鼓(gu)(gu)樂高(gao)奏,表(biao)演者情緒(xu)激昂、高(gao)聲呼叫,形成鳳(feng)鳴龍(long)(long)(long)吟、龍(long)(long)(long)鳳(feng)呈祥(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)祥(xiang)瑞(rui)氣(qi)象。
(3)21世紀
2004年(nian)(nian),鄧斌代表舊(jiu)司鄉(xiang)地(di)龍(long)燈參(can)(can)加武(wu)漢國(guo)際旅游節展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)演;2005年(nian)(nian),地(di)龍(long)燈應(ying)邀參(can)(can)加武(wu)漢東湖民(min)(min)(min)(min)俗(su)游園(yuan)會展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)演;2005年(nian)(nian)底,地(di)龍(long)燈被張(zhang)家港(gang)(gang)市博物館收購(gou),成了“首屆(張(zhang)家港(gang)(gang))長江流(liu)域民(min)(min)(min)(min)族民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)藝術主題(ti)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)覽”首位展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)品(pin)。春節,地(di)龍(long)燈在(zai)央視“小崔說(shuo)事”欄(lan)目展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)播了4分鐘(zhong)。活(huo)躍于舞臺2000年(nian)(nian)以(yi)來,地(di)龍(long)燈走出土家山寨,活(huo)躍在(zai)省內外(wai)文(wen)藝舞臺,很大程度上得力于已80高齡(ling)的(de)鄧斌的(de)熱(re)心傳承。鄧斌是2003年(nian)(nian)命名(ming)的(de)州民(min)(min)(min)(min)間(jian)藝術大師(shi),他(ta)從小隨父(fu)練(lian)就一身武(wu)功,可赤腳(jiao)攀(pan)爬鋒(feng)利的(de)刀梯(ti),裸身在(zai)碎(sui)玻璃上打滾,裸胸(xiong)用(yong)刀尖頂著做高空(kong)盤旋(xuan)動(dong)作。
(4)解放前
地龍燈主要是在春節慶祝、消災辟邪、求雨謝神時表演,繁雜(za)的(de)(de)準備工(gong)作(zuo)及演出成本(ben)都由村寨院落居(ju)民(min)集體分擔。解放(fang)后,流傳(chuan)面(mian)本(ben)來就(jiu)很窄(zhai)的(de)(de)地龍燈曾一度(du)面(mian)臨(lin)消亡的(de)(de)危險。為(wei)了(le)弘揚這一民(min)族民(min)間藝術,鄧斌盡管(guan)家(jia)庭經濟困難,但他(ta)仍(reng)把賣糧食換得(de)的(de)(de)錢用(yong)(yong)來為(wei)地龍燈演出添置行頭(tou)。他(ta)自己雕龍頭(tou),用(yong)(yong)麻布口(kou)袋縫龍衣,組織培養表演班子(zi),每逢春(chun)節都要牽頭(tou)組織表演,在全(quan)鄉各村寨影(ying)響甚(shen)廣,引起歷屆政(zheng)府及文化部門的(de)(de)重視,并給(gei)予(yu)他(ta)大(da)力支持,為(wei)地龍燈的(de)(de)宣(xuan)傳(chuan)推介起到(dao)了(le)十分重要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
鄧斌曾多(duo)次參加地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)燈表(biao)演。1986年(nian),省(sheng)、州電(dian)(dian)視臺到來鳳縣(xian)拍攝(she)(she)地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)燈電(dian)(dian)視藝術(shu)片,在中央電(dian)(dian)視臺的《虎躍華年(nian)三楚樂》節目中播出,使地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)燈這一民族民間(jian)藝術(shu)瑰寶展現在全國人民面前。1992年(nian)3月,臺灣(wan)“八千里路云和月”劇組(zu)(zu)到來鳳縣(xian)采風,鄧斌組(zu)(zu)織的地(di)(di)龍(long)(long)(long)燈隊的精彩(cai)表(biao)演,被攝(she)(she)制(zhi)組(zu)(zu)贊為“玩龍(long)(long)(long)史上的一絕”。
“可惜(xi)的(de)(de)是(shi),現在會玩的(de)(de)人(ren)不是(shi)很(hen)多(duo)了(le)(le),技藝也不是(shi)很(hen)高。”鄧斌充滿(man)了(le)(le)憂慮(lv),“60歲以上的(de)(de)老藝人(ren)現在只(zhi)剩下兩三個了(le)(le),新培養的(de)(de)年輕人(ren),雖然有(you)60多(duo)個,但(dan)從內心真(zhen)正熱愛這門藝術的(de)(de)人(ren)不多(duo),而且表(biao)演的(de)(de)功底也待提高……”
當地(di)政(zheng)府及文化部門也感到(dao)了壓力,在組織(zhi)民間藝人(ren)與(yu)文藝工(gong)作者對地(di)龍燈(deng)傳承、創新(xin)的同時,還在縣武(wu)校設立了地(di)龍燈(deng)表演(yan)培(pei)訓基地(di),以培(pei)養一(yi)批(pi)有較好武(wu)術功底的地(di)龍燈(deng)傳人(ren)。
二.民間傳說
來(lai)鳳縣雖(sui)地處五溪(xi)酉水之域,自古被稱為蠻夷之地,但(dan)其所(suo)屬的(de)(de)湘(xiang)、鄂西承荊楚,連瀟(xiao)湘(xiang),接川蜀,實際上與(yu)漢文化有著深遠的(de)(de)淵(yuan)源(yuan)。位于(yu)來(lai)鳳中部(bu)叢林(lin)深處的(de)(de)大巖板、板沙界,山高林(lin)密,偏僻(pi)荒野,人(ren)們日(ri)出而作,日(ri)落而息。在特殊的(de)(de)地理(li)環境和生活(huo)方式下(xia),面對千奇百怪的(de)(de)自然現象與(yu)冷酷無(wu)情的(de)(de)天(tian)災人(ren)禍,人(ren)們無(wu)法理(li)解(jie)也無(wu)力抗(kang)拒,渴求萬能的(de)(de)神為他(ta)們辟邪(xie)、消(xiao)災、賜福,因(yin)此誕生了(le)神龍的(de)(de)傳(chuan)說。
(1)一說
當年秦(qin)始皇有(you)(you)一(yi)件能趕(gan)山(shan)填海(hai)的(de)稀世珍寶(bao)―――趕(gan)山(shan)鞭。有(you)(you)一(yi)年,秦(qin)始皇打算(suan)趕(gan)山(shan)填平北海(hai),秦(qin)王三太(tai)子(zi)(zi)知(zhi)道后非(fei)常著急,他與北海(hai)龍(long)王的(de)三女兒(er)(er)(er)正暗中(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)愛,且三公(gong)主已有(you)(you)身(shen)孕,若北海(hai)被填平,龍(long)王家族將(jiang)無(wu)(wu)處安身(shen),無(wu)(wu)奈中(zhong)(zhong),三太(tai)子(zi)(zi)盜取了父王的(de)寶(bao)物連(lian)夜逃走。三公(gong)主有(you)(you)一(yi)天(tian)(tian)來海(hai)灘等候三太(tai)子(zi)(zi),忽然臨盆,在海(hai)灘產下一(yi)男嬰(ying),又不(bu)敢帶(dai)回龍(long)宮撫養,只好含淚棄置沙灘而去。嬰(ying)兒(er)(er)(er)啼哭不(bu)止,深山(shan)里有(you)(you)一(yi)只白斑母虎聽到哭聲后奔到海(hai)邊,將(jiang)乳汁滴(di)進嬰(ying)兒(er)(er)(er)口中(zhong)(zhong)喂養。第(di)二天(tian)(tian)烈(lie)日當空(kong),嬰(ying)兒(er)(er)(er)無(wu)(wu)遮(zhe)無(wu)(wu)蓋,忽然從云(yun)中(zhong)(zhong)落下一(yi)只彩鳳,天(tian)(tian)天(tian)(tian)為(wei)嬰(ying)兒(er)(er)(er)遮(zhe)風擋雨,人們稱此(ci)子(zi)(zi)為(wei)“龍(long)生虎養鳳遮(zhe)陰”。孩子(zi)(zi)長大后力(li)大無(wu)(wu)比(bi),本領(ling)高強,他就是歷史上赫(he)赫(he)有(you)(you)名的(de)楚(chu)霸王。楚(chu)霸王建功(gong)立業后,下令民間于(yu)每(mei)年農歷正月初五、十五及(ji)五月十五扎龍(long)、鳳表演(yan),以此(ci)感念(nian)這(zhe)些(xie)神獸的(de)生養之恩,于(yu)是傳下了地龍(long)燈(deng)。
(2)二說
唐太(tai)宗李世民(min)在位(wei)時,玉皇大(da)(da)帝(di)封涇(jing)河(he)龍王(wang)為雨布(bu)大(da)(da)臣,并(bing)對降雨作了嚴格的規定(ding)。有一(yi)天(tian)(tian)(tian),涇(jing)河(he)龍王(wang)三太(tai)子(zi)鰲炳偷走了玉璽,冒(mao)充涇(jing)河(he)龍王(wang)行使(shi)雨布(bu)大(da)(da)臣的職(zhi)責,他(ta)無視天(tian)(tian)(tian)條,逆(ni)而行之,使(shi)得民(min)間連年饑(ji)荒,民(min)不聊生(sheng)。玉帝(di)查明此(ci)事后,怒不可(ke)遏,下(xia)令由魏征監斬將(jiang)三太(tai)子(zi)除掉(diao)。此(ci)后,其父涇(jing)河(he)龍王(wang)繼續接管雨布(bu)大(da)(da)臣一(yi)職(zhi),他(ta)嚴遵天(tian)(tian)(tian)令,處(chu)處(chu)為百(bai)姓著想,從(cong)此(ci)風調雨順,國泰民(min)安。從(cong)那時起(qi),人(ren)們便在每(mei)年正月(yue)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)前及(ji)五(wu)(wu)月(yue)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)舞地龍燈,以感謝涇(jing)河(he)龍王(wang)的施(shi)雨之恩。
第一種傳說在(zai)來鳳(feng)民(min)間(jian)流(liu)傳較廣,被作為(wei)原始資料(liao)收進《土家族民(min)間(jian)故事(shi)集》、《來鳳(feng)縣志》、《來鳳(feng)民(min)族志》等文獻中(zhong)。第二(er)種說法在(zai)民(min)間(jian)流(liu)傳較少,各種文史資料(liao)中(zhong)也找不到相關記(ji)錄,是(shi)大巖(yan)板村(cun)一位民(min)間(jian)老藝人口述的。
三.藝術特點
地(di)龍(long)燈的(de)舞蹈表演(yan)性強,從始至(zhi)終龍(long)、鳳、玩寶(bao)(bao)者配合默契,動作(zuo)靈活多變(bian),形象栩栩如生。表演(yan)中(zhong)尤以“龍(long)走太極(ji)圖”和“龍(long)上(shang)樹”的(de)難(nan)度最大。因為耍寶(bao)(bao)人被龍(long)盤到中(zhong)間后,眼看(kan)龍(long)快咬(yao)得寶(bao)(bao)了急往空中(zhong)一(yi)拋,同時又要一(yi)只手搭在(zai)龍(long)背上(shang)一(yi)個跟頭翻出(chu)(chu)來并接住搶出(chu)(chu)的(de)寶(bao)(bao),準確無誤、精彩異常;“龍(long)上(shang)樹”的(de)表演(yan)者前者要踩(cai)在(zai)后者的(de)腿上(shang)、肩(jian)上(shang)一(yi)圈(quan)圈(quan)地(di)繞上(shang)去,極(ji)為艱難(nan)、剎是驚(jing)險,具有很(hen)強的(de)觀賞(shang)性。
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