天師張道(dao)(dao)陵,于(yu)(yu)東漢中(zhong)期(qi)“自天目山游南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue),謁青玉、光天二壇,禮(li)祝融君祠”,東漢末至魏晉之交,先后又有張正禮(li)、冶(ye)明期(qi)和陳興(xing)明等名(ming)道(dao)(dao)在南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue)棲(qi)止修(xiu)真,上(shang)清派第一(yi)代宗(zong)師魏華存,于(yu)(yu)東晉初入南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue),開壇布道(dao)(dao)。從(cong)東漢至晚清,在湖南(nan)(nan)境內從(cong)事修(xiu)真、傳道(dao)(dao)的著名(ming)高道(dao)(dao),達數(shu)百(bai)人之多(duo),其中(zhong)南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue)高道(dao)(dao)一(yi)百(bai)一(yi)十(shi)余人。在“三十(shi)六洞天”、“七十(shi)二福地”中(zhong),湖南(nan)(nan)分別(bie)占有六“洞天”和十(shi)二“福地”。
湖南道教宮觀的(de)興建(jian),始于(yu)魏晉,盛于(yu)唐宋,全盛時(shi)達數百所(suo)。目前,全省正式(shi)對外開放(fang)的(de)著名宮觀除南岳(yue)廟東八觀以(yi)及黃庭(ting)、玄都、紫竹林、祖(zu)(zu)師殿、朱陵(ling)宮等宮觀外,尚有長(chang)沙(sha)云麓(lu)宮、河圖觀、陶公廟,桃源九龍山、株州仙岳(yue)山、茶陵(ling)云陽仙、郴州蘇仙觀,永順(shun)祖(zu)(zu)師殿等宮觀50余座。
道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)是中國(guo)土生土長的(de)宗教(jiao)(jiao)。湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)是道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)傳播(bo)(bo)和活動的(de)重(zhong)要地區。據傳說,早在道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)創(chuang)始(shi)(shi)期,東(dong)漢末(mo)年創(chuang)建五斗米道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)張道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)陵,“嘗自(zi)天目山游(you)南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue),謁表玉(yu)、光天二(er)壇,禮祝融(rong)君祠(ci)”。道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)在湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)的(de)正式傳播(bo)(bo),當始(shi)(shi)于東(dong)晉(jin)時期的(de)著(zhu)名(ming)女道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)姑魏華存,在南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue)潛心修道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)16年,傳播(bo)(bo)上清(qing)經錄,為道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)上清(qing)派的(de)創(chuang)始(shi)(shi)人(ren),在湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)最早播(bo)(bo)下了(le)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)種子(zi)。被(bei)封為南(nan)(nan)岳(yue)(yue)夫人(ren),人(ren)稱魏夫人(ren)。唐代道(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)鼎(ding)盛,湖(hu)南(nan)(nan)亦(yi)獲(huo)得(de)長足發(fa)展。
當時全(quan)國道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)活動地(di)址,逐步有(you)三(san)山(shan)五岳(yue)、三(san)十(shi)六洞天(tian)、七十(shi)二福(fu)地(di)之(zhi)稱。而在三(san)山(shan)五岳(yue)中,湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)占(zhan)其(qi)一,即(ji)南(nan)(nan)(nan)岳(yue)衡山(shan);三(san)十(shi)六洞天(tian)中,湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)占(zhan)其(qi)六;七十(shi)二福(fu)地(di)中,湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)有(you)其(qi)十(shi)三(san)。明(ming)代,湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)多為武當道(dao)的(de)(de)繼承和傳播者(zhe),各(ge)地(di)多建(jian)有(you)供奉真武大帝神像的(de)(de)“祖師殿”。著名的(de)(de)有(you)長沙岳(yue)麓(lu)山(shan)云麓(lu)宮、慈利(li)五雷山(shan)、岳(yue)陽(yang)(yang)大云山(shan)、張(zhang)家界朝天(tian)觀等。近代時期,湖南(nan)(nan)(nan)道(dao)教(jiao)(jiao)在總的(de)(de)趨向衰落過程中,仍有(you)所建(jian)樹(shu),主要是新建(jian)和重建(jian)了一些宮觀,如:長沙河圖(tu)觀、斗姥閣(ge),南(nan)(nan)(nan)岳(yue)祖師殿,及瀏(liu)陽(yang)(yang)青陽(yang)(yang)山(shan)道(dao)院等。
湖南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教不僅由來已久,而且歷(li)代(dai)高道(dao)(dao)(dao)輩出(chu)。僅清《南(nan)岳志》記載,從東(dong)漢至(zhi)明(ming)清時代(dai),在南(nan)岳隱居和授業的名羽高道(dao)(dao)(dao)就有109人,或結廬修道(dao)(dao)(dao),或參訪云游,或談(tan)玄講道(dao)(dao)(dao),或立說著書。近(jin)代(dai)湖南(nan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)教人士還適應時代(dai)潮流,組織過一些道(dao)(dao)(dao)教社(she)團和機構,如1912年成立的中國道(dao)(dao)(dao)教會湘支部。
特別(bie)有(you)影(ying)響(xiang)的是(shi)1939年在(zai)(zai)南岳成立的“南岳佛道(dao)(dao)救(jiu)(jiu)難協會”。這是(shi)周(zhou)恩來、葉劍(jian)英同志親自動(dong)員(yuan)支持并(bing)建議定(ding)名的抗(kang)日(ri)救(jiu)(jiu)亡組(zu)織,葉劍(jian)英應邀參加了(le)成立會,并(bing)發表講演,號召愛國宗教(jiao)徒走出(chu)禪房道(dao)(dao)觀,積極投入抗(kang)日(ri)救(jiu)(jiu)亡運(yun)動(dong),在(zai)(zai)全國產生了(le)良好的影(ying)響(xiang)在(zai)(zai)中國的許多(duo)旅游勝地(di),常常見到(dao)洞天(tian)、福地(di)之名,所謂(wei)“洞天(tian)福地(di)”,是(shi)道(dao)(dao)教(jiao)選定(ding)的仙(xian)(xian)境:“洞天(tian)”,指(zhi)有(you)山(shan)巒合抱中虛,兼采(cai)陰陽二氣的“洞室(shi)”通達上天(tian),神(shen)仙(xian)(xian)主(zhu)治,眾仙(xian)(xian)所居(ju)(ju),凡夫道(dao)(dao)士居(ju)(ju)此修煉,即可登仙(xian)(xian);“福地(di)”即謂(wei)“得(de)福之地(di)”,多(duo)為地(di)仙(xian)(xian)、真人主(zhu)宰,居(ju)(ju)此即可受福度世成仙(xian)(xian)。
洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地(di)(di)(di)(di)觀念(nian)形成于東晉以前,早期道(dao)經(jing)《道(dao)跡經(jing)》、《真(zhen)誥》均已提到“十(shi)(shi)大洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)”、“福地(di)(di)(di)(di)志”。南北(bei)(bei)朝道(dao)書(shu)《敷(fu)齋(zhai)威儀經(jing)》將天(tian)(tian)下(xia)分(fen)為“二十(shi)(shi)四治、三(san)十(shi)(shi)六靖廬,七十(shi)(shi)二福地(di)(di)(di)(di),三(san)百(bai)六十(shi)(shi)五名山……”,洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地(di)(di)(di)(di)具體名目(mu)則首先載于唐道(dao)士司(si)馬承(cheng)禎(647——735)所編《天(tian)(tian)地(di)(di)(di)(di)宮府圖》,以及后來唐道(dao)士杜(du)光庭(ting)(850——933)《洞(dong)天(tian)(tian)福地(di)(di)(di)(di)岳瀆名山記》和北(bei)(bei)宋道(dao)士李思聰(cong)《洞(dong)淵集》等書(shu)中。
湖南(nan)(nan)地(di)處華中,道教文化淵源流長(chang)。全國“36小洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天”,湖南(nan)(nan)境內(nei)就有6處:即南(nan)(nan)岳衡山(shan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天、醴陵小溈(gui)山(shan)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天、醴陵瓷(ci)業源頭——溈(gui)山(shan)古洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天;東堡溈(gui)山(shan),眾山(shan)環繞,綿亙數十里,泉清林茂(mao),風(feng)景秀麗,當地(di)稱“古洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天”。所謂“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天福地(di)”,是道教選定的仙境。“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)天”,指有山(shan)巒合抱,中虛而兼采(cai)陰陽二氣的“洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)室”,可(ke)直(zhi)達(da)上天,為神(shen)仙所居(ju)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)府,凡(fan)夫、道士居(ju)此修煉,即可(ke)登仙。
雖是(shi)道(dao)家之說,但這些地(di)方確(que)實是(shi)神奇清幽(you),山(shan)靈水秀(xiu),有其獨特(te)魅力。溈山(shan)洞(dong)天(tian),峽谷(gu)幽(you)深,溪流潺潺,清澈見(jian)底(di)。沖(chong)口截(jie)流筑壩,建望仙橋水庫。日益成為令人(ren)向往(wang)自然的旅游佳境。相對于十大洞(dong)天(tian),唐代道(dao)教(jiao)名人(ren)司馬承楨(zhen)《天(tian)宮地(di)府圖》,列全國道(dao)教(jiao)36小洞(dong)天(tian),72福地(di)中,湖南有洞(dong)天(tian)6處,福地(di)12處。
醴陵(ling)溈(gui)山(shan)是第十三小(xiao)(xiao)洞天:小(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)好(hao)生(sheng)玄上洞天,相傳為(wei)仙人(ren)花邱(qiu)林和傅天師修煉之(zhi)仙居。唐代,大緣(yuan)禪師在(zai)溈(gui)山(shan)建(jian)寺(si)(si),宋殿元易祓書匾:小(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)寺(si)(si),又(you)名大通寺(si)(si)。清(qing)雍正七(qi)年(1729),自廣東興(xing)寧(ning)移居醴陵(ling)的廖(liao)仲(zhong)威,在(zai)溈(gui)山(shan)及附(fu)近廣大地(di)區(qu)發(fa)現瓷泥,即(ji)向小(xiao)(xiao)溈(gui)山(shan)寺(si)(si)住持智(zhi)慧賃山(shan)采(cai)泥,并邀約同(tong)鄉(xiang)技(ji)工20余人(ren),在(zai)當地(di)招工,傳授技(ji)藝,創辦瓷廠,生(sheng)產(chan)釉下(xia)青花瓷,是醴陵(ling)瓷業(ye)發(fa)源地(di)。后(hou)逐漸向赤竹嶺、老鴉山(shan)、王仙、大林、漆(qi)家坳(ao)、五(wu)石窯前等地(di)擴展。
興旺時、溈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)有瓷廠百余家,成(cheng)為醴陵的(de)瓷業(ye)生產經營中心,成(cheng)為造福溈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)及其周邊(bian)地區的(de)新(xin)興產業(ye)基(ji)地,成(cheng)為推動醴陵經濟(ji)社會進(jin)步的(de)新(xin)“洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)”,曾(ceng)有“小南京”之美稱。廖仲(zhong)威等在小溈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)寺后為先師樊進(jin)德(明朝人)建樊公廟(miao)(miao)。每年(nian)(nian)農歷五(wu)月十(shi)六(liu)日為樊公生日,大開廟(miao)(miao)門,各廠業(ye)主、技師、徒工(gong)齊(qi)來拜祭。平時各廠開窯必祭祀小溈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)寺于1990年(nian)(nian)前后修復,1996年(nian)(nian)再(zai)建山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)門。樊公廟(miao)(miao)于1958年(nian)(nian)被(bei)拆毀。寧遠九嶷山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)、望城洞(dong)(dong)陽山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)、辰溪大酉山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian)、桃源桃源山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong)天(tian),第(di)二十(shi)五(wu),幕阜山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洞(dong)(dong),名(ming)“玄真(zhen)太元天(tian)”。