番茄紅素是什么東西
番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)素(lycopene)是成熟番(fan)(fan)茄的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)色(se)素,是一種(zhong)不(bu)含氧(yang)(yang)的(de)類胡(hu)蘿卜素,它主(zhu)要(yao)存(cun)在(zai)于茄科植物西紅(hong)柿的(de)成熟果(guo)實中。它是目前(qian)在(zai)自然界(jie)的(de)植物中被發現的(de)最強抗(kang)氧(yang)(yang)化劑之一。科學證(zheng)明(ming),人體內的(de)單線(xian)態氧(yang)(yang)和氧(yang)(yang)自由基是侵害人體自身免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)系統的(de)罪魁禍首。番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)素清(qing)除自由基的(de)功效遠勝于其他類胡(hu)蘿卜素和維(wei)生素E,其淬滅單線(xian)態氧(yang)(yang)速率常數(shu)是維(wei)生素E的(de)100倍。它可以有效的(de)防治因衰老,免(mian)疫(yi)(yi)力下(xia)降引起的(de)各種(zhong)疾病。因此,它受到世(shi)界(jie)各國專家的(de)關注。
番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)(su)(Lycopene)又(you)稱ψ—胡蘿卜(bu)素(su)(su)(su),屬于異戊二烯類(lei)化(hua)(hua)合(he)物,是(shi)類(lei)胡蘿卜(bu)素(su)(su)(su)的一(yi)種。由于最早從(cong)番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)中(zhong)分離制(zhi)得,故稱番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)(su)。過去人們一(yi)直(zhi)認為(wei),只有那些具備β—紫羅(luo)酮環(huan)并能(neng)(neng)轉化(hua)(hua)為(wei)維生素(su)(su)(su)A的類(lei)胡蘿卜(bu)素(su)(su)(su),如α—胡蘿卜(bu)素(su)(su)(su)、β—胡蘿卜(bu)素(su)(su)(su)等(deng)才與(yu)人類(lei)的營養(yang)和健康有關,而(er)番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)(su)因(yin)缺(que)乏(fa)此結(jie)構(gou),不具有維生素(su)(su)(su)A的生理活性,故對此研究很少;然而(er),番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)(su)具有優越的生理功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng),它(ta)不僅具有抗(kang)癌(ai)(ai)抑癌(ai)(ai)的功(gong)(gong)效,而(er)且(qie)對于預防心血(xue)管(guan)疾(ji)病、動(dong)脈硬化(hua)(hua)等(deng)各種成人病、增強人體免疫系(xi)統以及延緩(huan)衰老等(deng)都(dou)具有重要意(yi)義,是(shi)一(yi)種很有發(fa)展(zhan)前途的新(xin)型功(gong)(gong)能(neng)(neng)性天(tian)然色素(su)(su)(su)。
天然存在的(de)(de)(de)番(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)都是全(quan)反式(shi),但通過高溫下的(de)(de)(de)蒸煮、油炸等(deng)加工(gong)方式(shi)可(ke)使(shi)番(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)由反式(shi)構(gou)(gou)型(xing)向順式(shi)構(gou)(gou)型(xing)轉變,而干燥(zao)番(fan)茄(qie)或干燥(zao)番(fan)茄(qie)渣(zha)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)順式(shi)構(gou)(gou)型(xing)也會有部分的(de)(de)(de)轉變。研究還(huan)表明(ming),番(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)順式(shi)異(yi)(yi)構(gou)(gou)體(ti)與反式(shi)異(yi)(yi)構(gou)(gou)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)物理和化學性質有所不(bu)同,與反式(shi)異(yi)(yi)構(gou)(gou)體(ti)相比,番(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)的(de)(de)(de)順式(shi)異(yi)(yi)構(gou)(gou)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)熔點(dian)低,摩爾消光(guang)系數小,極性強,不(bu)易結晶,更易溶解,而且在放置過程中(zhong)可(ke)能會回(hui)復到(dao)全(quan)反式(shi)狀態。
番茄紅素有哪些特性
1、具有抗氧化性
番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素通過物(wu)理(li)和化(hua)學方式猝(cu)滅(mie)單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)或捕捉過氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)自由基(ji)。單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)是具有(you)很強活性的(de)(de)氧(yang)(yang)自由基(ji),具細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞毒性作用(yong)(yong),以細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞膜、線(xian)(xian)(xian)粒體等(deng)部(bu)位對其(qi)最為敏感,能(neng)(neng)與(yu)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞中(zhong)(zhong)多種生(sheng)物(wu)大分(fen)子(zi)發(fa)生(sheng)作用(yong)(yong),通過與(yu)分(fen)子(zi)結合造(zao)成細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞膜系(xi)統的(de)(de)損傷(shang);番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)接受不同電(dian)子(zi)激發(fa)態(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang),吸(xi)收光能(neng)(neng)并通過單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)—單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)移過程使(shi)單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)移到(dao)(dao)番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素,生(sheng)成基(ji)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)分(fen)子(zi)和三重(zhong)態(tai)(tai)番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素分(fen)子(zi),三重(zhong)態(tai)(tai)番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素通過與(yu)溶劑的(de)(de)一(yi)系(xi)列(lie)旋光和振動(dong)反應得到(dao)(dao)再(zai)生(sheng),并在(zai)此過程中(zhong)(zhong)將能(neng)(neng)量(liang)散發(fa);番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素分(fen)子(zi)中(zhong)(zhong)有(you)11個共軛雙鍵,一(yi)個番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素分(fen)子(zi)可以清(qing)除數千個單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang),其(qi)猝(cu)滅(mie)單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)速(su)率常數較β-胡(hu)(hu)蘿卜(bu)(bu)素高2倍。1990年(nian)Paolo等(deng)報道了類(lei)胡(hu)(hu)蘿卜(bu)(bu)素和生(sheng)育酚(fen)等(deng)30余種生(sheng)物(wu)抗氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)劑猝(cu)滅(mie)單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)的(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong),番(fan)(fan)茄紅(hong)(hong)素是猝(cu)滅(mie)單(dan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)態(tai)(tai)氧(yang)(yang)最強的(de)(de)。
番茄紅素還能通過(guo)(guo)與其他形式的活性氧(yang)的化(hua)學反(fan)應(ying)消除氧(yang)化(hua)自(zi)(zi)由(you)基(ji),如過(guo)(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)氫、亞硝酸根等(deng)氧(yang)化(hua)自(zi)(zi)由(you)基(ji),而(er)氧(yang)化(hua)自(zi)(zi)由(you)基(ji)能引起脂質過(guo)(guo)氧(yang)化(hua)形成多種產物(wu),這些產物(wu)與人(ren)體(ti)老化(hua)、癌癥(zheng)發生、自(zi)(zi)身免疫病(bing)及貧血(xue)等(deng)疾病(bing)都有(you)關(guan)系。
2、對細胞生長代謝起調控作用
通(tong)常(chang)(chang)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)間(jian)隙(xi)之(zhi)間(jian)有(you)膜蛋(dan)白構(gou)成的(de)(de)通(tong)道,具有(you)選(xuan)擇通(tong)透性,允許第(di)二信使(shi)及(ji)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)調(diao)節物質通(tong)過(guo),細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)之(zhi)間(jian)通(tong)過(guo)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)間(jian)隙(xi)連接(jie)通(tong)訊(GJIC)傳輸細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)群體內生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)調(diao)控(kong)信號,調(diao)節細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)增(zeng)殖與分化(hua)。實驗(yan)表明(ming),番茄(qie)紅素(su)(su)通(tong)過(guo)誘導細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)間(jian)連接(jie),增(zeng)強(qiang)正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)GJIC,控(kong)制(zhi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)生(sheng)長(chang)(chang)和誘導細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)分化(hua)來抑制(zhi)腫瘤(liu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)長(chang)(chang)。日本學者在(zai)大(da)鼠肝(gan)組織上用(yong)熒光染料示蹤(zong)技術研究番茄(qie)紅素(su)(su)對GJIC的(de)(de)作用(yong)時(shi)發現,每天飼喂(wei)5mg/kgBW番茄(qie)紅素(su)(su),連續5d時(shi),可以明(ming)顯增(zeng)強(qiang)GJIC功(gong)能(neng);同時(shi),由于大(da)多數腫瘤(liu)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)GJIC功(gong)能(neng)微(wei)弱或缺(que)失,細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)發生(sheng)轉化(hua)后其(qi)GJIC功(gong)能(neng)降低(di)或抑制(zhi),GJIC功(gong)能(neng)的(de)(de)抑制(zhi)或被破壞被認為是(shi)促(cu)癌變階段的(de)(de)重要(yao)機制(zhi)。
3、可以調節膽固醇的代謝
番(fan)茄紅(hong)素(su)是一種低膽甾醇劑,它(ta)可(ke)抑制巨(ju)噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)3-羥基-3-甲基戊(wu)二酸單酰輔(fu)酶A,而它(ta)是一種膽固醇生物合成的限速酶。實驗發現,在培(pei)養巨(ju)噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的介質中加(jia)入番(fan)茄紅(hong)素(su)后,其膽固醇合成降低,同時番(fan)茄紅(hong)素(su)還(huan)增大巨(ju)噬細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)低密度(du)脂蛋白(LDL)受體活性。實驗還(huan)表(biao)明(ming),人(ren)體3個月內(nei)每(mei)天補充60mg番(fan)茄紅(hong)素(su),可(ke)減少14%的胞(bao)(bao)質LDL膽固醇濃度(du)。
4、保健作用
番茄(qie)紅素(su)的(de)上(shang)述生(sheng)物學特性決定了它具(ju)有(you)抗氧化、抑(yi)制(zhi)突變(bian)、降低核酸損傷、減少(shao)心血管疾病及預防癌癥等多種保健功能。
5、預防和抑制腫瘤的作用
番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)具有(you)預(yu)防(fang)和(he)(he)抑(yi)制腫(zhong)瘤作(zuo)用(yong)(yong),一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是因(yin)為它的(de)抗氧化作(zuo)用(yong)(yong);另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)是番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)能夠阻斷組織細(xi)胞在外(wai)界(jie)誘變(bian)(bian)劑(ji)的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)基因(yin)突變(bian)(bian)過程,這是腫(zhong)瘤生(sheng)(sheng)成的(de)重要機(ji)制之一(yi)(yi)。實驗發(fa)現,番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)可影響(xiang)乳(ru)腺(xian)、肺和(he)(he)子宮癌(ai)細(xi)胞周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)S階段(duan);番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)通過抑(yi)制細(xi)胞周(zhou)期(qi)中Gl到S的(de)轉(zhuan)化階段(duan)來影響(xiang)細(xi)胞的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長;番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)通過可抑(yi)制LDL膽固醇(chun)的(de)氧化和(he)(he)煎烤肉、魚的(de)褐色反應中產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)雜環胺類的(de)形成,從(cong)而(er)有(you)效地抑(yi)制致癌(ai)物的(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)及誘發(fa)腫(zhong)瘤。研究表明,番(fan)(fan)茄(qie)紅(hong)素(su)(su)對(dui)消化道癌(ai)、宮頸癌(ai)、乳(ru)腺(xian)癌(ai)、皮膚癌(ai)、膀胱(guang)癌(ai)等(deng)均有(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)抑(yi)制作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)。
6、呈色能力
番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅(hong)素作為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)天然紅(hong)色(se)(se)素,如何保持(chi)其最強的(de)(de)(de)著色(se)(se)力是至(zhi)關(guan)重要的(de)(de)(de)。番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)果實中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅(hong)素有(you)兩種(zhong)(zhong)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)狀態(tai):其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)大部分是以(yi)細長的(de)(de)(de)、針狀的(de)(de)(de)結晶形(xing)式存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)有(you)色(se)(se)體中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)明亮的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)色(se)(se)。當番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅(hong)素的(de)(de)(de)結晶形(xing)成時(shi),質(zhi)(zhi)體膜消失(shi),色(se)(se)素結晶自由分散在(zai)(zai)原生質(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),在(zai)(zai)顯(xian)微鏡下觀察時(shi),可以(yi)看到小粒狀的(de)(de)(de)有(you)色(se)(se)體,說明了有(you)色(se)(se)體所(suo)顯(xian)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se);另外(wai)一(yi)(yi)小部分(10%左右)則與蛋白質(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)成復合體存(cun)在(zai)(zai)于(yu)細胞(bao)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅(hong)素以(yi)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)態(tai)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)時(shi)具有(you)不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)和強度,而且會(hui)隨著溶(rong)劑和介質(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同而呈(cheng)(cheng)現(xian)(xian)出不(bu)(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)顏(yan)色(se)(se)。例如,溶(rong)解在(zai)(zai)石油醚(mi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)番茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅(hong)素呈(cheng)(cheng)黃色(se)(se),在(zai)(zai)二硫化碳中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)則呈(cheng)(cheng)紅(hong)色(se)(se)。
7、溶解性
番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅素(su)是(shi)脂(zhi)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)性色素(su),可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于其他脂(zhi)類(lei)和(he)非極(ji)性溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)中,不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于水,難(nan)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于強極(ji)性溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)如(ru)甲醇、乙醇等,可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于脂(zhi)肪烴、芳(fang)香烴和(he)氯(lv)(lv)代烴如(ru)乙烷(wan)、苯、氯(lv)(lv)仿等有機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)。番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅素(su)在各種(zhong)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)中的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解度(du)隨(sui)著溫度(du)的(de)上(shang)升(sheng)而(er)增大,然而(er)當(dang)樣品越(yue)純時(shi),溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解越(yue)困難(nan)。結(jie)晶(jing)的(de)番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅素(su)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解緩慢(man),傾(qing)向于形(xing)(xing)成一(yi)種(zhong)超飽(bao)和(he)狀態,雖(sui)然提高溫度(du)可(ke)(ke)加速(su)其溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解,但冷(leng)卻(que)時(shi)可(ke)(ke)能會出(chu)現結(jie)晶(jing),這時(shi)可(ke)(ke)利用超聲波加速(su)其溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解。純的(de)番(fan)茄(qie)(qie)(qie)紅素(su)雖(sui)然不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于水,但當(dang)它(ta)與某些物質如(ru)蛋白質結(jie)合形(xing)(xing)成復合物時(shi),則具有較(jiao)高的(de)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)解度(du)。
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