1、充電樁的影響

簡單來講，充電樁輸出(chu)功率越大，充電(dian)(dian)時間越短，不過(guo)目前充電(dian)(dian)樁分(fen)為了交流充電(dian)(dian)樁和(he)直流充電(dian)(dian)樁，我們可以(yi)分(fen)開來(lai)進行解釋。

從交流(liu)樁來(lai)講，國(guo)內大(da)部分(fen)慢速充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁或(huo)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)盒均采(cai)用(yong)220v交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)，輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)分(fen)別為16A或(huo)32A，理(li)論功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)分(fen)別可達到(dao)3.3kw或(huo)6.6kw，考慮(lv)到(dao)10%的(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)損耗，交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)速度還是很慢的(de)(de)，例如對于一(yi)般電(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)量為20kwh左右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動汽車，采(cai)用(yong)目(mu)前主流(liu)3.3kw交流(liu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式就(jiu)需要(yao)6-8個小時才能夠(gou)充(chong)(chong)滿電(dian)(dian)。對于特(te)斯(si)拉220v的(de)(de)HPWC(高功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)壁(bi)掛適配器(qi))輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)流(liu)可達50A，輸(shu)出功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)11kw，我們還是不(bu)(bu)用(yong)想了，這是專(zhuan)門為MODEL S設計的(de)(de)，并且特(te)斯(si)拉與國(guo)標接口(kou)也不(bu)(bu)通用(yong)，不(bu)(bu)符(fu)合國(guo)情，看看就(jiu)好。

對(dui)(dui)于直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)來講，不同于交流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)220v電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)接入，直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)接入的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)為(wei)380v，功(gong)率一般達到10kw以上(shang)，例如(ru)市面上(shang)針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)于電(dian)(dian)(dian)動乘用車，國網建(jian)的(de)(de)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)大(da)部分是37.5kw，普天建(jian)的(de)(de)也在(zai)10kw、15kw以上(shang)。對(dui)(dui)于一般電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量為(wei)20kwh左右的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車來講，用10kw直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)樁(zhuang)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)2-3小時既(ji)可以滿電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

由此可見，僅(jin)僅(jin)從輸出功率上(shang)來(lai)判斷，交流(liu)和(he)直(zhi)流(liu)的充(chong)電快慢(man)便見分曉，據說一些早期(qi)的電動汽車車型只配備(bei)了交流(liu)充(chong)電口，那充(chong)電速度自然(ran)也(ye)快不起來(lai)了，所以在(zai)行(xing)業內就有交流(liu)慢(man)充(chong)、直(zhi)流(liu)快充(chong)的說法。

該圖片由注冊用戶"小英"提供，版權聲明反饋

所(suo)以，對于剛使用電(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)車(che)主，這里可以給大家提供一個簡單(dan)估算愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)時間(jian)的(de)方法，在愛(ai)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)過(guo)程(cheng)中，等充(chong)電(dian)樁顯(xian)示界面上輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)壓穩定的(de)時候，看下輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)電(dian)壓值和(he)電(dian)流(liu)值，計算一下輸(shu)(shu)出(chu)(chu)功率(lv)，然后對比自己車(che)準備充(chong)電(dian)的(de)電(dian)量，就能大概(gai)推算出(chu)(chu)充(chong)電(dian)所(suo)需(xu)要的(de)時間(jian)。

2、整車車載充電機的影響

在(zai)整車(che)交流充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，會有(you)(you)車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)參(can)與(yu)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流轉(zhuan)換過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，通常交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)會經過(guo)(guo)車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)換成直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)作為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能儲存到(dao)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池中(zhong)。因此，對(dui)于整車(che)的(de)車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)設計，其功(gong)率(lv)(lv)需要與(yu)交流輸(shu)出功(gong)率(lv)(lv)進行(xing)匹配，一(yi)般在(zai)3.3kw左右(you)，就算用更高功(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁輸(shu)出電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流也只(zhi)能在(zai)16A左右(you)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度也快不起來，不過(guo)(guo)可(ke)(ke)以預見的(de)是(shi)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量的(de)增加(jia)，未來車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)應該在(zai)6.6kw以上，才能保(bao)證用戶對(dui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度的(de)最低(di)需求，有(you)(you)一(yi)次在(zai)考察充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁的(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)，發現紳寶電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車(che)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)達(da)到(dao)220V/32A，經過(guo)(guo)了解得知(zhi)車(che)載(zai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)可(ke)(ke)達(da)到(dao)6.6kw，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度比E150EV快了不少。

而如果采用直流充電的方式，由于采取與交流充電不同的接口，直流電作為電能直接儲存到動力電池內，不(bu)經過(guo)車載充(chong)電(dian)機這(zhe)一關(guan)，充(chong)電(dian)速(su)度自然快(kuai)了(le)不(bu)少，但是為了(le)保證電(dian)池壽命，避免過(guo)充(chong)過(guo)放(fang)，車廠(chang)會(hui)對整(zheng)車動力電(dian)池的BMS(電(dian)池管理系統(tong))進(jin)行設置(zhi)，例(li)如在深圳運營(ying)的比亞(ya)迪E6的充(chong)電(dian)倍率(lv)在0.5C左右(E6充(chong)電(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)電(dian)流326V/100A)。

3、動力電池的影響

在充電(dian)(dian)樁端輸(shu)出固定(ding)功率相同(tong)的情況下，整車動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池電(dian)(dian)量越大，充電(dian)(dian)時間就越長，這就如(ru)同(tong)小學生的數學題一(yi)般，在同(tong)樣口徑(jing)的放水管向池子(zi)里注水，池子(zi)越大，放滿水需要的時間越長，這個道理比較簡(jian)單(dan)。

另外，三元(yuan)材料(liao)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的能量密度(du)一般(ban)比磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)高，那么對于同(tong)一車型來講，如果要求續駛里程一致，三元(yuan)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)裝的肯定比鐵鋰(li)(li)要少，充電(dian)(dian)速度(du)自然就快了(le)一些。

還有(you)個現象北方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)朋(peng)友們感(gan)受會(hui)(hui)比較(jiao)深，就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)冬季的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)愛車(che)(che)充不(bu)(bu)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，或者充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度慢(man)得(de)令人抓狂，這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)怎(zen)么回事(shi)(shi)呢？這(zhe)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)本身的(de)(de)(de)化學特(te)(te)性有(you)關，就是(shi)(shi)所謂的(de)(de)(de)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)保護，在(zai)氣溫(wen)(wen)過低(di)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)中的(de)(de)(de)金屬鋰會(hui)(hui)產生(sheng)沉(chen)積現象，不(bu)(bu)再(zai)和(he)物質發(fa)生(sheng)化學反(fan)應，從而發(fa)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)內部(bu)短路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。特(te)(te)別要(yao)提(ti)一下磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)鋰的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)性能(neng)(neng)比較(jiao)差(cha)，據相(xiang)關材料顯示其0℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)容量保持率約60～70%，-10℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)40～55%，-20℃時(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)20～40%，三元電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)略優于磷酸(suan)鐵(tie)鋰。以前有(you)些電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)用戶需要(yao)將車(che)(che)開出(chu)去跑幾圈熱(re)(re)熱(re)(re)車(che)(che)才能(neng)(neng)充上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，估(gu)計(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)(che)熱(re)(re)車(che)(che)這(zhe)事(shi)(shi)也就是(shi)(shi)在(zai)北方(fang)地(di)區(qu)才會(hui)(hui)有(you)，不(bu)(bu)過現在(zai)大部(bu)分車(che)(che)廠都(dou)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)加熱(re)(re)模塊，寒冷的(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候(hou)邊充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)邊加熱(re)(re)，在(zai)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中激活電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)自然也會(hui)(hui)耗(hao)費不(bu)(bu)少。總之冬季充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)速度慢(man)的(de)(de)(de)事(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)肯定的(de)(de)(de)，但(dan)是(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)同車(che)(che)廠解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)案及效率會(hui)(hui)略有(you)不(bu)(bu)同，對于這(zhe)個問題車(che)(che)主(zhu)們在(zai)買(mai)車(che)(che)前還是(shi)(shi)要(yao)仔細詢(xun)問清楚了(le)。

4、其他影響因素

這里提一下電力負載的影響因素，特別在夏季的時候，家家戶戶都開空調或其他大功率設備，變壓器負(fu)載達到(dao)高(gao)峰，電(dian)(dian)壓是會(hui)出現下降的(de)(de)情況，這(zhe)也會(hui)影響到(dao)電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)速度。不過正規的(de)(de)小區一(yi)(yi)般都(dou)是專(zhuan)用(yong)變(bian)壓器，對充電(dian)(dian)速度影響有限，而(er)一(yi)(yi)些自建房(fang)、城中(zhong)村等用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)般來自區域公用(yong)變(bian)壓器，影響就(jiu)(jiu)大一(yi)(yi)些了。因(yin)此，對于電(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)，建議選擇用(yong)電(dian)(dian)谷期進行充電(dian)(dian)，充電(dian)(dian)速度就(jiu)(jiu)會(hui)快一(yi)(yi)些。