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【蘇州文化特色】姑蘇文化民俗 蘇州民俗文化 蘇州節日民俗活動

本文章由注冊用戶 焰麗的熱情 上傳提供 評論 發布 反饋 0
摘要:蘇州給人的感覺是清秀的、水樣的,自有一番靈動鮮活之美。歷史悠久的園林和中國古建筑,透露著歷史的氣息。著名的蘇繡、桃花塢雕刻等工藝,更是把這種清雅靈秀之美躍然于絲綢、木刻之上。這個擁有著2500年歷史的名城,同樣孕育了它獨特而瑰麗的“吳文化”。下面本文就為大家介紹蘇州民俗文化,一起來了解一下吧!

【民俗】

在蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)節日(ri)中國,從官(guan)府(fu)的大型儀(yi)式(shi)到民間自發的樸(pu)素傳統儀(yi)式(shi),表現多種多樣。豐富多彩的儀(yi)式(shi),不但記載了(le)蘇(su)(su)州(zhou)悠久的歷史,也影響著藝術(shu)的發展與演變。像是(shi)(shi)虎丘(qiu)曲(qu)會(hui)注重(zhong)典雅(ya),姑蘇(su)(su)仙樂(le)著重(zhong)豪華,軋神仙的多姿(zi)多彩,石湖串月的詩情畫意,每一(yi)個儀(yi)式(shi)都是(shi)(shi)一(yi)段歷史的演繹。

虎丘曲(qu)會應該是從明朝末年一(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)延續(xu)至(zhi)今,它(ta)的(de)自發(fa)形成(cheng)與延續(xu)與當時蘇(su)州富庶(shu)的(de)經濟直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)掛鉤,昆曲(qu)的(de)興盛和此(ci)間(jian)一(yi)帶(dai)“眾(zhong)樂好歌”的(de)傳統直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)構成(cheng)了其技藝的(de)積累(lei)和提升,曲(qu)會由自發(fa)娛樂到藝術(shu)的(de)提升此(ci)間(jian)經歷了數(shu)百年的(de)歷程,典雅(ya)的(de)整體風格才(cai)被確定(ding)下來。

蘇州節日民俗

賀年

春節,舊(jiu)稱(cheng)元旦,亦曰過(guo)年。其時家(jia)家(jia)懸神軸、陳香案(an)以祈(qi)新年安樂;又點(dian)香燭、具茶果(guo)(guo)粉圓于(yu)祖(zu)先(xian)神位(wei)之前,稱(cheng)“拜(bai)喜神”。正月初一日天明男子先(xian)起,開門放爆竹鞭炮(pao),日“開門爆仗”。早餐吃小圓子和(he)湯(tang)團(tuan),取團(tuan)團(tuan)圓圓之意。之后(hou)小輩向長(chang)輩、年幼者向年長(chang)者一一賀年道(dao)喜,稱(cheng)作“拜(bai)年”。其中(zhong)尊(zun)長(chang)接受兒(er)童拜(bai)年,必賜以果(guo)(guo)餌,益以銀錢,謂之“壓歲錢”。然后(hou)出門向師長(chang)、鄰族(zu)親戚(qi)家(jia)一一拜(bai)賀,互(hu)道(dao)吉利(li),一時“鮮花炫路,飛轎生(sheng)風,靜巷(xiang)幽坊,動(dong)成(cheng)鬧市”,一派(pai)喜氣洋洋的氣氛(fen)。解放以后(hou),舊(jiu)時過(guo)年的習俗,除迷信(xin)活動(dong)外,大都(dou)相沿未改。

元宵節和燈節

農歷(li)正月十(shi)五(wu)為(wei)元(yuan)宵節。吳中舊有(you)“鬧元(yuan)宵”習俗。人(ren)(ren)們敲擊(ji)鑼鼓(gu)鐃鈸為(wei)戲,不(bu)同(tong)節奏有(you)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)箔稱(cheng),如“跑馬兩夾雪”、“下西風”等;或三五(wu)成(cheng)群,各(ge)執一器,邊(bian)擊(ji)邊(bian)行,兒(er)童(tong)嘻笑(xiao)環(huan)繞,滿街鼎沸,謂之“走(zou)馬鑼鼓(gu)”。元(yuan)宵前后又稱(cheng)燈(deng)節,正月十(shi)三上(shang)燈(deng),十(shi)八落燈(deng)。期間自制和出售的(de)(de)各(ge)種彩(cai)燈(deng)精奇百出,光怪陸離,人(ren)(ren)物類、瓜果類、百族類以及琉璃(li)燈(deng)、走(zou)馬燈(deng)等各(ge)色燈(deng)彩(cai),名目繁多,令人(ren)(ren)目不(bu)暇接(jie)。夜晚(wan)城內城外游人(ren)(ren)如潮,“燈(deng)彩(cai)遍(bian)張,不(bu)見(jian)天日(ri),”再(zai)加上(shang)盤(pan)旋跳躍的(de)(de)龍燈(deng)舞(wu),熱鬧異常(chang)。鄉間還有(you)醵資造燈(deng)塔者,夜間上(shang)火(huo),其光數里之外可見(jian)。還有(you)賽燈(deng)之舉,各(ge)以彩(cai)燈(deng)爭(zheng)妍斗奇,觀者踴躍,其樂無窮。

鄧尉探梅

農歷二月,光福(fu)鄧(deng)尉山一(yi)帶,梅(mei)花吐(tu)艷,猶如皚皚白雪(xue),花香撲鼻(bi),“紅英綠(lv)萼(e),相(xiang)間(jian)萬重”,故被(bei)稱作“香雪(xue)海(hai)”。屆(jie)時(shi)游人艤舟虎山橋畔(pan),遨游林下,留連忘(wang)返。清代李福(fu)作《元墓(mu)探(tan)(tan)梅(mei)歌》,曾用。雪(xue)花如掌(zhang)重云(yun)障,一(yi)絲春向寒中釀,春信微茫何(he)處尋?昨宵吹(chui)到梅(mei)梢上”的(de)詩句來描繪(hui)鄧(deng)尉的(de)梅(mei)花。鄧(deng)尉探(tan)(tan)梅(mei)之習相(xiang)沿數百(bai)年而未衰。近年萬象更新,人民生活安(an)定(ding),每至(zhi)梅(mei)花盛(sheng)開(kai)時(shi)節,蘇滬一(yi)帶游客(ke)踵至(zhi)云(yun)集,光福(fu)沿途(tu),道為之塞。

百花生日

俗以夏歷二月十(shi)(shi)二為百(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)日(ri),不知典出(chu)何處.是(shi)日(ri)清晨,吳中(zhong)未(wei)嫁閨女剪五色彩繒封貼于各種(zhong)花(hua)(hua)(hua)木莖桿(gan)上(shang),或(huo)制紅紙小尖角(jiao)旗插(cha)于花(hua)(hua)(hua)盆中(zhong),微風輕拂,彩紙飄揚,謂之“賞紅”。是(shi)日(ri)虎丘花(hua)(hua)(hua)農爭集于花(hua)(hua)(hua)神廟(miao),貢(gong)牲獻樂,慶賀花(hua)(hua)(hua)神仙誕,祈禱春(chun)來花(hua)(hua)(hua)盛,稱作(zuo)“花(hua)(hua)(hua)朝(chao)”。諺日(ri):“有(you)利(li)無利(li),但(dan)看二月十(shi)(shi)二”;或(huo)云:。有(you)利(li)無利(li),但(dan)看三個十(shi)(shi)二(即(ji)二月十(shi)(shi)二、三月十(shi)(shi)二、四月十(shi)(shi)二)”,是(shi)謂百(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)日(ri)那天的氣候征兆,對(dui)花(hua)(hua)(hua)農的收成至關緊(jin)要。蔡(cai)云《吳歈》云:“百(bai)(bai)花(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)日(ri)是(shi)良辰(chen),未(wei)到花(hua)(hua)(hua)朝(chao)一(yi)半春(chun);紅紫萬千披錦繡,尚勞(lao)點綴賀花(hua)(hua)(hua)神”。

清明掃墓

吳俗(su)(su)(su)以清明(ming),中(zhong)元(yuan)(農歷七月十五(wu)),下元(yuan)(農歷十月初(chu)一)三節為(wei)鬼節。逢三節必有賽神之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉。迨入民國,賽會之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)舉漸廢,而清明(ming)祭墳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俗(su)(su)(su)卻相沿(yan)至今。舊時(shi)(shi)祭墳通常于(yu)清明(ming)節或之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前幾日,攜香燭、紙(zhi)錠及(ji)菜(cai)肴、清酒,致祭于(yu)祖先(xian)墳前,謂之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)“上墳”,或稱“掃(sao)墓”。祭畢焚化紙(zhi)錠。上墳時(shi)(shi)又必為(wei)墳塋添土一塊,多壘于(yu)墳頂(ding),俗(su)(su)(su)呼(hu)“添土”。舊時(shi)(shi)清明(ming)上墳之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)俗(su)(su)(su),雖屬迷信(xin)活動,但(dan)也包含(han)著游春(chun)踏青、悼念(nian)已(yi)故親屬的(de)合理成(cheng)分,因(yin)此至今相沿(yan)不衰。現各機關(guan),學校,團體(ti)每年(nian)清明(ming)通常都要組織到西郊黃(huang)山(shan)烈士陵(ling)園掃(sao)墓,以寄托對先(xian)烈的(de)哀思(si)和(he)表示(shi)敬仰。

觀音山游春

清明前(qian)(qian)后,春(chun)滿江(jiang)南,百花競放(fang)。游(you)人紛(fen)(fen)紛(fen)(fen)行出郊外,訪(fang)春(chun)探(tan)勝(sheng),俗稱“游(you)春(chun)玩景(jing)”,又稱“踏(ta)青”。舊時(shi)游(you)春(chun)最熱鬧(nao)的去(qu)處(chu)莫(mo)甚于農歷三月十(shi)一日的觀音山。觀音山在(zai)天(tian)(tian)平山側近(jin),兩(liang)山相連,屆時(shi)“士女雜遝,羅綺如(ru)云;兜輿(yu)駿馬,絡繹于途”。游(you)客(ke)們自晨至(zhi)夕,或翻山尋(xun)勝(sheng),汗(han)流(liu)浹背;或于天(tian)(tian)平山白云泉邊(bian)清茶一杯,悠閑(xian)自得。另外靈巖(yan)山、虎(hu)丘(qiu)等地也都(dou)非常熱鬧(nao),虎(hu)丘(qiu)山塘(tang)一帶“彩(cai)舟(zhou)畫(hua)楫,銜尾以(yi)游(you)”。每年(nian)游(you)春(chun)時(shi)節,各類小商販也都(dou)爭往(wang)前(qian)(qian)趨,各處(chu)勝(sheng)跡周圍(wei)蘆(lu)棚(peng)相連,設酒飯茶桌(zhuo)以(yi)招徠游(you)人,無不利市數倍。

立夏節

立(li)(li)夏日,家家備(bei)有各(ge)種(zhong)應時食品和(he)(he)瓜果,如(ru)櫻桃和(he)(he)青梅,一紅一綠,相(xiang)映成趣,再配以櫑麥,名日“立(li)(li)夏三新”。是日親友聚宴,以海獅頭、面(mian)筋、咸鴨蛋及芥菜、筍(sun)、蠶豆(dou)等時鮮(xian)菜為佐酒(jiu)之肴(yao)。又據說立(li)(li)夏吃李(li)子(zi)(zi)能保(bao)護(hu)和(he)(he)美(mei)化皮膚(fu),故閨(gui)中女子(zi)(zi)都喜歡在那天作“李(li)會”,即取新鮮(xian)李(li)子(zi)(zi)汁和(he)(he)酒(jiu)而(er)飲,稱作“駐(zhu)色酒(jiu)”。立(li)(li)夏日還(huan)有秤人體重(zhong)之俗,記下立(li)(li)夏時的體重(zhong),到(dao)立(li)(li)秋日復秤一次(ci),以驗經過(guo)一個夏天后體重(zhong)的增(zeng)減。蔡云(yun)《吳歈》云(yun):“風開繡閣飏羅衣,認是秋千戲(xi)卻非,為掛(gua)量(liang)才上官拜(bai),評量(liang)燕瘦(shou)與環肥”。

軋神仙

軋神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)一詞為蘇(su)州方言,意思為人(ren)(ren)多(duo)(duo)(duo)擁(yong)擠,軋在(zai)蘇(su)州方言為人(ren)(ren)多(duo)(duo)(duo)擁(yong)擠的(de)意思,相當于(yu)擠,俗(su)(su)稱“軋神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)”。 傳說夏歷(li)四(si)月十四(si)為八仙(xian)之一呂(lv)洞賓的(de)仙(xian)誕,俗(su)(su)稱“神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)生日(ri)(ri)”。神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)廟在(zai)蘇(su)城皋橋(qiao)之東,即原福濟觀,舊時每逢(feng)四(si)月十四(si)前往(wang)進香者踵接(jie)不(bu)絕,其中(zhong)以妓家、醫家、藥業中(zhong)最為狂(kuang)熱。是(shi)日(ri)(ri)游人(ren)(ren)成群(qun)(qun)結(jie)隊,絡繹于(yu)途,據說呂(lv)純陽生日(ri)(ri)那天(tian)要化(hua)身乞丐、小販(fan),混(hun)在(zai)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)(qun)之中(zhong)濟世度人(ren)(ren),因(yin)而逢(feng)此盛日(ri)(ri)每個人(ren)(ren)都(dou)可能是(shi)他的(de)化(hua)身,軋到他身邊,就會得到仙(xian)氣,交(jiao)上好(hao)運,呂(lv)洞賓混(hun)跡于(yu)熙(xi)攘(rang)的(de)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)(qun)中(zhong),凡有(you)奇(qi)疾難愈(yu)者,往(wang)往(wang)有(you)緣得到治療,故(gu)人(ren)(ren)群(qun)(qun)特別擁(yong)擠,俗(su)(su)稱“軋神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)”。許(xu)多(duo)(duo)(duo)小商(shang)小販(fan)也都(dou)紛紛前往(wang),行(xing)販(fan)于(yu)閶(chang)門內虹(hong)橋(qiao)至皋橋(qiao)一帶,其中(zhong)以售泥人(ren)(ren)玩(wan)具、花草盆景者為最多(duo)(duo)(duo)。今(jin)進香神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)廟的(de)迷信活動已絕跡,但(dan)軋神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)之俗(su)(su)卻(que)相沿未易。隨著市場商(shang)品經濟的(de)活躍,各類小商(shang)品都(dou)麕集于(yu)皋橋(qiao)一帶出(chu)售。“軋神(shen)(shen)仙(xian)”之俗(su)(su)已由昔日(ri)(ri)的(de)廟會轉化(hua)成今(jin)日(ri)(ri)的(de)“小商(shang)品展銷會”了。

端午節

農歷(li)五月初五,俗呼端(duan)(duan)午(wu)節(jie)(jie),又稱(cheng)端(duan)(duan)陽節(jie)(jie)。是(shi)日,人們在瓶中供插(cha)蜀葵、石榴、蒲蓬等物(wu),婦女頭上戴艾葉(xie)榴花,稱(cheng)為(wei)“端(duan)(duan)午(wu)景”。家家門前懸艾蒲及蒜頭,喝雄黃酒(jiu),據(ju)(ju)說(shuo)(shuo)可(ke)以(yi)“避邪解毒(du)”,避蟲蛇之(zhi)(zhi)害。還有吃(chi)粽(zong)子、賽(sai)龍(long)舟的習俗,吳人在鼓樂聲中“著彩衣(yi),立龍(long)首”,劃龍(long)舟作競渡(du)之(zhi)(zhi)戲。關于端(duan)(duan)午(wu)節(jie)(jie)的來歷(li),通常說(shuo)(shuo)是(shi)為(wei)了悼念屈原。又據(ju)(ju)《后漢書》云,江(jiang)南人民在端(duan)(duan)午(wu)節(jie)(jie)舉行(xing)種(zhong)種(zhong)活動,是(shi)為(wei)了紀念濤神伍子胥。端(duan)(duan)午(wu)節(jie)(jie)令(ling)在夏收夏播農忙開始的前后,其時舉行(xing)各(ge)種(zhong)游戲活動,亦舊時農家忙中偷閑之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)樂也。

關帝生日

舊俗以(yi)(yi)農歷五月十三(san)(san)為關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帝(di)生(sheng)日(ri)(ri)。然據史載關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)羽生(sheng)于(yu)東(dong)漢桓帝(di)延熹三(san)(san)年(160年)六月二十四日(ri)(ri),俗為五月十三(san)(san),不知(zhi)何據,或云是日(ri)(ri)實(shi)羽子關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)平生(sheng)日(ri)(ri)。舊時(shi)(shi)逢關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帝(di)生(sheng)日(ri)(ri),官府(fu)必于(yu)蘇城周太(tai)保橋(qiao)側(ce)之關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帝(di)廟設壇致祭。明清時(shi)(shi)代(dai)蘇州(zhou)為五方雜處之地(di),人煙稠密,商業(ye)(ye)貿易極其繁榮(rong),各(ge)地(di)商賈在蘇城內各(ge)建祠(ci)宇以(yi)(yi)作會(hui)館(guan),其中(zhong)徽商所建大都為關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帝(di)祠(ci)。至十三(san)(san)日(ri)(ri),各(ge)會(hui)館(guan)均備牲致祭,演劇聚會(hui),屆時(shi)(shi)華(hua)燈千百,爆(bao)竹鑼鼓,聲震街巷,煞(sha)是熱鬧。商業(ye)(ye)會(hui)館(guan)祭祀關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帝(di),實(shi)乃(nai)商業(ye)(ye)界聯絡感情,疏通貿易渠道之舉,與(yu)關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)帝(di)生(sheng)日(ri)(ri)本無多大關(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系.

曝書翻經

舊歷六(liu)(liu)月(yue)初(chu)六(liu)(liu),吳(wu)中(zhong)有曬書習俗(su)(su)。是日將圖畫書籍曬于(yu)庭中(zhong),可免蠹蝕(shi)。前人(ren)有《曬書》詩日:“三伏乘(cheng)朝爽,閑(xian)庭散舊編,如游千(qian)載上,與結半(ban)生緣(yuan)。讀(du)喜(xi)年非耋,題(ti)驚(jing)歲又遷。呼(hu)兒勤檢點,家世只(zhi)青氈。"廟宇寺觀亦出貝葉經(jing),集村婦(fu)為翻(fan)經(jing)會,使跪于(yu)烈日中(zhong)翻(fan)經(jing)曝曬,謂(wei)“翻(fan)經(jing)十次,可轉男身(shen)”,乘(cheng)機斂(lian)騙錢財。清時巡撫陳(chen)榕門曾(ceng)條(tiao)約禁(jin)止。又有諺云:“六(liu)(liu)月(yue)六(liu)(liu),狗瀖浴”。據說(shuo)六(liu)(liu)月(yue)初(chu)六(liu)(liu),牽貓(mao)狗到河中(zhong)沐浴,可以避虱蛀。民(min)間(jian)相沿(yan)成俗(su)(su)。前人(ren)《浴貓(mao)犬(quan)》詞云:“六(liu)(liu)月(yue)六(liu)(liu),家家貓(mao)犬(quan)水中(zhong)浴。不(bu)知此語(yu)從何來,展(zhan)轉流(liu)傳竟成俗(su)(su)”。

荷花生日

農(nong)歷六(liu)月二十四日(ri)(ri)(ri),為(wei)荷(he)(he)(he)花生日(ri)(ri)(ri),俗(su)(su)稱(cheng)“荷(he)(he)(he)誕”,又稱(cheng)“觀(guan)(guan)蓮節”。是(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)吳人(ren)有行(xing)步泛(fan)舟觀(guan)(guan)荷(he)(he)(he)的風俗(su)(su),其時葑(feng)門(men)外(wai)(wai)的黃天蕩和洞(dong)庭西山(shan)的消夏灣是(shi)賞荷(he)(he)(he)納(na)涼勝地(di)。。 舊日(ri)(ri)(ri)蘇州荷(he)(he)(he)花以城(cheng)東葑(feng)門(men)外(wai)(wai)荷(he)(he)(he)花蕩為(wei)最盛(sheng),方(fang)志(zhi)逸乘中載道(dao):“畫船簫鼓,競于(yu)(yu)葑(feng)門(men)外(wai)(wai)荷(he)(he)(he)花蕩,觀(guan)(guan)荷(he)(he)(he)納(na)涼”。此外(wai)(wai),太(tai)湖洞(dong)庭西山(shan)消夏灣也是(shi)觀(guan)(guan)荷(he)(he)(he)的好去處(chu),“夏未舒(shu)華(hua),燦若錦(jin)繡”,“花香(xiang)云影,皓月澄波”,以至游人(ren)往往留夢灣中,越(yue)宿乃歸(gui)。是(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)又是(shi)雷(lei)尊誕。城(cheng)中玄妙觀(guan)(guan)、閶(chang)門(men)外(wai)(wai)四圖(tu)觀(guan)(guan),各有雷(lei)公沖像,燒(shao)香(xiang)拜(bai)神之人(ren)摩肩接(jie)踵(zhong),“蠟炬山(shan)堆,香(xiang)煙霧噴”,從初一日(ri)(ri)(ri)至二十四日(ri)(ri)(ri)善(shan)男信(xin)女均素餐(can),稱(cheng)“雷(lei)齋”。這(zhe)天還(huan)是(shi)二郎神生日(ri)(ri)(ri)。患瘍者迷信(xin)于(yu)(yu)是(shi)日(ri)(ri)(ri)以白(bai)公雞為(wei)祀,拜(bai)禱于(yu)(yu)葑(feng)門(men)內廟中,瘍疾即可愈。

三節會

舊俗以(yi)每(mei)年清明節(jie)(jie)(jie),中元節(jie)(jie)(jie)(農(nong)歷七月十五(wu)),下元節(jie)(jie)(jie)(農(nong)歷十月初(chu)一)合稱(cheng)三節(jie)(jie)(jie),民(min)間俗稱(cheng)“鬼節(jie)(jie)(jie)”。屆時蘇(su)城內(nei)外有賽會(hui)(hui)(hui)之舉。凡(fan)土地廟(miao)及吳、長(chang)洲、元和三縣(xian)和蘇(su)州府(fu)之偶像,必舁(yu)之而出(chu),會(hui)(hui)(hui)集(ji)于虎丘山下,設壇致祭(ji)。諸神偶像出(chu)廟(miao)時,儀(yi)式排(pai)場十分隆重(zhong)奢侈(chi),尤以(yi)周王(wang)廟(miao)中周王(wang)神為著(zhu),蓋周王(wang)廟(miao)昔(xi)為珠(zhu)寶商人薈集(ji)之所,故(gu)周王(wang)出(chu)廟(miao),必供以(yi)珊瑚(hu)、瑪(ma)瑙、白玉、翡(fei)翠等貴重(zhong)珠(zhu)寶。凡(fan)遇(yu)三節(jie)(jie)(jie),私塾、府(fu)縣(xian)學均放(fang)假以(yi)助賽會(hui)(hui)(hui)之興。是時山塘(tang)街上行人擁(yong)擠,觀(guan)者如潮;山塘(tang)河中畫舫羅(luo)列(lie),彩(cai)舟綿延。笙歌(ge)之聲,不絕于耳(er)。迨(dai)入民(min)國,除(chu)清明節(jie)(jie)(jie)掃墳祭(ji)祖外,純屬迷信活動(dong)的三節(jie)(jie)(jie)賽會(hui)(hui)(hui)不復(fu)再行。

乞巧節

每年農(nong)歷七(qi)月初七(qi),是乞(qi)七(qi)節(jie),又(you)名(ming)女(nv)兒節(jie)。民間傳說這天(tian)晚上(shang),喜(xi)鵲成(cheng)(cheng)群結隊飛(fei)向(xiang)銀河(he),搭(da)成(cheng)(cheng)鵲橋,讓牛郎和(he)織女(nv)在(zai)銀河(he)鵲橋上(shang)相會(hui)。民間習俗(su),在(zai)七(qi)夕(xi)之夜祭祖(zu)織女(nv),并向(xiang)她乞(qi)求智慧和(he)巧藝,叫做“乞(qi)巧”。七(qi)夕(xi)這天(tian),家(jia)家(jia)戶(hu)戶(hu)用面粉加(jia)糖拌和(he)結實,切成(cheng)(cheng)2寸左(zuo)右長條,扭成(cheng)(cheng)芒(mang)結形(xing)狀,經油煎后(hou),松脆香甜,名(ming)日(ri)巧果,是乞(qi)巧節(jie)必(bi)備供(gong)品。吳(wu)地還有用茶(cha)杯盛(sheng)鴛鴦水(shui)(井、河(he)兩水(shui)的混合物),置于庭(ting)院中承接露水(shui)攪和(he),待(dai)日(ri)出后(hou)任其照曬(shai),待(dai)水(shui)面生膜,姑(gu)娘們各將(jiang)小(xiao)針(zhen)投入,使針(zhen)浮于水(shui)面,視水(shui)底針(zhen)影,若成(cheng)(cheng)云龍花草狀,為“得巧”,如椎似杵者為“拙兆”。尚有用線穿針(zhen)孔(kong)以辨(bian)目力好壞等節(jie)俗(su)。

地藏香和放水燈

舊時以農歷七月三十(shi)為地藏(zang)王生日,蘇(su)州各(ge)家于(yu)門(men)前地上遍插香(xiang)(xiang)燭而燃(ran)之,稱“地藏(zang)香(xiang)(xiang)”,又(you)稱“九(jiu)思香(xiang)(xiang)”,又(you)俗(su)呼“狗屎香(xiang)(xiang)”。還有以油渣等易燃(ran)物聚(ju)成(cheng)一堆者(zhe),至夜燃(ran)之,火光(guang)沖天(tian),滿(man)街通紅,兒(er)童(tong)們莫(mo)不繞巷(xiang)雀躍(yue)。是夕(xi)又(you)有放水(shui)燈(deng)之習,里巷(xiang)間醵資請和尚泛(fan)舟河中(zhong)誦經(jing)祭孤(gu)魂,并(bing)以五色紙(zhi)扎(zha)成(cheng)蓮花(hua),浮諸水(shui)面,中(zhong)置琥(hu)珀等燃(ran)料,且行且燃(ran),遙望水(shui)面火光(guang)點(dian)點(dian),延綿(mian)數十(shi)丈(zhang),耳聞舟中(zhong)誦經(jing)聲(sheng)(sheng),鐃鈸聲(sheng)(sheng),鼓樂聲(sheng)(sheng)交織一片,頗具妙(miao)趣。此舉又(you)有在街頭舉行者(zhe),以紙(zhi)扎(zha)一巨鬼并(bing)各(ge)種(zhong)小鬼,請和尚誦經(jing)超度孤(gu)魂,稱“盂(yu)蘭盆會”。

中秋節

中(zhong)(zhong)秋,俗(su)呼八月(yue)(yue)半(ban)。是(shi)(shi)夕月(yue)(yue)亮(liang)較之(zhi)平(ping)時更覺清徹明(ming)凈,故古(gu)詩云:“月(yue)(yue)到(dao)中(zhong)(zhong)秋分(fen)(fen)外明(ming)”。舊時蘇州百(bai)姓家每(mei)于(yu)日昏月(yue)(yue)升時于(yu)庭院中(zhong)(zhong)設香案,供以(yi)月(yue)(yue)餅及果栗(li)等應時佳(jia)品,香案中(zhong)(zhong)間置(zhi)香斗,焚香其上,合(he)家對月(yue)(yue)膜拜,稱(cheng)作“齋月(yue)(yue)宮(gong)”。也有以(yi)若(ruo)干彩旗(qi)插于(yu)香斗中(zhong)(zhong)者(zhe),皓月(yue)(yue)瀉銀(yin),清風徐拂,彩旗(qi)飄搖,人(ren)們精神為之(zhi)一(yi)爽。是(shi)(shi)夕婦女(nv)們往(wang)往(wang)三五成(cheng)群,盛妝(zhuang)而出,嬉(xi)游于(yu)虎(hu)(hu)丘等地,稱(cheng)作“虎(hu)(hu)丘踏月(yue)(yue)”或“走(zou)月(yue)(yue)亮(liang)”。屆(jie)時“士(shi)女(nv)雜沓”,虎(hu)(hu)丘千(qian)人(ren)石上笙(sheng)歌徹夜,十(shi)分(fen)(fen)熱鬧。更有別(bie)具匠心者(zhe),精心制成(cheng)月(yue)(yue)宮(gong)模(mo)型陳于(yu)香案,模(mo)型中(zhong)(zhong)嫦娥、吳(wu)剛(gang),桂樹,白兔乃至杵臼(jiu)、斧頭等細物,靡不具備,精巧無(wu)比,平(ping)添(tian)三分(fen)(fen)賞月(yue)(yue)興致。

石湖串月

農歷八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)十八(ba),吳中(zhong)舊有泛舟(zhou)石湖(hu)(hu)賞(shang)(shang)月(yue)(yue)(yue)之(zhi)俗(su),稱(cheng)“石湖(hu)(hu)串(chuan)月(yue)(yue)(yue)”。是(shi)(shi)(shi)夕(xi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)光穿(chuan)(chuan)過石湖(hu)(hu)行春橋(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)孔(kong)映(ying)入水中(zhong),月(yue)(yue)(yue)影(ying)(ying)如串(chuan),故(gu)名。也有說串(chuan)月(yue)(yue)(yue)是(shi)(shi)(shi)月(yue)(yue)(yue)影(ying)(ying)穿(chuan)(chuan)過上方塔鐵鏈環孔(kong),倒(dao)影(ying)(ying)恰成(cheng)一串(chuan)。又(you)(you)有一說稱(cheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)夕(xi)于寶帶橋(qiao)(qiao)橋(qiao)(qiao)孔(kong)中(zhong)觀(guan)月(yue)(yue)(yue),一孔(kong)一影(ying)(ying),故(gu)名串(chuan)月(yue)(yue)(yue)。其(qi)實八(ba)月(yue)(yue)(yue)十八(ba)最吸引游(you)人的倒(dao)不(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)賞(shang)(shang)月(yue)(yue)(yue),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)觀(guan)石湖(hu)(hu)賽舟(zhou)。夜間(jian)(jian)銀盤懸空,鄉人各(ge)駕快船穿(chuan)(chuan)梭于行春橋(qiao)(qiao)左(zuo)右,稱(cheng)作(zuo)“打拳(quan)船”。船首立一壯漢,飛舞鋼(gang)又(you)(you),滾繞于胸背頸臂間(jian)(jian),左(zuo)右盤旋跳躍,鏗然作(zuo)響。當船將入橋(qiao)(qiao)孔(kong)時,槳手加快速度,壯漢將手中(zhong)鋼(gang)叉向橋(qiao)(qiao)面猛然擲出,鋼(gang)叉從(cong)上越(yue)過橋(qiao)(qiao)面,快船也從(cong)下鉆出橋(qiao)(qiao)孔(kong),壯漢接住鋼(gang)叉繼續揮舞。其(qi)時月(yue)(yue)(yue)靜人沸,情(qing)趣悠(you)長。

孔誕和丁祭

舊時(shi)定孔(kong)子生(sheng)辰為(wei)農歷八(ba)月二(er)十(shi)八(ba),宣統二(er)年(1910年)改為(wei)八(ba)月二(er)十(shi)七,1930年又(you)改為(wei)陽歷八(ba)月二(er)十(shi)七。每(mei)逢(feng)孔(kong)誕,蘇(su)州(zhou)士人學子都要(yao)到(dao)學宮(gong)慶祝禮拜,至誠至敬。蘇(su)州(zhou)府(fu)學、縣學每(mei)年又(you)要(yao)舉行(xing)二(er)次祭(ji)(ji)孔(kong)活動,一(yi)(yi)在春社前(qian)之(zhi)丁(ding)日(ri)(ri),一(yi)(yi)在秋社前(qian)之(zhi)丁(ding)日(ri)(ri),統稱(cheng)丁(ding)祭(ji)(ji)。主(zhu)祭(ji)(ji)由知府(fu)、知縣親自擔任,司(si)樂、司(si)香帛(bo)爵(jue)、司(si)儀(yi)等執事概以秀才充任。凡參加祀儀(yi)者咸冠服(fu)濟楚,肅靜無(wu)嘩,氣(qi)氛異常莊重。祭(ji)(ji)祀開始時(shi)首先(xian)點燃殿(dian)前(qian)鐵架上的(de)(de)木(mu)柴,一(yi)(yi)時(shi)火光熊(xiong)熊(xiong),上徹云(yun)霄,名日(ri)(ri)“庭燎”。接著以128名文(wen)武(wu)舞(wu)生(sheng)組成(cheng)的(de)(de)“佾舞(wu)隊(dui)”表演古老的(de)(de)佾舞(wu)。然后(hou)眾人首先(xian)至供奉孔(kong)子祖(zu)先(xian)的(de)(de)后(hou)殿(dian)拜祀,再拜祀正殿(dian)。其隆重程度不亞于(yu)祭(ji)(ji)天儀(yi)式。

重陽登高

農歷九(jiu)月初(chu)九(jiu),是傳統(tong)的重陽(yang)佳節。我國古代(dai)稱(cheng)(cheng)。九(jiu)”為陽(yang)數,九(jiu)月初(chu)九(jiu)乃二“九(jiu)”相重,故(gu)名(ming)重陽(yang),也稱(cheng)(cheng)重九(jiu)節。屆時城中(zhong)百姓(xing)赴郊外宴飲,“佩茱萸食餌,飲菊花酒”,以(yi)(yi)冀(ji)長壽。居(ju)民制(zhi)五色米粉(fen)糕,名(ming)重陽(yang)糕,或(huo)以(yi)(yi)糖(tang)、面粉(fen)雜和,加棗栗星點其上,名(ming)花糕,亦稱(cheng)(cheng)重陽(yang)糕。至(zhi)時,父(fu)母必(bi)迎巳嫁女兒回家吃花糕,故(gu)重陽(yang)又有糕節、女兒節之(zhi)(zhi)稱(cheng)(cheng)。重陽(yang)還有登高之(zhi)(zhi)習(xi)。蘇城重陽(yang)登高處昔(xi)在吳(wu)山,據說吳(wu)王夫差(cha)曾(ceng)在此登臨,后世遂相沿成俗。每(mei)逢(feng)重陽(yang),吳(wu)山治(zhi)平寺中(zhong),。牽羊(yang)賭彩,為攤錢(qian)之(zhi)(zhi)戲”,熱鬧非凡(fan)。亦有約二、三知已,或(huo)登北寺塔以(yi)(yi)資遠眺,或(huo)登虎丘山以(yi)(yi)覽勝跡者,皆為循例之(zhi)(zhi)消遣。

陽山觀日出

陽山在蘇城之西,東距(ju)靈巖(yan)山、天(tian)平(ping)山約(yue)十一、二(er)里,以盛產白泥(ni)而著名。舊時山頂有浴(yu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)亭(ting)。每年農歷九(jiu)月底夜半,吳人便(bian)登(deng)臨(lin)山頂,觀(guan)(guan)日(ri)(ri)(ri)月同升之奇(qi)景(jing)。黎明時分,晨曦初(chu)露,東方(fang)一線殷紅,倏忽赤盤一躍而出,金光(guang)萬道。其時銀月亦岌(ji)岌(ji)騰起,隨日(ri)(ri)(ri)升落(luo),如跳丸狀,凡(fan)數十次。日(ri)(ri)(ri)月蜿蜒(yan)蕩漾,五(wu)光(guang)十色,蔚為人間奇(qi)景(jing),觀(guan)(guan)者沐日(ri)(ri)(ri)浴(yu)月,無(wu)不為之擊(ji)節(jie)。蔡云《吳歈》云:“賓日(ri)(ri)(ri)陽山浴(yu)日(ri)(ri)(ri)亭(ting),秋(qiu)云幻(huan)態瞰滄溟(ming);下方(fang)不識高寒境,誰博宵來雙眼醒”。又據史載,九(jiu)月底的(de)夜晚在天(tian)平(ping)山頂蓮花洞也能看到日(ri)(ri)(ri)月同升之景(jing)。

五風信

秋(qiu)末冬初,金風(feng)斂(lian)跡,寒(han)風(feng)初露,蘇州家(jia)家(jia)開始預(yu)備御寒(han)之(zhi)具(ju)。又以(yi)農歷十月初的天氣來(lai)推斷冬季的寒(han)暖,若(ruo)晴,則(ze)冬暖;若(ruo)雨,則(ze)冬寒(han),謂之(zhi)“五(wu)風(feng)信(xin)(xin)”。舊(jiu)時棉(mian)農對此(ci)十分關(guan)注,因冬季氣候的冷暖直接關(guan)系到(dao)棉(mian)花售價的賤昂(ang),蔡云《吳歈(yu)》云:“寒(han)衣未辦費商量,月旦(dan)占晴也太(tai)慌;風(feng)信(xin)(xin)五(wu)番都過了,棉(mian)花須(xu)定價低(di)昂(ang)”。吳俗又以(yi)農歷十月五(wu)日為五(wu)風(feng)生日,屆(jie)時太(tai)湖(hu)(hu)漁民均要到(dao)瀕湖(hu)(hu)各神廟供香(xiang)祈(qi)禱,以(yi)求十月捕魚(yu)季節(jie)每日有風(feng),便于(yu)揚帆捕魚(yu),也稱作“五(wu)風(feng)信(xin)(xin)”。

天平山觀紅楓

天平(ping)(ping)(ping)山(shan)在(zai)蘇州城西約三(san)(san)(san)十(shi)(shi)里處,以(yi)怪石(shi),清泉、紅(hong)楓(feng)(feng)“三(san)(san)(san)絕”名聞(wen)遐邇,是蘇州著名的(de)游覽勝地之一。天平(ping)(ping)(ping)山(shan)麓有楓(feng)(feng)樹三(san)(san)(san)百八十(shi)(shi)株(zhu),大都是數(shu)百年前古物,高大挺(ting)拔(ba)。十(shi)(shi)月金(jin)秋時(shi)節,初霜后(hou)的(de)楓(feng)(feng)葉(xie)呈現火焰般的(de)紅(hong)色(se),“顏色(se)鮮明(ming),夕陽(yang)在(zai)山(shan),縱目一望(wang),仿(fang)佛珊瑚灼海”。其中(zhong)尤以(yi)三(san)(san)(san)太師(shi)墳(fen)前的(de)九株(zhu)大楓(feng)(feng),俗(su)呼“九枝紅(hong)”的(de)最為奇(qi)麗。每當(dang)十(shi)(shi)月來臨,蘇州人(ren)(ren)往往結伴從游,欣賞紅(hong)楓(feng)(feng)佳景(jing)。古人(ren)(ren)《吳中(zhong)風景(jing)詩》云:“丹(dan)楓(feng)(feng)爛漫錦(jin)裝成(cheng),要與春(chun)花斗眼明(ming)。虎阜橫塘(tang)景(jing)蕭(xiao)瑟,游人(ren)(ren)多半在(zai)天平(ping)(ping)(ping)”。可(ke)見往觀天平(ping)(ping)(ping)紅(hong)楓(feng)(feng)的(de)盛況。

冬至節

冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)通(tong)常在每(mei)年(nian)(nian)公歷12月22日(ri)(ri)左(zuo)右。屆時蘇州(zhou)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)都(dou)要慶(qing)賀一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)番,相傳(chuan)此俗(su)(su)是從(cong)張士誠割據蘇州(zhou)時開(kai)始(shi)(shi)的(de)。節(jie)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian),親戚朋友都(dou)要相互饋贈食物,“提筐(kuang)擔(dan)盒(he),充斥道路”,俗(su)(su)稱(cheng)“冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)盤”。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)晚稱(cheng)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜(ye),家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)人(ren)(ren)歡聚一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)堂,共飲冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)釀酒,謂之“節(jie)酒”。有(you)(you)的(de)人(ren)(ren)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)懸(xuan)祖(zu)先(xian)遺像以(yi)祀,禮儀超過(guo)常節(jie)。相比之下,春節(jie)也顯遜色,故有(you)(you)“冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大如年(nian)(nian)”、“冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)肥年(nian)(nian)瘦(shou)”之諺。清(qing)人(ren)(ren)詩中(zhong)有(you)(you)“至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)講物儀,迎來送去費心機”等句,反映了節(jie)日(ri)(ri)的(de)隆重(zhong)。不過(guo)舊社(she)會也有(you)(you)“有(you)(you)錢冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜(ye),沒錢凍一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)夜(ye)”的(de)民謠,道出了節(jie)日(ri)(ri)中(zhong)富人(ren)(ren)歡樂窮人(ren)(ren)愁的(de)禮會現實。冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)節(jie)喝冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)釀酒的(de)習(xi)俗(su)(su)衍傳(chuan)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)今,經(jing)久不衰。 冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)前(qian)(qian)夕叫冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜(ye),全家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)團聚吃(chi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)夜(ye)飯(fan)(fan)。凡出嫁了的(de)婦(fu)女必(bi)須回轉(zhuan)夫家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia),倘(tang)留(liu)在娘(niang)家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)將不利(li)于親人(ren)(ren),會窮得“十只飯(fan)(fan)籮九(jiu)只空”。夜(ye)飯(fan)(fan)菜(cai)肴特別豐(feng)盛,喝冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)釀酒。飯(fan)(fan)前(qian)(qian)祭(ji)祖(zu),祭(ji)祖(zu)的(de)菜(cai)必(bi)須回鍋燒,否(fou)則吃(chi)了會喪失記憶力。家(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)人(ren)(ren)外(wai)出者,也要給他們放副碗筷。各(ge)種(zhong)菜(cai)都(dou)有(you)(you)吉祥名稱(cheng),飯(fan)(fan)內預防兩(liang)只熟(shu)荸(bi)薺,吃(chi)飯(fan)(fan)時夾(jia)出來,稱(cheng)“掘(jue)元寶”。 冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)當(dang)日(ri)(ri),晨起(qi),吃(chi)圓(yuan)子和(he)南瓜(gua)團子。這一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)開(kai)始(shi)(shi)起(qi)九(jiu),叫“連冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)起(qi)九(jiu)”,數(shu)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)九(jiu)九(jiu)八十一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)天(tian)而寒(han)盡。民間有(you)(you)“干凈(jing)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)邋(la)遢年(nian)(nian),邋(la)遢冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)干凈(jing)年(nian)(nian)”的(de)說法,可以(yi)冬(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)陰晴來預卜歲末天(tian)氣。

臘八節

夏歷(li)十二月又稱(cheng)臘月,故(gu)十二月初八(ba)稱(cheng)臘八(ba)(各史籍說(shuo)(shuo)法不一,此(ci)(ci)(ci)從《唐書·歷(li)志》).相傳(chuan)臘八(ba)日(ri)(ri)為(wei)(wei)如來(lai)成(cheng)佛之(zhi)日(ri)(ri),故(gu)各寺廟(miao)僧(seng)尼均以(yi)蓮實,棗(zao)栗、胡(hu)桃,松子(zi).百合等果類和米煮粥(zhou)為(wei)(wei)齋供,又以(yi)之(zhi)愧(kui)送信(xin)徒及(ji)附近居民(min),稱(cheng)作(zuo)(zuo)。佛粥(zhou)”,也(ye)稱(cheng)“七寶粥(zhou)”,人們(men)相信(xin)是日(ri)(ri)食此(ci)(ci)(ci)粥(zhou)能(neng)消災降(jiang)福。據說(shuo)(shuo)此(ci)(ci)(ci)俗傳(chuan)自佛國印度,故(gu)清李福有(you)詩云(yun):。臘月八(ba)日(ri)(ri)粥(zhou),傳(chuan)自梵王國,僧(seng)尼多好事,踵事增(zeng)華飾。”此(ci)(ci)(ci)風(feng)流傳(chuan)久(jiu)遠,后來(lai)普通居民(min)家(jia)也(ye)都自己煮而(er)食之(zhi),作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)(wei)應時食品以(yi)添樂(le)趣,同時也(ye)有(you)滋補之(zhi)效。

送灶神

舊(jiu)時迷信,以(yi)為(wei)衣(yi)食溫飽由灶(zao)(zao)神(shen)(shen)所(suo)司,灶(zao)(zao)神(shen)(shen)每年農(nong)歷十(shi)二月二十(shi)五日必將(jiang)民間善(shan)惡(e)上達于天,故(gu)二十(shi)四日夜間蘇州城鄉家家用紙竹糊扎成(cheng)灶(zao)(zao)神(shen)(shen)的轎輿車馬于門前焚之(zhi),稱(cheng)作“送灶(zao)(zao)”。焚燒后(hou)檢出(chu)未燼之(zhi)物(wu)納(na)入灶(zao)(zao)膛(tang),取“元寶進門”之(zhi)意。又將(jiang)稻草切成(cheng)寸許長,和以(yi)青豆(dou)(dou)撒(sa)向(xiang)屋頂,為(wei)灶(zao)(zao)神(shen)(shen)輿馬之(zhi)秣糧,俗(su)呼“馬料豆(dou)(dou)”。又以(yi)麥芽糖(tang)等制(zhi)成(cheng)粘(zhan)牙(ya)的糖(tang)食稱(cheng)作“糖(tang)元寶”;以(yi)糯米(mi)粉裹以(yi)豆(dou)(dou)沙餡稱(cheng)作“送灶(zao)(zao)團”,謂(wei)供此二物(wu)可粘(zhan)住灶(zao)(zao)神(shen)(shen)之(zhi)口,以(yi)免其(qi)上天揭(jie)民之(zhi)短。舊(jiu)時每行送灶(zao)(zao)儀式,極其(qi)鄭重虔誠(cheng)。如今人民皆(jie)知幸福(fu)生(sheng)活來自(zi)辛(xin)勤勞(lao)動,故(gu)送灶(zao)(zao)之(zhi)俗(su)已(yi)基本不存,偶或有之(zhi),也(ye)屬循例(li)和民間歲(sui)杪的娛樂(le).

除夕

舊歷十二月末(mo)日稱(cheng)除夕(xi)(xi),謂舊歲(sui)(sui)至此夕(xi)(xi)而除。合家(jia)男女終(zhong)歲(sui)(sui)勤勞(lao),至除夕(xi)(xi)置(zhi)辦雞鴨魚肉,備盛宴,舉家(jia)團(tuan)聚(ju)共(gong)享天倫,稱(cheng)作“吃年夜(ye)飯”。席中必(bi)備青(qing)菜、風(feng)干茄子等果蔬一(yi)(yi)盆曰“安樂(le)菜”,黃豆芽一(yi)(yi)盆為(wei)“如意菜”.以討一(yi)(yi)年安樂(le),百(bai)事如意之吉利(li)。又(you)供(gong)米一(yi)(yi)盂,稱(cheng)“萬年糧”,福(fu)橘一(yi)(yi)盆,取天賜(si)洪福(fu)之意。除夕(xi)(xi)之夜(ye),合家(jia)常終(zhong)宵不眠(mian),大人(ren)圍(wei)坐(zuo)暢談,小孩嬉笑玩耍,謂之“守歲(sui)(sui)”。為(wei)討新年吉利(li),又(you)在(zai)檐前插冬青(qing)枝,柏樹技和芝麻箕等,名日“節節高”。除夕(xi)(xi)俗例事畢,必(bi)放鞭炮(pao)而后閉門,謂“閉門炮(pao)”,初一(yi)(yi)清晨又(you)必(bi)放“開放炮(pao)”而后啟門,故除夕(xi)(xi)終(zhong)夜(ye)爆竹鞭炮(pao)聲不絕(jue)于(yu)耳。


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