接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)性(xing)皮(pi)炎是皮(pi)膚或黏膜單次或多(duo)次接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)外(wai)源性(xing)物質(zhi)后(hou),在接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)部(bu)位甚(shen)至(zhi)以(yi)外(wai)的(de)部(bu)位發(fa)生的(de)炎癥性(xing)反應。表現為紅斑、腫脹、丘疹、水(shui)皰(pao)甚(shen)至(zhi)大皰(pao)。
病(bing)(bing)因(yin)可(ke)分為原(yuan)(yuan)發性(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)和變(bian)態反(fan)應(ying)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。①原(yuan)(yuan)發刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)炎 接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)物(wu)(wu)對皮(pi)膚有很強的刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing),任(ren)何人接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)后均可(ke)發生皮(pi)炎,稱為原(yuan)(yuan)發性(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)。原(yuan)(yuan)發性(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)分為兩種(zhong)(zhong),一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)很強,接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)后短時(shi)間(jian)內(nei)發病(bing)(bing);另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)較(jiao)弱(ruo),較(jiao)長時(shi)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)后發病(bing)(bing),如肥(fei)皂、有機溶劑等。②變(bian)態反(fan)應(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)炎 接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)物(wu)(wu)基本上(shang)是無刺(ci)激(ji)(ji)(ji)的,少數(shu)人接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)該(gai)物(wu)(wu)質致敏(min)后,再次接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)該(gai)物(wu)(wu)質,經12~48小時(shi)在接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)(chu)部位及其附近發生皮(pi)炎。
能引起接觸性皮炎(yan)的物(wu)質(zhi)很多,主要有(you)動物(wu)性、植物(wu)性和化學性三(san)種(zhong)。
皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)表現一般(ban)無(wu)特異性(xing),由于接觸(chu)物、接觸(chu)方式及(ji)個體反應不(bu)同,發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)的(de)形態、范圍及(ji)嚴重程度也不(bu)相同。輕癥時局(ju)部(bu)呈紅(hong)斑(ban),淡紅(hong)至(zhi)鮮(xian)紅(hong)色,稍有(you)水(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong),或(huo)有(you)針尖大丘(qiu)疹密(mi)集(ji),重癥時紅(hong)斑(ban)腫(zhong)(zhong)脹(zhang)明顯,在此(ci)基礎上有(you)多數丘(qiu)疹、水(shui)皰,炎(yan)癥劇烈時可(ke)以發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)大皰。水(shui)皰破裂則有(you)糜爛(lan)、滲液和結痂。如為烈性(xing)的(de)原發(fa)(fa)刺激,可(ke)使表皮(pi)(pi)壞死脫(tuo)落(luo),甚(shen)至(zhi)深及(ji)真皮(pi)(pi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)潰瘍。當皮(pi)(pi)炎(yan)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)于組織疏松(song)部(bu)位,如眼瞼(jian)、口唇、包(bao)皮(pi)(pi)、陰囊等處則腫(zhong)(zhong)脹(zhang)明顯,呈局(ju)限性(xing)水(shui)腫(zhong)(zhong)而無(wu)明確的(de)邊(bian)緣,皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)發(fa)(fa)亮(liang),表面紋理消失。
皮炎的部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)及(ji)范(fan)圍與接(jie)觸(chu)物接(jie)觸(chu)部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)一(yi)致,境界非(fei)常(chang)鮮(xian)明(ming),但(dan)如接(jie)觸(chu)物為氣體、粉塵,則皮炎呈彌漫性而(er)無(wu)一(yi)定的鮮(xian)明(ming)界限,但(dan)多(duo)發生(sheng)在身體暴露部(bu)(bu)(bu)位(wei)。
自覺癥狀大多有(you)癢和燒(shao)灼感或脹痛感,少數嚴重病(bing)例可有(you)全身反(fan)應,如發(fa)熱、畏寒、頭(tou)痛、惡心等。
病程有自限(xian)性(xing),一般去(qu)除病因后,處理(li)得當(dang),1~2周可(ke)痊愈。反(fan)復接觸或(huo)處理(li)不(bu)當(dang),可(ke)以轉為亞急性(xing)或(huo)慢性(xing)皮炎,呈紅褐(he)色苔蘚樣(yang)變(bian)或(huo)濕疹(zhen)樣(yang)改變(bian)。
刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)在臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)上急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)期可(ke)(ke)表(biao)(biao)現為紅斑、水皰、滲出。亞急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)可(ke)(ke)表(biao)(biao)現紅斑、粗糙、脫(tuo)屑、皸裂。根據接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)物的性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質和接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)時間(jian)長短(duan),臨(lin)(lin)床(chuang)上可(ke)(ke)表(biao)(biao)現為急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、延遲性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)急(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)反應、累積(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、膿(nong)皰性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)皮(pi)(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)、機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)刺(ci)(ci)激(ji)(ji)誘發皮(pi)(pi)(pi)炎(yan)(yan)(yan)等。
本病(bing)根據接觸(chu)史(shi),在接觸(chu)部位或(huo)身體暴露部位突然發生(sheng)境(jing)界清(qing)晰的急性(xing)皮炎,皮疹(zhen)多為單一形態,除(chu)去原因后皮損很快消退等特點,容易診斷(duan)。當(dang)病(bing)因不(bu)明或(huo)與數種接觸(chu)物接觸(chu),需要尋找病(bing)因時,可做斑(ban)貼試驗(yan)。
接(jie)觸(chu)性皮炎的(de)病因與接(jie)觸(chu)物(wu)有密切關系,首(shou)要治(zhi)療措(cuo)施是找出過敏原因,避(bi)免再次接(jie)觸(chu)該種物(wu)質,治(zhi)療已出現的(de)癥狀(zhuang)。
1.尋找過(guo)敏(min)原因
詳細(xi)采取病史(shi),仔(zi)細(xi)詢問與發病有關的環境(jing)、所(suo)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)的物(wu)質(zhi)的種(zhong)類(lei)、數量、理化性質(zhi)、接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)時(shi)間長短、接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)方式(shi)、過去有無類(lei)似發疹情況(kuang)等(deng)。從病史(shi)中來分(fen)析與哪種(zhong)物(wu)質(zhi)可(ke)能有關,為皮膚斑貼試驗提(ti)供依據。一(yi)旦找(zhao)到(dao)過敏原因,力求(qiu)避(bi)免(mian)再次(ci)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)。
對于存留在皮膚上的刺激物質或毒性(xing)物質應盡快沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)清(qing)除,沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)時可用(yong)清(qing)水、生理鹽水或淡肥皂水。接觸物若為強酸,可用(yong)弱堿性(xing)液(ye)體(ti)沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(如(ru)(ru)蘇打水);如(ru)(ru)為強堿性(xing)物質,可用(yong)弱酸性(xing)液(ye)體(ti)沖(chong)(chong)洗(xi)(xi)(如(ru)(ru)硼酸液(ye))。
2.避免刺激
出(chu)現臨(lin)床癥狀,應盡量減少局部刺激(ji)。避(bi)免搔抓,不宜(yi)用熱(re)水(shui)燙洗,避(bi)免強烈日光(guang)或熱(re)風刺激(ji)。
3.全身治療
內服(fu)抗組(zu)胺類藥物,如(ru)賽庚啶(ding)、苯海拉明、氯苯那敏(min)、阿伐(fa)斯汀、西替(ti)利嗪、咪唑斯丁、依巴斯汀、地(di)氯雷他(ta)定等;大劑量維生素C口(kou)服(fu)或靜(jing)注;10%葡(pu)萄糖(tang)酸(suan)鈣注射液,靜(jing)脈推注。面(mian)積(ji)廣泛(fan),糜爛和滲液嚴重者,可給予糖(tang)皮質激素。如(ru)口(kou)服(fu)潑尼松、曲(qu)安西龍或地(di)塞米松;得寶松肌內注射。重癥(zheng)者也可先用氫化可的松或地(di)塞米松靜(jing)脈滴注,等癥(zheng)狀減輕后(hou),口(kou)服(fu)維持。
接觸性皮炎如(ru)果合并局(ju)部(bu)感染,如(ru)淋(lin)巴管炎、淋(lin)巴結(jie)炎、軟(ruan)組織炎時(shi),可使用(yong)抗(kang)生素,輕者(zhe)給予羅(luo)紅霉(mei)(mei)素、青霉(mei)(mei)素Ⅴ鉀(jia)、頭(tou)孢氨(an)芐或磺胺(an)類(lei)藥物口服;重者(zhe)靜(jing)脈給與青霉(mei)(mei)素、頭(tou)孢類(lei)菌素或奎諾酮(tong)類(lei)抗(kang)生素。
4.局部治療
局部(bu)治療(liao)十分重要,應(ying)根據臨床(chuang)表現分別對(dui)待。
(1)急(ji)性階段 以紅斑、丘疹為主(zhu)者,用洗劑(ji)(ji)、霜(shuang)劑(ji)(ji)或(huo)油(you)膏。如(ru)爐甘石洗劑(ji)(ji)、振蕩洗劑(ji)(ji)、曲安奈德霜(shuang)、氯氟舒松霜(shuang)、膚(fu)輕松霜(shuang)等,也可(ke)(ke)使用含有松餾油(you)、糠餾油(you)、氧化鋅(xin)的油(you)膏外涂(tu)。紅腫(zhong)明顯,伴(ban)水皰、糜(mi)爛(lan)和滲(shen)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)者可(ke)(ke)做開放性冷濕敷(fu),濕敷(fu)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有3%硼酸(suan)(suan)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、1∶2醋酸(suan)(suan)鋁(lv)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)、1:8000高錳酸(suan)(suan)鉀(jia)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)。如(ru)有膿性分(fen)泌物者,用0.02%呋喃(nan)西(xi)林溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)或(huo)0.5%依沙吖啶溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)濕敷(fu)。濕敷(fu)不宜(yi)過長,通常濕敷(fu)2~3天,待滲(shen)液(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)停(ting)止(zhi),腫(zhong)脹(zhang)消退后,可(ke)(ke)停(ting)止(zhi)濕敷(fu),改(gai)用霜(shuang)劑(ji)(ji)或(huo)油(you)膏外涂(tu)。
(2)亞急性或(huo)慢(man)性階段 以霜劑及油膏外用(yong)(yong)為主,可用(yong)(yong)皮質類固(gu)醇激素(su)軟膏,也可用(yong)(yong)松餾油膏、黑豆鎦油膏、氧化鋅油膏等,如有膿性分(fen)泌(mi)物,可在油膏中加入(ru)抗生素(su),如新霉素(su)、紅霉素(su)、桿菌肽,或(huo)其他殺菌劑如莫匹(pi)羅星軟膏、黃連素(su)、汞劑等。