《乙瑛(ying)碑(bei)(bei)》是刊刻于(yu)東漢(han)永興元年(153年)的(de)一方碑(bei)(bei)刻,又稱“百石卒史碑(bei)(bei)”“孔龢碑(bei)(bei)”“孔和碑(bei)(bei)”等,無撰書人姓名,屬(shu)隸(li)書書法作品,現存于(yu)曲阜漢(han)魏碑(bei)(bei)刻陳列館。
《乙瑛(ying)碑(bei)》為(wei)方首(shou)碑(bei),高198厘(li)米,寬91.5厘(li)米,厚(hou)22厘(li)米,無額,碑(bei)文(wen)18行(xing),每行(xing)40字(zi),記(ji)錄了(le)魯相乙瑛(ying)上(shang)書(shu)請求為(wei)孔廟設置百石(shi)卒史一(yi)人(ren)來執(zhi)掌(zhang)禮(li)器廟祀之事,屬于紀(ji)事性的(de)(de)祠廟碑(bei),與《禮(li)器碑(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)》合稱“孔廟三(san)碑(bei)”。書(shu)法上(shang),其(qi)書(shu)體方整,結構嚴謹,筆(bi)勢剛健,書(shu)法雄勁,字(zi)取橫(heng)勢,粗細相間,起筆(bi)藏鋒,收(shou)筆(bi)回鋒,長筆(bi)畫呈彎弧,波尾大挑,折角(jiao)圓和,波勢蘊柔,中斂旁肆,瀟灑飛逸,氣(qi)韻盎(ang)然,被(bei)近人(ren)推為(wei)東漢(han)綺麗(li)書(shu)派的(de)(de)代表,是漢(han)隸成熟的(de)(de)標(biao)志碑(bei)之一(yi)。
司徒臣雄、司空臣戒,稽首言:“魯前相瑛書言:‘詔書崇圣道,〔勉〕〔學〕〔藝〕,孔子作《春秋》,制《孝經》,□□《五經》,演《易·〔系〕┘辭》,經緯天地,幽讃神明,故特立廟。襃成侯四時來祠,事已即去。廟有禮器,無常人掌領。請置百石□□一┘人,典主守廟,春秋饗禮。財出王家錢,給犬酒直。須報。’謹問大常祠曹掾馮牟、史郭玄。辭對:‘〔故事,辟〕□〔禮〕未┘行,祠先圣師。侍祠者,孔子子孫,大宰、大祝令各一人,皆備爵。大常丞監祠,河南尹〔給〕牛〔羊〕彖□□□各一,┘大司農給米祠。’臣愚以為,如瑛言,孔子大圣,則象乾
據碑文記(ji)載,魯相乙(yi)(yi)瑛上書(shu)請(qing)為魯城孔廟置守(shou)廟者及祭祀孔子費用(yong)應(ying)由王家承出等(deng),經司徒吳雄、司空趙戒轉呈皇帝,得以批準(zhun)。后乙(yi)(yi)瑛離任(ren),而(er)由繼任(ren)魯相平(ping)選(xuan)孔和(孔龢)為守(shou)廟百石(shi)(shi)卒史,由魯令鮑疊造(zao)作百石(shi)(shi)吏舍等(deng)。《乙(yi)(yi)瑛碑》即是為紀念中央批準(zhun)設置孔廟百石(shi)(shi)卒史一事而(er)立(li),立(li)于東漢(han)永興元年(153年)。
《乙(yi)瑛碑》的(de)用(yong)筆(bi)方圓兼備,點畫嚴謹(jin),輕重變(bian)化,長(chang)短參差,波(bo)筆(bi)彎弧大挑,用(yong)墨(mo)有潤燥,行(xing)筆(bi)流暢生動(dong)。有淹留遲澀,用(yong)力(li)屈曲,或疾徐頓挫,一波(bo)三折。
一、點法
點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)法(fa)上(shang)(shang)有(you)圓(yuan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、方點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、斜(xie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、撇點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、捺(na)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等變(bian)化(hua)。丘(qiu)形(xing)(xing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“高”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)獨點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)如(ru)山(shan)丘(qiu)狀,寫法(fa)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)(you)上(shang)(shang),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)右(you)(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)頓(dun)(dun),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)撇出(chu)(chu)(chu)。圓(yuan)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“器(qi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)似圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing),寫法(fa)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)(you)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)圓(yuan)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)頓(dun)(dun)向(xiang)(xiang)上(shang)(shang)回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“宅”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)上(shang)(shang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)撇出(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)方形(xing)(xing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。右(you)(you)(you)(you)方點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“瑛”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)右(you)(you)(you)(you)方點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)上(shang)(shang),轉(zhuan)(zhuan)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)頓(dun)(dun),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)右(you)(you)(you)(you)斜(xie)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)捺(na)提筆(bi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。三(san)(san)角點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“戒(jie)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)中(zhong)間的(de)(de)三(san)(san)角形(xing)(xing)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)頓(dun)(dun),側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)(you)出(chu)(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):隸(li)書上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)或下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)橫寫。如(ru)“主(zhu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“請”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“言”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“祠(ci)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),寫法(fa)各不相(xiang)同,有(you)逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)方頭橫點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。曾頭點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“首”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),都(dou)是逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“馮”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)一短(duan)(duan)一長,都(dou)是逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)側(ce)(ce)駐右(you)(you)(you)(you)提出(chu)(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)三(san)(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“酒”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)邊(bian)(bian)的(de)(de)三(san)(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),有(you)長短(duan)(duan)輕重(zhong)之別,全是逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)起筆(bi)向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)(you)中(zhong)心(xin)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)輻(fu)射。左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“常”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“米(mi)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“秋”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上(shang)(shang)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),“崇”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),均側(ce)(ce)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)出(chu)(chu)(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。起筆(bi)有(you)藏有(you)露(lu),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)(xing)有(you)方、圓(yuan)、長、短(duan)(duan)。“爵(jue)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“年”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“平”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)大部(bu)(bu)是左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang),唯有(you)“年”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全右(you)(you)(you)(you)向(xiang)(xiang)。下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“漢”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“赫”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“鮑(bao)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“黨”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“廉”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)方向(xiang)(xiang)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)、向(xiang)(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)(you)三(san)(san)個方向(xiang)(xiang),寫法(fa)與形(xing)(xing)象大小不同。其腳點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“讃”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“則”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“侯”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)兩(liang)側(ce)(ce)。撇捺(na)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“察”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)部(bu)(bu)兩(liang)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)向(xiang)(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)撇右(you)(you)(you)(you)捺(na)出(chu)(chu)(chu)。中(zhong)三(san)(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“辭(ci)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“經”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)間的(de)(de)三(san)(san)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)均為圓(yuan)形(xing)(xing)之點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),但左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)呼應(ying)。中(zhong)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian):如(ru)“魯”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中(zhong)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),與下(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)(xia)四(si)(si)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)(xing)象大體相(xiang)同,點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)形(xing)(xing)相(xiang)背呼應(ying),各有(you)變(bian)化(hua)。
二、橫法
橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)法(fa)在《乙(yi)瑛碑(bei)》中(zhong)是一(yi)個重要(yao)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)法(fa)。橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)稱波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua),是隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)的主筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),大凡(fan)每(mei)字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)都有(you)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)。而(er)且寫成一(yi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)三(san)折,長(chang)而(er)粗壯。和(he)其(qi)(qi)他多(duo)變(bian)的橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)平行疊排,強烈的橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)現象(xiang),是《乙(yi)瑛碑(bei)》隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)之美特(te)點。這(zhe)一(yi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)勢(shi)特(te)點,是隸(li)(li)書(shu)(shu)同(tong)其(qi)(qi)他書(shu)(shu)體根(gen)本區別(bie)。特(te)別(bie)是粗重的波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)磔(zhe)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua),遠(yuan)大于(yu)其(qi)(qi)他漢(han)碑(bei),其(qi)(qi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua)有(you)直(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、拱橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、尖橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)、方(fang)(fang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)等。直(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“大”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),回(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。短(duan)(duan)(duan)直(zhi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)也同(tong)此法(fa)。“三(san)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)之橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)各有(you)不(bu)同(tong)。一(yi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)行尾(wei)(wei)回(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou),二橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)似方(fang)(fang)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),三(san)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)方(fang)(fang)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)。拱形橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“宰”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“辭”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua),多(duo)有(you)上拱勢(shi),且長(chang)短(duan)(duan)(duan)參差。右尖橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“王”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)、“長(chang)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上部的橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)畫(hua),均為逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。左(zuo)尖橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“下(xia)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的上橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),“司”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的中(zhong)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),“書(shu)(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)各橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),多(duo)是左(zuo)尖橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),且長(chang)短(duan)(duan)(duan)不(bu)一(yi),其(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)法(fa)則是露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),回(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)。斷筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“宗”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的下(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),中(zhong)間提筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)斷書(shu)(shu)與上橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)直(zhi)書(shu)(shu)的變(bian)化(hua)。方(fang)(fang)圓橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“三(san)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)上兩橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)圓,下(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)方(fang)(fang)。波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)上,《乙(yi)瑛碑(bei)》的波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)有(you)許(xu)多(duo)變(bian)化(hua),一(yi)般比其(qi)(qi)他畫(hua)粗大,為逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),中(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)拱行,燕尾(wei)(wei)駐(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi),側(ce)挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng):①圓波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“前”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),中(zhong)行駐(zhu)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)上挑(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)回(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng);②方(fang)(fang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“重”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)下(xia)切轉中(zhong)行,燕尾(wei)(wei)下(xia)駐(zhu)上切回(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)收(shou)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi);③出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“卒”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),逆(ni)(ni)(ni)鋒(feng)(feng)起(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi),中(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)行,尾(wei)(wei)駐(zhu)側(ce)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng);④回(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),如(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)“古”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)上橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)尾(wei)(wei)為駐(zhu)筆(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)(bi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)鋒(feng)(feng);⑤斜波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“者(zhe)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)長(chang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),寫成斜勢(shi)燕尾(wei)(wei)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng);⑥短(duan)(duan)(duan)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“行”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的右上橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),寫成短(duan)(duan)(duan)燕尾(wei)(wei)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng);⑦細波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“書(shu)(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的長(chang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng),尾(wei)(wei)細波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)長(chang);⑧直(zhi)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng):“書(shu)(shu)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的長(chang)橫(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)(heng)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)畫(hua)較直(zhi),尾(wei)(wei)部也較圓。
三、豎法
豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)收筆有藏、露(lu)、方、圓之(zhi)別。懸針豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)(ru)(ru)“師”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)長豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆(ni)起(qi)(qi)中鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。垂露(lu)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“侍”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),“所(suo)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),起(qi)(qi)筆有藏有露(lu),中鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)漸按(an)提筆空收。圓腳豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“制”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆(ni)起(qi)(qi)中行(xing)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)收筆。方腳豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“米”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)中豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆(ni)起(qi)(qi)中行(xing),至(zhi)腳提筆橫切向(xiang)上(shang)(shang)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。斜腳豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“下(xia)(xia)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),中鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)下(xia)(xia)行(xing)至(zhi)腳提筆斜下(xia)(xia)輕(qing)上(shang)(shang)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)孤豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“即”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),逆(ni)起(qi)(qi),中鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)曲(qu)行(xing),回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)收筆,把“即”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)寫成上(shang)(shang)合下(xia)(xia)開之(zhi)勢。直(zhi)(zhi)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):“行(xing)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),是直(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)之(zhi)筆。相(xiang)背豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):寫在左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)兩側的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)畫,均不(bu)同程度地彎曲(qu),而且,左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)彎曲(qu)較大,左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)彎曲(qu)較小。如(ru)(ru)(ru)“月”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向(xiang)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)彎平挑至(zhi)腳回(hui)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng),右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)向(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)彎。細腰豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)(ru)(ru)“和(he)”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)左(zuo)(zuo)下(xia)(xia)三(san)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)雖(sui)長短不(bu)同,但均中腰細瘦(shou)。曲(qu)腳豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)(ru)(ru)“罪”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)兩豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)腳,均向(xiang)左(zuo)(zuo)彎曲(qu)。撇(pie)腳豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)(ru)(ru)“第”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)中豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),尾部(bu)撇(pie)筆出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)。重(zhong)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)孤豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)(ru)(ru)“郭”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)右(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),筆畫粗重(zhong)。輕(qing)直(zhi)(zhi)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu):如(ru)(ru)(ru)“令”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)下(xia)(xia)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)輕(qing)而直(zhi)(zhi)。重(zhong)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)變(bian)異:如(ru)(ru)(ru)“修”字(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)豎(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)多,長短直(zhi)(zhi)曲(qu),各有變(bian)化。
四、撇法
撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)畫是表現飛動開張之(zhi)勢一畫。撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)尾(wei)有出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)與(yu)回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng),方腳(jiao)與(yu)挑腳(jiao),從撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)形上(shang)(shang)看(kan)有直撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)與(yu)曲撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie),長(chang)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)與(yu)短(duan)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)等。回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“文(wen)”字(zi)斜撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)畫尾(wei)部挑腳(jiao)回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“吏”字(zi)的(de)(de)豎撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)畫,撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)尾(wei)部挑筆(bi)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。挑腳(jiao)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“為(wei)”字(zi)的(de)(de)長(chang)斜撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie),中(zhong)腰較(jiao)瘦,起筆(bi)向右橫(heng)頓,折筆(bi)向左(zuo)斜下行(xing),到位(wei)翻(fan)筆(bi)上(shang)(shang)挑出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。方腳(jiao)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“文(wen)”字(zi)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)向左(zuo)斜下孤(gu)行(xing),至腳(jiao)上(shang)(shang)切回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)收筆(bi),使撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)腳(jiao)呈方形。斜直撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“者”字(zi)的(de)(de)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)形較(jiao)直,起筆(bi)與(yu)收筆(bi)全是藏鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。長(chang)中(zhong)豐撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“米”字(zi)的(de)(de)長(chang)撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)露(lu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)起筆(bi),行(xing)筆(bi)漸按(an)再提(ti)筆(bi)出(chu)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)。豎曲撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie):如(ru)“用”字(zi)左(zuo)豎撇(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie)(pie),逆鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)起筆(bi),中(zhong)鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)下行(xing),轉(zhuan)筆(bi)左(zuo)彎,回鋒(feng)(feng)(feng)收筆(bi)。
五、捺法
捺(na)畫(hua)是斜勢(shi)的(de)波畫(hua),筆(bi)勢(shi)比其他畫(hua)重,是很多字的(de)主筆(bi),以不同斜度(du)、弧曲、輕重、方圓、藏(zang)露來表現。有(you)“人”字的(de)回鋒捺(na),捺(na)起筆(bi)中鋒右(you)斜行(xing)漸按,至捺(na)腳(jiao)側鋒上挑回鋒;“人”字、“歸(gui)”字的(de)出(chu)鋒捺(na);“給(gei)”字、“道”字的(de)挑角(jiao)捺(na);“長(chang)”字、“之”字方腳(jiao)捺(na)。
六、鉤法
鉤(gou)法變化較(jiao)多(duo),有方(fang)圓、長(chang)短、重(zhong)輕、彎平之(zhi)別,有的(de)寫成隸書撇,捺波(bo)畫代鉤(gou),還(huan)有魏碑的(de)楷(kai)法。方(fang)鉤(gou)有“孔”字(zi)(zi)、“前”字(zi)(zi)、“氏”字(zi)(zi),圓鉤(gou)有“河”字(zi)(zi)、“能”字(zi)(zi),長(chang)鉤(gou)有“辰(chen)”字(zi)(zi)、“長(chang)”字(zi)(zi),重(zhong)鉤(gou)有“藝”字(zi)(zi)、“他”字(zi)(zi),輕鉤(gou)有“司”字(zi)(zi)、“府(fu)”字(zi)(zi)、“爵”字(zi)(zi),彎鉤(gou)有“司”字(zi)(zi)、“為”字(zi)(zi)、“孝”字(zi)(zi),平鉤(gou)有“蜀”字(zi)(zi)、“府(fu)”字(zi)(zi),魏碑鉤(gou)有“祠”字(zi)(zi)、“事(shi)”字(zi)(zi),以隸書撇捺代鉤(gou)有“子”字(zi)(zi)、“孔”字(zi)(zi)、“元(yuan)”字(zi)(zi)、“戒”字(zi)(zi)、“誠”字(zi)(zi)、“已”字(zi)(zi)、“乾”字(zi)(zi),減(jian)鉤(gou)(即無鉤(gou))有“司”字(zi)(zi)、“為”字(zi)(zi)。
七、折法
折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)法(fa)(fa)可歸納為方(fang)(fang)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、圓(yuan)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、平(ping)肩(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、聳肩(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)、斷(duan)筆(bi)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)。方(fang)(fang)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)“首”字(zi);圓(yuan)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)有(you)(you)“司”字(zi);方(fang)(fang)圓(yuan)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):如“空”字(zi)外(wai)圓(yuan)內方(fang)(fang)的折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)畫(hua),平(ping)肩(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)如“朔”字(zi)右邊“月”字(zi)的肩(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)平(ping)的,其寫(xie)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)橫(heng)端下(xia)(xia)回折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),即在橫(heng)下(xia)(xia)寫(xie)豎(shu);聳肩(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):如“詔(zhao)”字(zi)右下(xia)(xia)方(fang)(fang)“口”字(zi)的肩(jian)(jian)是(shi)(shi)聳起的,其寫(xie)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)橫(heng)至肩(jian)(jian)提筆(bi)向上(shang)再折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)下(xia)(xia);豎(shu)肩(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe),如“者(zhe)”下(xia)(xia)“日”字(zi)的肩(jian)(jian),是(shi)(shi)橫(heng)后再寫(xie)直(zhi)豎(shu),豎(shu)比橫(heng)高;斷(duan)肩(jian)(jian)折(zhe)(zhe)(zhe)(zhe):如“寅(yin)”字(zi)上(shang)下(xia)(xia)兩肩(jian)(jian)全(quan)斷(duan),其寫(xie)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)橫(heng)不連(lian)豎(shu)。
八、提法
提(ti)筆被橫(heng)所代替,但寸點和(he)右短撇都變(bian)成提(ti)筆,有提(ti)筆變(bian)橫(heng),如(ru)(ru)“特”字、“孔”字;短撇變(bian)提(ti),如(ru)(ru)“辰”字;點變(bian)提(ti),如(ru)(ru)“等”字、“年”字。
《乙瑛碑》的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)體,寓風(feng)流于嚴謹之(zhi)(zhi)中,具有“冠裳佩玉”的(de)(de)(de)(de)韻致和俊逸(yi)瀟灑的(de)(de)(de)(de)意趣(qu)(qu)。避免了(le)追求“宗廟之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei)”所可能帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)板(ban)滯,肅(su)穆(mu)而(er)有清新(xin)活潑的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣息(xi)。如“奉(feng)”字(zi)(zi)和“奏”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)字(zi)(zi)頭(tou)寬(kuan)大,字(zi)(zi)底窄(zhai)小,兩(liang)(liang)者形成(cheng)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)(de)對比而(er)不(bu)(bu)失重心;兩(liang)(liang)個(ge)(ge)“府(fu)”字(zi)(zi),趣(qu)(qu)味不(bu)(bu)同,各(ge)有變化,一個(ge)(ge)豎(shu)撇低垂,筆(bi)畫相連(lian),形態(tai)緊湊,一個(ge)(ge)豎(shu)撇高抬,形斷意連(lian),松而(er)不(bu)(bu)散;“須”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)偏旁位置甚高,因右偏旁波畫寬(kuan)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),兩(liang)(liang)點撐開,形成(cheng)了(le)穩重的(de)(de)(de)(de)主體,所以高低錯落而(er)不(bu)(bu)失平衡;“試”字(zi)(zi)和“乾”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)左(zuo)偏旁寫得特別大卻無喧賓奪(duo)主之(zhi)(zhi)感(gan),夸張的(de)(de)(de)(de)形態(tai)和獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)極富個(ge)(ge)性色彩(cai);“司”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)橫折彎(wan)鉤,或(huo)伸展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)形成(cheng)端莊緊湊的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)面包圍,或(huo)收縮構(gou)成(cheng)倚側開放的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)面包圍;“少”字(zi)(zi)似人(ren)斜臥,展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)示出(chu)倚側舒展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei)(mei);“疊”字(zi)(zi)筆(bi)畫層疊,形態(tai)高聳,勢如山岳;“窮(qiong)”字(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)豎(shu)、撤(che)下(xia)伸,兩(liang)(liang)“口”上(shang)抬;“成(cheng)”字(zi)(zi)扁壓而(er)右戈(ge)逸(yi)出(chu)。這些字(zi)(zi)或(huo)是一腳(jiao)著(zhu)地展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)現出(chu)“金雞獨立”的(de)(de)(de)(de)動態(tai)美(mei)(mei),或(huo)是擴大筆(bi)畫間(jian)偏旁間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反差,呈現出(chu)新(xin)穎獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)形式。
《乙(yi)瑛(ying)碑(bei)》的章(zhang)法有如下(xia)三個(ge)特點(dian):
①縱(zong)有(you)行,橫(heng)成(cheng)列,格局恢宏(hong)。《乙(yi)瑛(ying)(ying)碑》在排列上縱(zong)看成(cheng)行,橫(heng)看成(cheng)列,整(zheng)體章法次序(xu)井然(ran),步伍整(zheng)齊(qi),自不(bu)待言。由于《乙(yi)瑛(ying)(ying)碑》結字上下和(he)左右比較(jiao)均衡,線條的粗細、輕重無較(jiao)大起伏,外形方(fang)正,停頓有(you)度(du),所(suo)以,整(zheng)體布局更加(jia)規范,呈現出宏(hong)碑巨制、高(gao)文典(dian)冊(ce)、氣格宏(hong)大、高(gao)古典(dian)雅的廟(miao)堂之氣,適合置身于曲阜孔(kong)廟(miao)這種莊重肅穆之所(suo)。
②橫向(xiang)取勢,字距(ju)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)行(xing)距(ju),波(bo)涌(yong)之(zhi)勢強烈。同(tong)其它成(cheng)熟期的漢碑(bei)一樣,《乙(yi)瑛(ying)碑(bei)》結(jie)字左舒右(you)(you)展,橫向(xiang)取勢。凡(fan)(fan)是(shi)撇畫、鉤畫盡量(liang)(liang)左掠(lve),凡(fan)(fan)是(shi)波(bo)畫、捺畫盡量(liang)(liang)向(xiang)右(you)(you)肆展,因此,碑(bei)中的絕(jue)大(da)(da)(da)多(duo)數字屬于(yu)扁平結(jie)構(gou),只有(you)少數字比(bi)較方正,從而整體布局(ju)形成(cheng)字距(ju)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)行(xing)距(ju)的章法形式。書寫者越往后(hou)寫越心手(shou)雙暢(chang)(chang)(chang),因而,碑(bei)后(hou)半部分向(xiang)左右(you)(you)的展放之(zhi)勢越加明顯,越加流暢(chang)(chang)(chang),精彩紛呈。字距(ju)大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)行(xing)距(ju)的格(ge)局(ju)產生橫向(xiang)開張(zhang)的氣(qi)勢,在行(xing)列(lie)有(you)序之(zhi)中,字里行(xing)間(jian)更(geng)加流暢(chang)(chang)(chang)自然,氣(qi)格(ge)更(geng)加恢宏。
③呼應連(lian)(lian)貫,左(zuo)盼右顧,縱橫(heng)涌動(dong)(dong)。《乙瑛碑(bei)》雖然結體(ti)端莊(zhuang),章法上(shang)縱成行(xing),橫(heng)有(you)(you)列,但(dan)其筆(bi)(bi)畫富有(you)(you)變(bian)化,整(zheng)體(ti)布(bu)局(ju)毫不(bu)呆板。縱看(kan),字與字之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)間(jian)(jian)隔并不(bu)是孤(gu)孤(gu)零零,而是筆(bi)(bi)斷意(yi)連(lian)(lian),上(shang)下呼應連(lian)(lian)貫,銜接和諧。由于(yu)字的(de)形(xing)態大(da)小不(bu)一,間(jian)(jian)隔有(you)(you)大(da)有(you)(you)小,其字距并不(bu)是均衡(heng)劃一,空間(jian)(jian)分割(ge)或疏或密(mi),顯得(de)(de)敞(chang)朗透氣。還由于(yu)每個字重心取向上(shang)的(de)上(shang)下左(zuo)右移位,所以,一行(xing)行(xing)的(de)中軸線左(zuo)右擺(bai)動(dong)(dong),搖曳生姿。從橫(heng)向看(kan)去,行(xing)與行(xing)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)靠得(de)(de)很緊密(mi),有(you)(you)的(de)幾乎搭(da)肩接踵(zhong),整(zheng)體(ti)觀(guan)望,像一排排涌動(dong)(dong)的(de)洪濤巨浪向前推進。
總而言之,《乙瑛碑》在其莊重靜肅的(de)主調(diao)之下(xia),又是流動的(de)、活脫(tuo)的(de)。
明(ming)代金石學(xue)家趙崡(han):此碑(bei)永興元年造。元常(chang)(chang)(chang),獻帝初始(shi)為黃門侍郎,距永興且(qie)四十(shi)年,此非元常(chang)(chang)(chang)書明(ming)甚。未知張稚圭所按何圖。其敘事(shi)簡古,隸法遒勁,令人想見漢人風采,政(zheng)(正)不必附會元常(chang)(chang)(chang)也。(《石墨鐫華·卷一·漢魯相置孔廟卒史碑(bei)》)
明末清初金石書(shu)(shu)法家郭宗昌:碑(bei)(bei)即(ji)今(jin)公移,復爾雅簡質(zhi)可讀,書(shu)(shu)益(yi)高古超逸。(《金石史·卷上·漢魯相乙瑛置孔廟(miao)卒史碑(bei)(bei)》)
明末清初收藏(zang)家孫承(cheng)澤:孔廟《卒(zu)史(shi)碑(bei)》,文既爾雅簡質,書(shu)復高古超逸(yi),漢石中(zhong)之最不易(yi)得者(zhe)。都玄敬(jing)謂此碑(bei)殘闕,予所(suo)收本(ben)則(ze)完善,當在(zai)都所(suo)見本(ben)以前。后(hou)云(yun)“后(hou)漢鐘(zhong)太尉書(shu)”,則(ze)后(hou)人附會之耳(er)。(《庚子銷夏記·卷五·魯相乙瑛請置百石卒(zu)史(shi)孔龢碑(bei)》)
清代書法家萬(wan)經:字特雄偉,如(ru)冠裳(shang)佩(pei)玉,令人(ren)起敬(jing);近人(ren)鄭(zheng)簠(fu)每喜(xi)臨之。(《分隸偶存·卷上·漢魏碑考(kao)·漢置孔廟(miao)卒(zu)史(shi)孔龢碑》)
清代書法家(jia)王澍:①《乙瑛》雄古,《韓(han)敕(chi)》變化,《史晨》嚴謹(jin),皆漢(han)(han)隸(li)極(ji)則。(《虛舟題跋·原(yuan)卷一(yi)·漢(han)(han)魯相為孔(kong)廟置百石卒史碑(bei)》)②吾以《孔(kong)和(he)》《韓(han)敕(chi)》《史晨》三碑(bei)舉似學(xue)者,以為遒古莫如(ru)《孔(kong)和(he)》,清超(chao)莫如(ru)《韓(han)敕(chi)》,肅括(kuo)莫如(ru)《史晨》,三碑(bei)足概(gai)漢(han)(han)隸(li)。(《虛舟題跋·原(yuan)卷二·漢(han)(han)魯相韓(han)敕(chi)孔(kong)廟碑(bei)》)
清代書法家翁方綱:是(shi)碑骨肉勻適而情(qing)文流暢,漢隸之最可師法者,不必其(qi)定出(chu)鐘傅也。(《兩漢金石記·卷(juan)六·孔廟(miao)置(zhi)守(shou)廟(miao)百石卒(zu)史碑》)
清代佛教(jiao)居士彭紹升:此碑在孔廟中最為雄杰,然風神故自駘宕。至(zhi)魏代諸碑,雄杰有余,而駘宕不足。譬之(zhi)(zhi)《車鄰》《駟鐵》,伯者之(zhi)(zhi)風;視雅、頌之(zhi)(zhi)音,亦已(yi)遠矣(yi)。此碑或標(biao)鐘(zhong)太尉書。無論(lun)時分相縣(懸(xuan)),即以(yi)氣體(ti)論(lun),與《受禪》《勸進》諸碑,豈(qi)有相似處耶?(《雪堂所(suo)藏金石文字薄錄(lu)·漢·孔廟置百石卒史碑(潘(pan)秋谷藏本)》)
清(qing)代(dai)書法家(jia)何紹基:橫(heng)翔(xiang)捷出,開后來雋利一(yi)門,然(ran)肅穆(mu)之氣自在。(《雪(xue)堂所(suo)藏金石(shi)文字薄錄·漢·孔廟置百石(shi)卒史(shi)碑(潘秋谷藏本)》)
清代(dai)書法家方(fang)朔:《乙瑛》立(li)于永興(xing)元年,在三碑(bei)(《乙瑛碑(bei)》《禮(li)器碑(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)》)為最先(xian),而字之(zhi)方(fang)正沉厚,亦足(zu)以稱(cheng)宗廟之(zhi)美、百(bai)官之(zhi)富。王(wang)(wang)蒻(ruo)林(王(wang)(wang)澍)太史謂(wei)為雄(xiong)古,翁覃溪(xi)(翁方(fang)綱(gang))閣學謂(wei)為骨肉勻適,情文流暢,漢隸(li)之(zhi)最可(ke)師法者,不虛也。(《枕(zhen)經(jing)堂金石跋·卷(juan)二·舊(jiu)拓漢魯相(xiang)請(qing)置孔(kong)廟百(bai)石卒史碑(bei)跋》)
近(jin)代書法藝術家楊守敬:或(huo)稱(cheng)《孔和(he)》,或(huo)稱(cheng)《乙瑛(ying)》,皆即此碑(bei)(bei)。有宋張稚圭(gui)按圖(tu)題記(ji),指為鐘太(tai)尉書。《隸(li)釋》謂鐘繇卒于(yu)魏太(tai)和(he)四(si)年(nian)(nian),去永興七十八年(nian)(nian),圖(tu)經之誤,不(bu)待(dai)辨矣。然(ran)是碑(bei)(bei)隸(li)法實佳(jia),翁(weng)覃溪(翁(weng)方綱)云:“骨肉勻適(shi),情文流暢。”誠非溢美。但其(qi)波磔(zhe)已開唐人(ren)庸(yong)熟一(yi)路。史惟則(ze)、梁升卿(qing)諸(zhu)人(ren),未必不(bu)從此出。或(huo)以比《禮器》,則(ze)過譽矣。(《激素(su)飛清(qing)閣評碑(bei)(bei)記(ji)·卷一(yi)·漢·孔廟置百石(shi)卒史碑(bei)(bei)》)
近代書(shu)法家康有(you)為:①于是《衡方》《乙(yi)瑛(ying)》《華山》《石經》《曹全》等碑,體(ti)(ti)扁已極,波(bo)磔分背,隸體(ti)(ti)成矣。(《廣藝(yi)舟雙楫·卷(juan)二·體(ti)(ti)變第四》)②《王稚子闕(que)》《嵩高銘》《封龍(long)山》《乙(yi)瑛(ying)》等碑已有(you)挑法。(《廣藝(yi)舟雙楫·卷(juan)二·分變第五(wu)》)③虛(xu)和則有(you)《乙(yi)瑛(ying)》《史晨》。(《廣藝(yi)舟雙楫·卷(juan)二·本漢第七》)
中(zhong)國(guo)書(shu)法(fa)家協會顧問鐘明善:左規右矩(ju),法(fa)度(du)森嚴,立漢(han)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)風(feng)范(fan)的(de)(de)。這(zhe)(zhe)類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)刻在漢(han)隸碑(bei)(bei)(bei)刻中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)最多。其(qi)代表作有《熹(xi)平(ping)石經》《禮器(qi)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《曹全(quan)碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《乙瑛碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《史晨碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《華(hua)山碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《孔宙碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《朝侯小子(zi)殘石》《韓仁(ren)銘》《楊(yang)叔恭殘碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《白石神君碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》《劉(liu)熊碑(bei)(bei)(bei)》等。歷來人們(men)認為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)(zhe)類碑(bei)(bei)(bei)刻是漢(han)隸碑(bei)(bei)(bei)刻的(de)(de)典范(fan)。這(zhe)(zhe)一派在當時是開風(feng)習、樹“八分”法(fa)則(ze)的(de)(de)革新派,后世則(ze)視之為(wei)(wei)漢(han)隸中(zhong)之“館閣(ge)”。(《中(zhong)國(guo)書(shu)法(fa)簡(jian)史》)
《乙瑛碑》刊刻后收存在山東曲阜孔(kong)廟同文門下(xia),1978年(nian)移入(ru)孔(kong)廟東廡(wu),1998年(nian)移存漢魏碑刻陳(chen)列(lie)館。2020年(nian)10月30日,上海圖書館所藏(zang)的《乙瑛碑》明末清初拓(tuo)本(有周大烈題簽)被(bei)文化和(he)旅游部公布為第六批(pi)國家(jia)珍貴古籍(編號:12888)。
著作 著錄名稱
名稱 作者
集古錄(lu)跋尾 歐(ou)陽修 后漢魯相(xiang)置孔子廟(miao)卒史碑
集(ji)古錄目 歐(ou)陽棐 孔子廟置卒(zu)史(shi)碑(bei)
金石錄 趙明誠 漢孔子廟置卒史碑
隸(li)釋(shi) 洪適 孔廟置(zhi)守廟百石(shi)孔龢碑
寶刻(ke)叢(cong)編 陳思 漢吳(wu)雄孔子廟置卒(zu)史碑
金薤琳瑯 都穆(mu) 漢魯相置孔子(zi)廟卒史(shi)碑
金石古文 楊慎 漢魯相置孔子廟卒史碑
蒼潤軒元牘記(ji) 盛時泰 漢孔(kong)廟(miao)置卒史碑(bei)
石墨鐫(juan)華 趙崡(han) 漢魯相(xiang)置孔子廟卒(zu)史碑(bei)
金石史 郭宗昌 漢魯相乙瑛置孔子廟卒史碑
庚子銷(xiao)夏(xia)記 孫承澤 魯(lu)相乙瑛請置(zhi)百石(shi)卒史孔(kong)龢(he)碑
金石文字記(ji) 顧炎武 魯相乙瑛置孔子(zi)廟百石卒史(shi)碑
來齋金石刻考略 林侗 魯相(xiang)置孔子廟(miao)卒史碑
金石(shi)錄補續跋;金石(shi)小箋 葉(xie)奕苞 漢(han)置孔子(zi)廟卒(zu)史(shi)碑
曝書亭金石文(wen)字跋(ba)尾 朱(zhu)彝尊 漢魯相乙瑛(ying)請置孔(kong)廟百(bai)石卒(zu)史(shi)碑跋(ba)
金石經眼錄 褚(chu)峻 孔子百石卒史碑
分隸偶存 萬經 漢(han)置孔(kong)廟(miao)卒史孔(kong)龢碑
隸辨 顧藹(ai)吉(ji) 孔龢碑(bei)
觀妙(miao)齋金石文考略 李(li)光(guang)暎 魯相請置孔廟卒史碑
虛舟(zhou)題跋(ba) 王澍 漢魯相(xiang)為孔廟置百石卒史碑
金石存 吳玉搢 漢魯(lu)相置孔(kong)廟卒史(shi)碑
鮚埼亭集 全祖望 漢孔廟置百石(shi)卒史孔龢碑
金石圖說 牛運震 置孔廟百石卒史(shi)碑(bei)
孟亭居士文稿 馮浩 孔廟(miao)置守廟(miao)百石孔龢碑
金石萃(cui)編 王(wang)昶(chang) 孔廟置(zhi)守廟百石卒史碑
潛(qian)研堂金石(shi)(shi)文(wen)跋尾(wei) 錢(qian)大(da)昕 孔廟置百石(shi)(shi)卒史碑
南澗文集 李文藻 魯相乙瑛置孔子廟百石卒史(shi)碑
山左金(jin)石志 畢沅等(deng) 孔廟置百石卒史碑
兩漢金石記 翁方綱 孔廟置守廟百石卒史碑
札(zha)樸 桂馥 孔龢碑(bei);乙瑛(ying)碑(bei)
授堂金(jin)石(shi)文字跋 武億 漢(han)魯相(xiang)乙瑛置孔子廟百(bai)石(shi)卒史碑
授堂金(jin)石(shi)(shi)文(wen)字續跋 武(wu)億 孔廟(miao)置守廟(miao)百石(shi)(shi)卒史碑
紅(hong)藕齋漢碑匯(hui)鈔(chao)集(ji)跋 孟慶云 魯相置孔廟卒史碑
話雨樓碑帖目錄 王鯤 孔廟(miao)置守廟(miao)百(bai)石卒史碑
竹崦庵金石目錄(lu) 趙魏(wei) 魯相乙瑛置孔子廟百石卒史碑(bei)
古墨齋金(jin)石跋 趙紹祖 漢魯相乙瑛請置(zhi)孔子廟卒史碑
汪本(ben)隸釋刊誤 黃丕烈 孔廟置守廟百石孔和碑
平津讀碑記 洪頤煊 孔廟置守廟百石卒史碑
佛金山館(guan)秦漢碑跋 牟房 魯相乙瑛置孔廟(miao)百石卒史碑
漢(han)碑錄文 馮(feng)邦玉 孔廟(miao)置百石(shi)卒史碑
書畫所見錄 謝堃 孔子(zi)廟卒史(shi)碑
宜(yi)祿(lu)堂(tang)收(shou)藏金(jin)石記 朱士端 漢魯相置孔廟卒史碑
枕經堂金石題跋 方(fang)朔 漢魯相請(qing)置百石卒史碑
俞(yu)樓雜纂(zuan) 俞(yu)樾 孔(kong)廟置(zhi)百石卒(zu)史碑
漢石經室金石跋尾(wei) 沈(shen)樹鏞 魯相(xiang)置孔子廟百石卒史(shi)碑
集古求真;集古求真補正 歐陽(yang)輔 乙瑛碑
金石續錄 劉青藜 漢魯相置(zhi)孔(kong)子廟卒史碑
激素飛清閣評碑(bei)記(ji) 楊守(shou)敬 孔廟(miao)置百(bai)石卒(zu)史碑(bei)
山(shan)東(dong)金石志(zhi) 孫葆田(tian) 后漢魯(lu)相置孔(kong)廟卒(zu)史碑
獨笑齋金石文(wen)考 鄭業敩 魯相(xiang)置孔廟百石卒(zu)史碑
漢石存目 王懿榮 孔廟置百石卒史碑
漢碑(bei)引經考 皮錫瑞 孔廟置守廟百石卒史碑(bei)
曲阜碑碣考 孔祥霖 魯(lu)相乙瑛置百石卒史碑
三邕翠墨簃題跋 李(li)葆恂 孔廟置百石卒史碑(bei);乙瑛碑(bei)
金石鏡(jing) 李宗顥(hao) 魯相乙(yi)瑛(ying)置(zhi)孔(kong)廟百石卒史碑
雪堂金石文(wen)字(zi)簿(bu)錄 羅振(zhen)玉 孔廟置百石卒史碑
九鐘精舍金石跋尾 吳士鑒 漢孔廟(miao)(miao)置(zhi)守廟(miao)(miao)百石卒史(shi)碑
校碑(bei)隨筆 方若 乙瑛(ying)請置百石(shi)卒史碑(bei)
碑帖跋(ba) 梁啟超 漢乙瑛碑
弗堂類稿 姚華 乙瑛碑