一.產品介紹
2013年,“涼山桑蠶繭”評(ping)為四川省(sheng)20大區域公共品(pin)牌,品(pin)牌價值11.93億元。種(zhong)植基(ji)地40.2萬畝,產(chan)量49.09萬擔,綜(zong)合產(chan)值30.37億元,蠶農收(shou)入9億元,是民族地區經濟發展和農民增收(shou)的重要支(zhi)柱產(chan)業。2013年12月涼山州被中國(guo)絲(si)綢協會評(ping)為“中國(guo)蠶絲(si)之都”。
二(er).自然生態環境(jing)和人(ren)文歷(li)史(shi)因素
(1)土(tu)壤(rang)地(di)(di)貌(mao)情況:涼山州位于青藏高(gao)(gao)原(yuan)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)緣,四川(chuan)省西南(nan)(nan)部橫斷(duan)山區(qu)東(dong)北部,區(qu)域內(nei)地(di)(di)貌(mao)復(fu)雜多樣,以層狀(zhuang)地(di)(di)貌(mao)發育。地(di)(di)貌(mao)以山地(di)(di)為(wei)主,約占幅員面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的80%,山原(yuan)次之(zhi),丘陵、沖積(ji)(ji)平原(yuan)、寬谷和斷(duan)陷盆(pen)地(di)(di)約占10%。涼山州土(tu)壤(rang)類型以紫色土(tu)、紅壤(rang)土(tu)、黃棕壤(rang)、棕壤(rang)為(wei)主,占土(tu)壤(rang)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)的80%,土(tu)壤(rang)結構好,土(tu)層深厚(hou)且疏松,透(tou)氣性好,土(tu)壤(rang)微酸(suan),pH值(zhi)在(zai)5.8-7.5之(zhi)間,養分含量(liang)較高(gao)(gao),有機質(zhi)含量(liang)1~4%,堿解氮(dan)和速效(xiao)鉀含量(liang)豐(feng)富,堿解氮(dan)60~135ppm,速效(xiao)磷(lin)5~25ppm,速效(xiao)鉀在(zai)50~170ppm以上,適宜生長優質(zhi)蠶桑。
(2)水(shui)(shui)文情(qing)況:涼(liang)山(shan)州境(jing)內雨量(liang)豐富,河流縱橫(heng),山(shan)地水(shui)(shui)系發達,除安寧河谷(gu)外(wai),多(duo)數為(wei)山(shan)地河流。流域(yu)(yu)面積(ji)在100平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)大(da)小河流共160多(duo)條(tiao),流域(yu)(yu)面積(ji)1000平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里(li)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要有(you)雅(ya)龍江(jiang)等13條(tiao)河流,其(qi)中(zhong)安寧河是(shi)涼(liang)山(shan)州最(zui)大(da)的(de)(de)河流,全長326公(gong)(gong)里(li),流經州境(jing)內222公(gong)(gong)里(li),貫穿冕寧、西昌(chang)和德昌(chang)3個縣市,共有(you)大(da)小支(zhi)流18條(tiao),最(zui)大(da)支(zhi)流有(you)孫(sun)水(shui)(shui)河、錦川(chuan)河、河曲河。
(3)氣(qi)(qi)候情況:涼(liang)山(shan)州適宜(yi)栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)地(di)(di)區廣闊(kuo),有“無(wu)地(di)(di)不宜(yi)桑(sang)(sang),無(wu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不宜(yi)蠶(can)(can)”之(zhi)稱(cheng),其立體氣(qi)(qi)候特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)明顯,光熱水資源豐富,雨(yu)(yu)(yu)熱同(tong)季,晝(zhou)夜溫(wen)差(cha)大(da),農業氣(qi)(qi)候條件比(bi)較(jiao)優(you)越。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)(liang)776mm~1176mm,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日照時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數1227~2603h,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)10.1~19℃,≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)積(ji)(ji)溫(wen)4500~5760℃,無(wu)霜(shuang)期202.9~346天(tian)。涼(liang)山(shan)州獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)干旱兩季分明、日照時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數長、冬暖夏涼(liang)、雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)集中(zhong)等氣(qi)(qi)候特(te)征(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)養蠶(can)(can)最佳適宜(yi)區。涼(liang)山(shan)州蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)生(sheng)產(chan)區為典型的(de)(de)(de)亞熱帶季風氣(qi)(qi)候,具有氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)較(jiao)差(cha)小(12-14℃),低于四(si)(si)川(chuan)盆(pen)地(di)(di)1-4℃,氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)日較(jiao)差(cha)大(da)(年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均值10-14℃),比(bi)四(si)(si)川(chuan)盆(pen)地(di)(di)大(da)3-6℃。蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)生(sheng)產(chan)區內年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)14-22℃,比(bi)四(si)(si)川(chuan)盆(pen)地(di)(di)高(gao)3.8℃,比(bi)南充(chong)地(di)(di)區高(gao)4.5℃。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)960-1143mm之(zhi)間,夜雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)占年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)75%,白天(tian)降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)量(liang)(liang)占25%,降雨(yu)(yu)(yu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間多(duo)集中(zhong)在(zai)5-9月,雨(yu)(yu)(yu)熱同(tong)季、夜雨(yu)(yu)(yu)晝(zhou)晴。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均相對濕度62%-65%。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均日照數2200小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)-2500小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),比(bi)四(si)(si)川(chuan)盆(pen)地(di)(di)多(duo)825小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)-1200小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi);比(bi)南充(chong)多(duo)900小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)-1000小時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。≥10℃的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均積(ji)(ji)溫(wen)5000-7500℃;全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)無(wu)霜(shuang)期290天(tian)-360天(tian)。獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)光熱資源是(shi)生(sheng)產(chan)優(you)質桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)繭的(de)(de)(de)有利條件,涼(liang)山(shan)種植桑(sang)(sang)樹生(sheng)長期長達(da)290多(duo)天(tian),產(chan)葉量(liang)(liang)高(gao),桑(sang)(sang)樹當年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)生(sheng)枝條可達(da)4.5米(mi)以上,單株產(chan)葉量(liang)(liang)可達(da)4公斤以上。寧南、會東、德昌、甘洛等地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)葉36片即(ji)有0.5公斤,較(jiao)四(si)(si)川(chuan)內地(di)(di)產(chan)葉高(gao)一倍(bei)以上。蠶(can)(can)區一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)可養4-5季蠶(can)(can)。涼(liang)山(shan)被(bei)國內蠶(can)(can)業專家(jia)譽為“發展蠶(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)不可多(duo)得的(de)(de)(de)一塊寶(bao)地(di)(di)”。
(4)人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)情(qing)況:涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)境(jing)內居(ju)住著彝、漢、藏、回、苗、蒙(meng)古、傈僳(su)等(deng)14個(ge)世(shi)居(ju)民(min)族,全(quan)(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)總人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)約448萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),農民(min)388萬(wan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),其中(zhong)(zhong)彝族人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)208萬(wan)多人(ren)(ren)(ren),占總人(ren)(ren)(ren)口(kou)的(de)(de)(de)46.5%,是全(quan)(quan)國(guo)最大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)彝族聚居(ju)區(qu)。涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)歷(li)史(shi)(shi)較早。公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)四(si)世(shi)紀,“南(nan)方絲(si)(si)綢之路”途徑涼(liang)山(shan),沿(yan)線人(ren)(ren)(ren)民(min)受(shou)其影響,開(kai)始栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),所產(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si),稱為“山(shan)絲(si)(si)”,匯入絲(si)(si)綢之路。、唐代(dai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生產(chan)(chan)較盛(sheng)(sheng)。四(si)川通志(zhi)(zhi)食貨(huo)志(zhi)(zhi),物產(chan)(chan)卷七十四(si)載(zai):“絲(si)(si)布(bu)(唐志(zhi)(zhi))崔州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)貢絲(si)(si)布(bu)花布(bu)(無和(he)(he)志(zhi)(zhi))崔州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)貢絲(si)(si)布(bu)”。在公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)806年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)唐憲宗(zong)元(yuan)和(he)(he)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間即以絲(si)(si)布(bu)入貢。唐代(dai)以后(hou)(hou),涼(liang)山(shan)冕(mian)寧(ning)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)瀘(lu)寧(ning)、甘洛的(de)(de)(de)田壩和(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)等(deng)地蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)初具規(gui)模(mo),有(you)一(yi)定(ding)數量的(de)(de)(de)絲(si)(si)織品在市(shi)場(chang)交易。至明(ming)、清代(dai),西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)、冕(mian)寧(ning)、會(hui)(hui)(hui)理(li)、越(yue)等(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)區(qu)栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)較盛(sheng)(sheng)。《西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)志(zhi)(zhi)》所載(zai):“蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)(si)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)清代(dai)較盛(sheng)(sheng)”。民(min)國(guo)期間,雖有(you)進(jin)取,但由于社會(hui)(hui)(hui)及經(jing)濟(ji)技術等(deng)原因(yin)而無大(da)(da)成效,乃至衰(shuai)退。據川康邊(bian)政(zheng)(zheng)資料輯(ji)要記載(zai):“民(min)國(guo)二十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1940年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)、冕(mian)寧(ning)、德昌(chang)(chang)、會(hui)(hui)(hui)理(li)、鹽(yan)源(yuan)、鹽(yan)邊(bian)、越(yue)西(xi)(xi)(xi)、普格(ge)等(deng)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)尚(shang)有(you)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)樹41.38萬(wan)株,產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)20.69萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)城內和(he)(he)禮州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)有(you)10家蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)絲(si)(si)廠(chang)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)絲(si)(si)500馱(約37 500公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)),經(jing)云南(nan)銷往緬(mian)甸等(deng)國(guo)。以后(hou)(hou)逐漸衰(shuai)退,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)量下降在5萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)左右。1947年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)、德昌(chang)(chang)、冕(mian)寧(ning)、瀘(lu)寧(ning)、鹽(yan)邊(bian)、普格(ge)和(he)(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)農場(chang)、會(hui)(hui)(hui)理(li)農場(chang)共產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)26238公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),產(chan)(chan)絲(si)(si)41055公(gong)(gong)兩。至1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)量只有(you)2.6萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)”。解放后(hou)(hou),黨和(he)(he)國(guo)家重(zhong)視蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生產(chan)(chan)。1951年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)康省農林(lin)廳在石棉設立(li)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)指(zhi)導(dao)所,1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)西(xi)(xi)(xi)昌(chang)(chang)專區(qu)10個(ge)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)都開(kai)始栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。1956年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)已(yi)栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)114.58萬(wan)株,發(fa)(fa)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)種4588張,產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)10.8萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin),1957年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou),大(da)(da)躍進(jin)期間,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生產(chan)(chan)受(shou)到(dao)破壞 “文(wen)化大(da)(da)革(ge)命”開(kai)始,蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生產(chan)(chan)又遭到(dao)嚴(yan)重(zhong)挫折。1970年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)僅有(you)2.92萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。接近(jin)解放前(qian)1949年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)水平。1971年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)雖逐年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)有(you)所恢(hui)復(fu),在1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)區(qu)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)仍只6.91萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。黨的(de)(de)(de)十一(yi)屆(jie)三中(zhong)(zhong)全(quan)(quan)會(hui)(hui)(hui)后(hou)(hou),涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)政(zheng)(zheng)府為恢(hui)復(fu)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生產(chan)(chan),落實獎勵政(zheng)(zheng)策,扶持各地發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)。中(zhong)(zhong)共涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)委(wei)設立(li)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)領導(dao)小組,各縣(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)府固定(ding)專人(ren)(ren)(ren)負(fu)責蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)生產(chan)(chan),在重(zhong)點蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)區(qu)設立(li)指(zhi)導(dao)站(zhan)(組)。1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)上升(sheng)到(dao)15.1萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)達80.8萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)。1982年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)寧(ning)南(nan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)籌建(jian)絲(si)(si)廠(chang),1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)會(hui)(hui)(hui)東縣(xian)(xian)(xian)建(jian)成聯(lian)辦(ban)絲(si)(si)廠(chang),促進(jin)了(le)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)生產(chan)(chan)較快的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)。1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)全(quan)(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)有(you)12個(ge)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)(can)(can),累計栽(zai)(zai)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)12043萬(wan)株。產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)213.07萬(wan)公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(4.26萬(wan)擔)。
近十多(duo)年(nian)(nian)來,特別是(shi)“十五”以(yi)(yi)來,涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)蠶(can)(can)(can)業(ye)進入了(le)持續、快速(su)、健康的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展軌道。年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以(yi)(yi)平均100萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)(jin)(2萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)速(su)度遞增(zeng),到 2008年(nian)(nian),涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)桑(sang)(sang)樹種植面積(ji)達(da)到35萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)畝,蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)達(da)到37.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔,蠶(can)(can)(can)絲業(ye)綜合(he)(he)產(chan)(chan)值12億元(yuan),蠶(can)(can)(can)農收入4.3億元(yuan)。寧(ning)南、會(hui)東、德(de)昌(chang)等(deng)縣(xian) 產(chan)(chan)業(ye)規(gui)(gui)模(mo)不斷擴(kuo)大(da),產(chan)(chan)業(ye)鏈條(tiao)(tiao)不斷完善,產(chan)(chan)業(ye)效益不斷提高,成(cheng)為(wei)我州(zhou)發(fa)(fa)展農村經濟,促進農民增(zeng)收的(de)(de)(de)一大(da)支柱產(chan)(chan)業(ye)。為(wei)確保(bao)涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)和信(xin)譽,涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)州(zhou)技(ji)術監(jian)督(du)局(ju)于(yu)2005年(nian)(nian)組(zu)織專家(jia)制定并發(fa)(fa)布了(le)《桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)飼(si)育技(ji)術規(gui)(gui)程》等(deng)6個農業(ye)地方標準,內容涵(han)蓋了(le)育苗、栽(zai)桑(sang)(sang)、養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)、蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)分級(ji)、收烘(hong)(hong)、銷售等(deng)全過(guo)程。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)蠶(can)(can)(can)業(ye)從此(ci)走上(shang)了(le)標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)道路。生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)過(guo)程規(gui)(gui)范(fan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)。做(zuo)到了(le)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)品(pin)種優(you)良化(hua)(hua)(hua)、桑(sang)(sang)園栽(zai)培(pei)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、小蠶(can)(can)(can)共育專業(ye)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、大(da)蠶(can)(can)(can)飼(si)養(yang)標準化(hua)(hua)(hua)、消(xiao)毒(du)防病統一化(hua)(hua)(hua)。推行了(le)鮮殼量(liang)計價辦法(fa),實現了(le)儀評收繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),熱風烘(hong)(hong)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)機烘(hong)(hong)炕(kang),確保(bao)了(le)涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang),形成(cheng)了(le)獨具特色的(de)(de)(de)“涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)蠶(can)(can)(can)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)模(mo)式”蠶(can)(can)(can)業(ye)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)水平在(zai)全省(sheng)(sheng)處于(yu)領先地位。2008年(nian)(nian)全州(zhou)養(yang)蠶(can)(can)(can)44萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)張,產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)1855萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)(jin)(37.1萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔),占四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)20%,是(shi)四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)和國家(jia)重要的(de)(de)(de)優(you)質(zhi)(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)基地。蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)和質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)連續六年(nian)(nian)排名全省(sheng)(sheng)第(di)(di)一,蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)產(chan)(chan)量(liang)在(zai)50萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)(jin)(萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔)以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)寧(ning)南縣(xian)、會(hui)東縣(xian)、德(de)昌(chang)縣(xian)、西昌(chang)市(shi)、普格縣(xian)、冕寧(ning)縣(xian)、會(hui)理縣(xian)等(deng)8個縣(xian)市(shi),其中寧(ning)南縣(xian)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)775萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)(jin)(15.5)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔,是(shi)四(si)川(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)第(di)(di)一大(da)縣(xian),會(hui)東縣(xian)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)390萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)(jin)(7.8萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔),德(de)昌(chang)縣(xian)產(chan)(chan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)265萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)公斤(jin)(jin)(5.3萬(wan)(wan)(wan)(wan)擔),為(wei)蠶(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)綜合(he)(he)開發(fa)(fa)利(li)用創(chuang)造(zao)了(le)基礎條(tiao)(tiao)件。
2002年(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)南縣(xian)(xian)、會(hui)(hui)東縣(xian)(xian)、德昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)、西(xi)(xi)昌(chang)市(shi)、普格(ge)縣(xian)(xian)被列(lie)為“四(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)第(di)一批優(you)(you)質(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)基(ji)地(di)(di)”建設項目(mu)縣(xian)(xian);同年(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)南縣(xian)(xian)、會(hui)(hui)東縣(xian)(xian)、德昌(chang)縣(xian)(xian)、普格(ge)縣(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)中國西(xi)(xi)部(bu)博覽會(hui)(hui)上(shang)(shang)被評(ping)為“名(ming)優(you)(you)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”;2004年(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)南桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)成功注冊“南絲(si)(si)(si)路(lu)”牌商標,“南絲(si)(si)(si)路(lu)”牌桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)榮獲了“四(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)知名(ming)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)牌”、“中國名(ming)優(you)(you)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)牌”、“四(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)著名(ming)商標”、“無公(gong)害農(nong)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)”等(deng)榮譽稱(cheng)號;2005年(nian)(nian)寧(ning)(ning)南、會(hui)(hui)東桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)第(di)二屆中國西(xi)(xi)部(bu)博覽會(hui)(hui)上(shang)(shang)分別(bie)被評(ping)為“金獎”、“優(you)(you)質(zhi)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)獎”;寧(ning)(ning)南縣(xian)(xian)于(yu)(yu)2006年(nian)(nian)被國家(jia)(jia)定(ding)為優(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)“國家(jia)(jia)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)標準(zhun)化(hua)示范(fan)區”,2007年(nian)(nian)被國家(jia)(jia)定(ding)為東桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)西(xi)(xi)移“蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)基(ji)地(di)(di)建設單位”。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)以質(zhi)量好,品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)優(you)(you)而聞名(ming)國內(nei)外,其(qi)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)形大而勻整,繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)層厚實、繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)色潔白、繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)依蓬松、外觀無污物;粒繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)絲(si)(si)(si)長≥1100米,解舒(shu)率≥70%,上(shang)(shang)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)率≥90%,干(gan)正繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上(shang)(shang)車率≥95%,干(gan)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)層率≥50%,深受市(shi)場(chang)(chang)歡迎,每(mei)公(gong)斤干(gan)正繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銷售價格(ge)高(gao)于(yu)(yu)四(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)內(nei)地(di)(di)6-8元。,高(gao)于(yu)(yu)江浙1-2元。上(shang)(shang)世紀80-90年(nian)(nian)代產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)遠(yuan)銷日本、歐美(mei),后隨(sui)著國內(nei)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)絲(si)(si)(si)制(zhi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)技(ji)術提(ti)高(gao),國民生(sheng)(sheng)活水品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)提(ti)高(gao),國際、國內(nei)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)價格(ge)相同,產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)停止了出口,67%桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)銷往四(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)、江蘇、浙江等(deng)省(sheng)(sheng)市(shi)。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)不(bu)僅是重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)繭(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)基(ji)地(di)(di),還(huan)是四(si)(si)川(chuan)(chuan)省(sheng)(sheng)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)及供應(ying)調節基(ji)地(di)(di)。2008年(nian)(nian)涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)兩個蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)優(you)(you)質(zhi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)93.26萬張,占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)總(zong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)37%,成為全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)規模最大,質(zhi)量最好的(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)(you)質(zhi)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)供應(ying)基(ji)地(di)(di)。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)2008年(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)國家(jia)(jia)工商行(xing)政管(guan)理(li)總(zong)局成功注冊了“桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)花(hua)”牌商標,西(xi)(xi)昌(chang)市(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)(chang)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)從2003年(nian)(nian)開始(shi)出口遠(yuan)銷塔吉(ji)(ji)克斯(si)坦,已(yi)累(lei)計出口桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)21.9萬張,塔吉(ji)(ji)克斯(si)坦還(huan)派(pai)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)技(ji)術人員在(zai)(zai)西(xi)(xi)昌(chang)市(shi)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)場(chang)(chang)學習蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技(ji)術,贏得了國際蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信任,建立了長期的(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)合作關系。涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)新建了設備全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)一流的(de)(de)(de)(de)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)冷庫(ku),州(zhou)(zhou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)同行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)中首(shou)先通過(guo)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)檢(jian)(jian)資質(zhi)和(he)計量認證(zheng),為全(quan)州(zhou)(zhou)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供了更(geng)加方便、更(geng)加快捷、更(geng)加安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)服務。隨(sui)著蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan),涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)州(zhou)(zhou)已(yi)擁(yong)有繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)5戶,自(zi)動(dong)繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)線30組12000緒,年(nian)(nian)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)絲(si)(si)(si)1000噸(dun)(dun)。桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)、蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)、絲(si)(si)(si)系列(lie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)開發(fa)取得了新的(de)(de)(de)(de)突破。西(xi)(xi)昌(chang)華茂(mao)絲(si)(si)(si)綢有限(xian)公(gong)司年(nian)(nian)產(chan)(chan)(chan)1000噸(dun)(dun)繅(sao)絲(si)(si)(si)廠完成選(xuan)址和(he)項目(mu)設計,德昌(chang)元坤(kun)綠色食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)有限(xian)公(gong)司6000噸(dun)(dun)桑(sang)(sang)(sang)(sang)椹加工項目(mu)建成投(tou)產(chan)(chan)(chan),蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)蛹深加工提(ti)取活性化(hua)合物項目(mu)落戶寧(ning)(ning)南。為涼(liang)(liang)山(shan)(shan)(shan)蠶(can)(can)(can)(can)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)提(ti)供了保障。
三.地域范圍
涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)位于四(si)(si)川省西南(nan)部(bu)橫斷山(shan)區東(dong)北(bei)部(bu),青藏高(gao)原東(dong)南(nan)緣(yuan),界于四(si)(si)川盆地與云南(nan)省中部(bu)高(gao)原之間。地理位置北(bei)緯26°03′—29°18′,東(dong)經100°15′—103°52′之間。南(nan)北(bei)長370公(gong)里,東(dong)西寬360公(gong)里,全州(zhou)幅員面(mian)積6.04萬平(ping)方公(gong)里,占四(si)(si)川省的(de)(de)12.5%。涼(liang)山(shan)桑蠶繭(jian)農產品地理標志地域保(bao)護范圍為涼(liang)山(shan)州(zhou)境內的(de)(de)寧南(nan)縣(xian)、會東(dong)縣(xian)、德昌(chang)縣(xian)、西昌(chang)市(含西昌(chang)農場)、冕(mian)寧縣(xian)、普(pu)格縣(xian)、會理縣(xian)、金陽縣(xian)、甘洛縣(xian)、雷波縣(xian)、喜德縣(xian)、鹽源縣(xian)、布拖縣(xian)等 13個(ge)(ge)縣(xian)市的(de)(de)211個(ge)(ge)鄉鎮895個(ge)(ge)行(xing)政村,保(bao)護面(mian)積3.33萬公(gong)頃,年產桑蠶繭(jian)3000萬公(gong)斤(60萬擔(dan))。
四(si).產品(pin)品(pin)質特(te)性特(te)征
(1)外(wai)(wai)觀感官特征: 涼山桑蠶繭(jian)(jian)繭(jian)(jian)形大(da)且(qie)勻(yun)整,繭(jian)(jian)層厚(hou)實、繭(jian)(jian)色潔白、繭(jian)(jian)依蓬松、外(wai)(wai)觀無(wu)污物,以質量(liang)好,品質優(you)而聞名國(guo)內(nei)外(wai)(wai)。
(2)內在品質(zhi)指(zhi)標(biao):涼山桑蠶(can)繭粒繭絲長≥1100米,解舒(shu)率≥70%,清潔≥98分(fen),潔凈(jing)≥94分(fen),毛(mao)繭出絲率≥38%,解舒(shu)絲長≥780.7米,萬米吊糙(cao)≤3.5次(ci)。涼山桑蠶(can)繭是(shi)繅5A級以上(shang)高品位生絲的首(shou)選原(yuan)料(liao)。