一.產品介紹
鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)茶(cha)(cha)為鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)著名土特(te)產(chan)。鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)人(ren)種(zhong)(zhong)茶(cha)(cha)始于宋(song)(song)代(dai),盛(sheng)于明清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)。傳(chuan)說宋(song)(song)代(dai)有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)男(nan)一(yi)女從福建(jian)(jian)來到古(gu)(gu)勞(lao)都的(de)(de)麗(li)水石(shi)(shi)(shi)巖頭山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)洞居住(zhu),他們帶(dai)來茶(cha)(cha)種(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)制青茶(cha)(cha)。福建(jian)(jian)男(nan)女死后,麗(li)水人(ren)在山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)頭塑造一(yi)對石(shi)(shi)(shi)像,以(yi)作紀(ji)念,后人(ren)稱(cheng)石(shi)(shi)(shi)公、石(shi)(shi)(shi)婆(po),是古(gu)(gu)勞(lao)茶(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)祖先。石(shi)(shi)(shi)巖頭現存有(you)(you)(you)9株(zhu)古(gu)(gu)老(lao)茶(cha)(cha)樹,品(pin)質(zhi)特(te)優,說是石(shi)(shi)(shi)公石(shi)(shi)(shi)婆(po)所植,稱(cheng)之(zhi)“宋(song)(song)茶(cha)(cha)”,古(gu)(gu)勞(lao)茶(cha)(cha)均是石(shi)(shi)(shi)公石(shi)(shi)(shi)婆(po)所植的(de)(de)數(shu)十株(zhu)老(lao)茶(cha)(cha)樹繁殖(zhi)。鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)紅(hong)(hong)茶(cha)(cha),無(wu)論在數(shu)量及口碑(bei)方面,均歷史有(you)(you)(you)名,也是我國對外貿易(yi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要物質(zhi)。據鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣(xian)志(zhi)記(ji)載,清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)道(dao)光年間,全縣(xian)種(zhong)(zhong)茶(cha)(cha)面積達8萬多(duo)畝(mu),年產(chan)毛茶(cha)(cha)8萬擔(dan)(1擔(dan)約(yue)60公斤)、商品(pin)茶(cha)(cha)約(yue)5萬擔(dan),年出口茶(cha)(cha)葉近3萬擔(dan),遠銷(xiao)歐美、南洋、大洋洲等地,是清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)朝對外貿易(yi)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要物質(zhi)。其中鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)市古(gu)(gu)勞(lao)鎮為廣東(dong)省有(you)(you)(you)名的(de)(de)產(chan)茶(cha)(cha)區,并流傳(chuan)有(you)(you)(you)“未有(you)(you)(you)鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣(xian),先聞(wen)古(gu)(gu)勞(lao)茶(cha)(cha)”的(de)(de)故事,其所制銀針茶(cha)(cha)除了運銷(xiao)兩廣以(yi)外,還(huan)大量出口到香港、南洋及南北(bei)美洲。其中清(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)乾隆(long)《鶴(he)(he)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)縣(xian)志(zhi)》就記(ji)載“古(gu)(gu)勞(lao)茶(cha)(cha)味匹武夷(yi)而帶(dai)芳。”
二(er).自(zi)然生態環境和人文歷史(shi)因素
1.地形地貌:鶴山市(shi)地(di)形東(dong)西(xi)寬,南北狹長,中部(bu)山峰綿亙,丘陵(ling)起伏(fu),地(di)勢自西(xi)略向(xiang)東(dong)傾斜東(dong)部(bu)低平(ping),北最(zui)低,山脈眾(zhong)多,主(zhu)(zhu)要有大(da)雁、昆(kun)侖、云宿、皂幕山和大(da)城(cheng)等山,海拔500米(mi)以(yi)(yi)上山地(di)23.3平(ping)方公里,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積2.1%,其中皂幕山主(zhu)(zhu)峰亞婆髻海拔807.5米(mi),為全(quan)(quan)市(shi)最(zui)高山峰,山間多自然叢生松木(mu),森林覆蓋率達(da)(da)60%以(yi)(yi)上。丘陵(ling)主(zhu)(zhu)要分布(bu)在市(shi)境東(dong)北、中南部(bu),面(mian)(mian)積達(da)(da)1003平(ping)方公里,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積的90.5%。沖(chong)積平(ping)原面(mian)(mian)積為82平(ping)方公里,占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)市(shi)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積的7.42%,主(zhu)(zhu)要分布(bu)在古勞、沙坪(ping)。
2.土壤條件:由砂頁巖構成,土壤主(zhu)要為赤紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤、紅(hong)(hong)(hong)壤,PH平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)5.0~6.0,加上(shang)種植土層(ceng)深厚(hou)、疏松肥(fei)沃(wo)、保(bao)水(shui)保(bao)肥(fei)力強,非常適(shi)應(ying)鶴山紅(hong)(hong)(hong)茶對土壤的(de)(de)生長要求。3.水(shui)文情況:境(jing)內(nei)河(he)(he)流眾(zhong)多(duo)(duo),主(zhu)要有西江干流、沙坪河(he)(he)、雅(ya)瑤河(he)(he)、宅(zhai)梧河(he)(he)、址山河(he)(he)等8條,總(zong)長200.8公里,全市(shi)徑流總(zong)量為10.17億立方米(不含西江干流)。境(jing)內(nei)年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降(jiang)水(shui)量約為1710mm,平(ping)水(shui)年(nian)1700mm,豐(feng)水(shui)年(nian)2300mm,枯水(shui)年(nian)1200mm。累年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量保(bao)證率在1331.4mm。累年(nian)月平(ping)均(jun)數降(jiang)水(shui)量最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)是8月份296.3mm;最(zui)(zui)少月份為12月,32.0mm。累年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)雨水(shui)天達124天,占全年(nian)天數34%,地下水(shui)以花崗巖的(de)(de)地下水(shui)資源最(zui)(zui)豐(feng)富,沙頁巖次之(zhi),紅(hong)(hong)(hong)巖最(zui)(zui)少,在深井100米以內(nei)的(de)(de)賦(fu)存上(shang)層(ceng)孔隙潛水(shui),微壓(ya)水(shui)和下層(ceng)基巖裂隙水(shui),水(shui)質(zhi)均(jun)十分優良。
3.氣候情況:屬南(nan)亞熱(re)帶季風區,冬無嚴(yan)寒,夏(xia)無酷暑,全(quan)年(nian)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)濕潤,境內具有海洋氣候(hou)特征(zheng),溫(wen)(wen)、光、熱(re)、雨量(liang)充(chong)足,四(si)季宜(yi)種。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照1789時(shi),年(nian)日(ri)照率達(da)40.1%日(ri)照時(shi)數,帶來太陽輻(fu)射熱(re)量(liang)大,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)輻(fu)射量(liang)104.08千卡/厘米(mi)。氣候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)和(he),年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)22.6℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)降(jiang)雨量(liang)l700公厘左右,夏(xia)秋(qiu)多臺風暴雨,無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)為365天,冬春有冷空氣侵(qin)襲和(he)偶有奇(qi)寒,無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)長。
三.地域范圍
鶴(he)山(shan)市(shi)(shi)位(wei)于(yu)廣東(dong)(dong)(dong)省中(zhong)(zhong)南部,地處珠三角(jiao)腹地,瀕臨(lin)西(xi)江,毗鄰(lin)港澳,屬(shu)廣佛都(dou)市(shi)(shi)圈。其東(dong)(dong)(dong)南接江門市(shi)(shi)的(de)蓬江、新(xin)會(hui)二區(qu),西(xi)北(bei)接新(xin)興縣,西(xi)南連(lian)開平市(shi)(shi),北(bei)臨(lin)高明區(qu),東(dong)(dong)(dong)北(bei)與南海、順(shun)德(de)隔西(xi)江相(xiang)望,是全國著名(ming)僑鄉之一。鶴(he)山(shan)紅茶保護區(qu)域包括雅瑤鎮(zhen)的(de)南靖,古勞鎮(zhen)的(de)茶山(shan)、麗(li)水,龍口鎮(zhen)的(de)福逕、那白,桃源鎮(zhen)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)、龍溪、蟠光,鶴(he)城(cheng)鎮(zhen)的(de)坑(keng)尾、城(cheng)西(xi)、五星(xing)、萬和、坪山(shan),共和鎮(zhen)的(de)來蘇、新(xin)連(lian),址山(shan)鎮(zhen)的(de)云(yun)新(xin),宅梧鎮(zhen)的(de)白帶、荷村(cun)、泗(si)云(yun)和雙合鎮(zhen)的(de)合成、先慶等21個(ge)村(cun)委會(hui)。地理坐標位(wei)于(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)經112°28′-113°2′,北(bei)緯22°28′-22°51′。全市(shi)(shi)紅茶生產面積333.33公頃,年產量500噸。
四.產品品質特性特征
1.外在感官特征:鶴山紅(hong)茶(cha)茶(cha)樹(shu)株高一般在0.8~1.2米,葉片(pian)呈橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形(xing)或長卵形(xing),邊緣有鋸齒,葉背(bei)色(se)(se)青(qing)翠,制成(cheng)紅(hong)茶(cha)后(hou)外形(xing)條索(suo)緊(jin)密細長,色(se)(se)澤(ze)烏潤(run),氣味醇(chun)厚,芳香入(ru)肺。沖泡后(hou)茶(cha)色(se)(se)紅(hong)潤(run),茶(cha)湯邊緣可(ke)見黃(huang)金圈,入(ru)口爽滑,甘(gan)甜蜜味。
2.內在品質指標:鶴山紅茶的營養豐(feng)富(fu),含有大(da)量人體(ti)必須的礦物(wu)(wu)(wu)質和氨(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan),經檢測(ce),內含茶多酚12.4%~15.3%、茶紅素4.1%~4.3%、茶黃(huang)素0.2%~0.4%、茶氨(an)(an)酸(suan)0.779%~1.014%、水(shui)浸(jin)出物(wu)(wu)(wu)34.5%~39.2%、咖啡堿(jian)2.0%~2.6%和游離(li)氨(an)(an)基(ji)酸(suan)3.1%~3.2%,此(ci)外還有鹽(yan)及其它物(wu)(wu)(wu)質。
3.安全要求:鶴山紅(hong)茶產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)必(bi)須符合無(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)《無(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)茶葉(xie)產(chan)(chan)(chan)地環境(jing)條(tiao)件》(NY5020-2001),病(bing)蟲害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)(de)防治按照“預防為主(zhu),綜合防治”的(de)(de)(de)植保方針,堅(jian)持以(yi)“農業(ye)防治、物理(li)防治、生(sheng)物防治為主(zhu),化學(xue)防治為輔”的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)化治理(li),做好(hao)收獲前(qian)的(de)(de)(de)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量安全監測(ce)工(gong)(gong)作,加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)程必(bi)須嚴(yan)格(ge)按照《無(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin) 茶葉(xie)生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)技術規程》(NY/T5018-2001)執行(xing),產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)質(zhi)量符合《農業(ye)部辦(ban)公廳關于(yu)印發茄果類蔬菜等58類無(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品(pin)(pin)(pin)檢(jian)測(ce)目錄的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)知》(農辦(ban)質(zhi)[2015]4)無(wu)(wu)公害(hai)(hai)(hai)(hai)食(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin) 茶葉(xie)標準。
五.特定生產方式
1.產地選擇:選擇(ze)土壤、水源和大氣未受工業三廢和放(fang)射(she)性污(wu)染的(de)(de)區域作為茶葉生產(chan)基地,以肥沃的(de)(de)砂壤土為最好,土層深(shen)度(du)要求大于70厘(li)米(mi),土壤呈(cheng)酸性,PH值(zhi)5.0~6.0為宜,種(zhong)植環(huan)境必須符合《無公害食(shi)品茶葉產(chan)地環(huan)境條件》(NY5020-2001)的(de)(de)要求。
2.品種選擇:選擇適(shi)應鶴山市(shi)當地(di)的自然(ran)條件,適(shi)制紅茶的中(zhong)葉種或者大(da)葉茶種;扦插繁殖(zhi)力強(qiang)(qiang)、成活(huo)率(lv)高、抗旱、抗寒性(xing)與適(shi)應性(xing)強(qiang)(qiang);早(zao)生(sheng)種、芽葉生(sheng)育力強(qiang)(qiang),持嫩性(xing)強(qiang)(qiang)。出圃苗木應達(da)如下要求:品種純正,一年生(sheng)苗木,兩趟梢(shao)老熟,生(sheng)長健(jian)壯,無(wu)檢疫性(xing)病(bing)蟲,無(wu)嚴(yan)重病(bing)蟲害(hai);根系發(fa)達(da)、分布均勻、無(wu)腐爛現象。
3.特有的標準化生產管理方式和加工工藝:生產過程執行《鶴山(shan)(shan)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)生產技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術規(gui)程》,重點應用(yong)(yong)密植(zhi)栽培技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術、種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)蔭(yin)蔽樹(shu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術、茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)園(yuan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術和(he)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術等(deng)措施(shi)(shi)提高鶴山(shan)(shan)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)產量(liang)和(he)質(zhi)量(liang)。 密植(zhi)栽培技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術,每公頃種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)75000株以(yi)上(shang),這(zhe)樣容(rong)易早(zao)日構成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個小(xiao)氣候環(huan)境(jing),起到互相遮(zhe)蔭(yin),降低陽光(guang)(guang)強度作用(yong)(yong);另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面可(ke)縮短投產期(qi)。種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)蔭(yin)蔽樹(shu),每公頃種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)270~300株楹樹(shu),適當種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)遮(zhe)蔭(yin)樹(shu)調節(jie)小(xiao)氣候,造就一(yi)個較好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生態環(huan)境(jing)。茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)園(yuan)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術,從傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)看茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)做茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)向標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)生產管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)方(fang)(fang)式(shi)轉變,標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術簡單表述為每年(nian)冬(dong)季施(shi)(shi)足有(you)(you)機肥,3至5月(yue)份采(cai)摘(zhai)春茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha),6至8月(yue)利用(yong)(yong)地(di)區雨季修(xiu)剪茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)園(yuan)養好(hao)樹(shu)蓬,9至11月(yue)份采(cai)摘(zhai)秋(qiu)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)。傳統茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)園(yuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)優質(zhi)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)只(zhi)有(you)(you)30%左(zuo)右,標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)(zhun)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術的(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong),全年(nian)優質(zhi)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)率可(ke)達到80%以(yi)上(shang)。 特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術,在固有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝鮮葉采(cai)摘(zhai)和(he)萎凋工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)中間加入輕(qing)曬青(qing)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術,輕(qing)曬青(qing)是(shi)結合烏龍茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)制作工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝,是(shi)鶴山(shan)(shan)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)術,采(cai)摘(zhai)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)青(qing)在傍(bang)晚陽光(guang)(guang)不(bu)是(shi)太強的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下,進(jin)行適度輕(qing)曬青(qing),這(zhe)樣可(ke)提高茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)青(qing)中氧化(hua)(hua)酶的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性,制作成(cheng)(cheng)茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)后能(neng)(neng)突出(chu)鶴山(shan)(shan)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)特(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)蜜香味。鶴山(shan)(shan)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)在25℃室(shi)溫中發酵5.5小(xiao)時品(pin)質(zhi)能(neng)(neng)提升到頂點,所制出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)紅茶(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)醇中帶香,甜中帶香。
4.包裝、儲運和銷售技術規范:嚴(yan)格按照(zhao)國(guo)家食品(pin)衛生法的要求(qiu)選擇無(wu)公害(hai)(hai)茶(cha)(cha)產品(pin)的標簽和包(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料(liao),所(suo)有的包(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料(liao)必須無(wu)污染(ran);包(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料(liao)必須是(shi)食品(pin)級的包(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料(liao);茶(cha)(cha)葉產品(pin)的包(bao)裝(zhuang)材(cai)料(liao)應具(ju)有保鮮性能(neng)。嚴(yan)格按各類無(wu)公害(hai)(hai)茶(cha)(cha)產品(pin)要求(qiu)的條件進行儲(chu)運,嚴(yan)防霉變和有害(hai)(hai)生物(wu)(wu)、有害(hai)(hai)物(wu)(wu)質經儲(chu)運環節混(hun)入茶(cha)(cha)產品(pin)。
5.生產記錄要求:鶴山紅茶生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)全過(guo)程,按照農產(chan)(chan)(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)安全的(de)要(yao)求建立生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)記錄檔案(an),詳細記錄生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)投入(ru)品,特(te)別是化肥、農藥的(de)名稱、來源、用(yong)法、用(yong)量(liang)(liang)和(he)使用(yong)、停(ting)用(yong)的(de)日(ri)(ri)期(qi);病蟲害(hai)的(de)發(fa)生(sheng)和(he)防治情況(kuang);收獲日(ri)(ri)期(qi);質量(liang)(liang)檢測情況(kuang);銷售(shou)情況(kuang),保證產(chan)(chan)(chan)品質量(liang)(liang)可追溯性,生(sheng)產(chan)(chan)(chan)記錄檔案(an)要(yao)保存兩(liang)年以上(shang)。