文成楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)產自浙江省溫州市文成縣,溫州是浙江省楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)三大主產區(qu)之一,全(quan)市的楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)種植(zhi)面積有32萬畝,主要(yao)種植(zhi)的品種有丁(ding)岙梅(mei)(mei)(mei)、荸薺梅(mei)(mei)(mei)(黑(hei)炭梅(mei)(mei)(mei))、東魁梅(mei)(mei)(mei)。文成楊(yang)梅(mei)(mei)(mei)的果形端正呈近圓(yuan)形,色(se)澤深紅色(se)至紫黑(hei)色(se),肉柱飽滿,肉質柔軟,細(xi)嫩(nen)多汁,酸甜適口,風味濃(nong)郁。
文成(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅以其(qi)獨特(te)的(de)優良(liang)品質(zhi),通過各(ge)類認證、評(ping)比、展示、展銷,獲(huo)得了一(yi)系列的(de)榮譽稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。2016年,“文成(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅”成(cheng)功申報國家地理標志證明商標;2017年,“文成(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅”獲(huo)評(ping)浙(zhe)江(jiang)省(sheng)“十佳(jia)楊(yang)(yang)梅”稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao);2018年,“文成(cheng)楊(yang)(yang)梅”分別被評(ping)為浙(zhe)江(jiang)省(sheng)區域名(ming)牌(pai)(pai)產(chan)品和區域名(ming)牌(pai)(pai)農產(chan)品,在溫州(zhou)市楊(yang)(yang)梅評(ping)比中有5個(ge)樣(yang)(yang)品獲(huo)溫州(zhou)市“最美楊(yang)(yang)梅”稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao),1個(ge)樣(yang)(yang)品獲(huo)“最甜(tian)楊(yang)(yang)梅”稱(cheng)號(hao)(hao)(hao)。
文成(cheng)楊梅農產品地理標志地域(yu)保護范(fan)圍為(wei):地理坐標東經119゜34’~120゜15’,北緯27゜34’~27゜59’之間(jian)。生產地域(yu)范(fan)圍為(wei):浙(zhe)江省溫(wen)州市(shi)文成(cheng)縣(xian)所屬(shu)的(de)大峃(xue)鎮、珊溪鎮、玉壺鎮、南田鎮、黃坦鎮、西坑畬族(zu)鎮、百丈(zhang)漈鎮、峃(xue)口(kou)鎮、巨嶼(yu)鎮、周壤鎮、二源鎮、銅鈴(ling)山鎮、周山畬族(zu)鄉(xiang)、雙桂鄉(xiang)、平和鄉(xiang)、公陽鄉(xiang)、桂山鄉(xiang),共計17個鄉(xiang)鎮243個行政(zheng)村。文成(cheng)現有楊梅種植面積4040公頃,年(nian)產量2.1萬噸(dun),保護區面積1296平方(fang)千米。
1、外在感官特征:果形(xing)端正呈近(jin)圓(yuan)形(xing),色(se)澤(ze)深紅(hong)色(se)至紫黑(hei)色(se),肉柱飽滿,肉質柔軟,細嫩多汁,酸甜適口,風味濃郁。
2、內在品(pin)質(zhi)指標:可溶性固形物(wu)%≥10.5%;總酸≤10g/kg;維生素C≥13.5mg/100g。
3、質量安全(quan)規定(ding):質量安全(quan)應符合國家相關標(biao)準規定(ding)要求。
文(wen)成縣位于(yu)浙江(jiang)省南部山(shan)(shan)(shan)區,飛(fei)云江(jiang)中上游,全(quan)境以山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)、丘(qiu)陵(ling)為主,山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)占(zhan)全(quan)縣總面(mian)積的82.5%,素有"八山(shan)(shan)(shan)一水一分(fen)田(tian)"之稱。境內(nei)海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)高差懸殊,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)千米(mi)以上山(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)178座,最高為西(xi)北(bei)部的石垟林場(chang)楊頂(ding)崗,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)1362米(mi),最低為平(ping)(ping)(ping)和鄉大垟口,海(hai)拔(ba)(ba)15米(mi)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)分(fen)屬兩支,江(jiang)北(bei)屬南田(tian)山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo),為洞宮山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)分(fen)支;江(jiang)南為南雁蕩山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈(mo)分(fen)支。地(di)勢自(zi)西(xi)北(bei)向東(dong)南傾斜,山(shan)(shan)(shan)頂(ding)上多平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai),南田(tian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)與桂山(shan)(shan)(shan)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)隔江(jiang)相望,是文(wen)成縣山(shan)(shan)(shan)地(di)的典(dian)型地(di)貌。飛(fei)云江(jiang)自(zi)西(xi)向東(dong)穿流(liu)而過(guo),其主要支流(liu)有泗溪、玉(yu)泉溪、峃作口溪等,干流(liu)在文(wen)成縣境流(liu)域面(mian)積1123.5平(ping)(ping)(ping)方千米(mi),境內(nei)全(quan)長43.5千米(mi),自(zi)然落差115米(mi)。
屬亞熱帶(dai)海洋(yang)季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候,四季(ji)分明,雨量(liang)充(chong)沛。年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)18.3℃,最(zui)熱月份7月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)28.3℃;最(zui)冷月份1月,平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)8.2℃;極端低(di)溫(wen)-5.9℃。常(chang)年(nian)無霜期(qi)285天(tian),年(nian)降(jiang)雨量(liang)1797.7毫米(mi)(mi),日照1723.3小時,屬楊(yang)梅生(sheng)長最(zui)適宜區。垂直梯度氣(qi)(qi)候差(cha)異大(da),部分高(gao)山從山腳到山頂跨越了多個氣(qi)(qi)候帶(dai),具(ju)有典型的(de)山地(di)立體氣(qi)(qi)候特點,低(di)海拔地(di)區(0-400米(mi)(mi))年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)16.2-18.1℃;中山地(di)區(400-800米(mi)(mi))年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)14.1-16.2℃;高(gao)山地(di)區(800-1000米(mi)(mi))年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)13.1-13.8℃,為(wei)文成楊(yang)梅梯度開發、延長鮮果(guo)供應(ying)期(qi)提供了得天(tian)獨厚的(de)自然生(sheng)長條件。
文(wen)成縣(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)共分紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)、黃壤(rang)(rang)、水稻土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、紫(zi)色(se)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、潮土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)5大(da)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類。其中(zhong)紅(hong)壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)面(mian)積最大(da),占全(quan)縣(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)39.55%,主要分布(bu)在海拔600 m以(yi)下(xia)的(de)中(zhong)東(dong)部(bu);其次是黃壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),占全(quan)縣(xian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)37.57%,主要分布(bu)在海拔600—800 m以(yi)上(shang)的(de)西北部(bu)與南部(bu)的(de)低山地區(qu)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)風化強(qiang)烈,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)多呈(cheng)酸性,大(da)部(bu)分pH值4.5-6.5之(zhi)間,適宜(yi)楊梅生長。
文成縣(xian)為國家級(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)態示范(fan)縣(xian),生(sheng)(sheng)態環境良好,水(shui)質優(you)良,森林覆蓋率(lv)72.31%,空(kong)氣質量優(you)良率(lv)達(da)99.4%,地表水(shui)水(shui)質達(da)標率(lv)100%,文瑞出境斷(duan)面水(shui)質為一(yi)類(lei)水(shui),符合農業部綠色食(shi)品(pin)產地環境質量標準(zhun)要求(qiu)。
選擇生態環境良(liang)好、遠離污染源(yuan)、坡度(du)小于30°、海(hai)拔700m以下的緩坡地、山地建園。要求日照充(chong)足,雨(yu)量充(chong)沛(pei),排水良(liang)好,微酸、含石礫(li)的砂(sha)質土壤,年平均溫度(du)14℃以上,絕(jue)對最(zui)低溫度(du)不低于-9℃,≥10℃的年積溫4500℃以上。
東魁楊梅。
文成楊梅按照特定的生產(chan)和技術要(yao)求,必(bi)須對(dui)苗木質量、栽培(pei)技術、采收分(fen)級、貯藏保鮮等(deng)環節進(jin)行全程控制。
1、苗木質量
以一年生(sheng)嫁(jia)接苗(miao)為(wei)宜,干(gan)粗、苗(miao)木高(gao)度(du)及規定(ding)高(gao)度(du)內(nei)的分(fen)枝數作(zuo)依(yi)據,分(fen)為(wei)一級(ji)、二(er)級(ji)。低(di)于二(er)級(ji)標準(zhun)的苗(miao)木不得作(zuo)為(wei)商品苗(miao)出圃。詳(xiang)見下(xia)表(biao)(biao)。表(biao)(biao)1苗(miao)木分(fen)級(ji)級(ji)別干(gan)粗(cm)苗(miao)高(gao)(cm)在規定(ding)高(gao)度(du)內(nei)分(fen)枝數(個)根(gen)系檢疫性病蟲(chong)害(hai)一級(ji)≥0.60≥40≥3發達無(wu)二(er)級(ji)≥0.50≥30≥2較發達
2、栽培管理
苗木定植:分春植(zhi)和(he)秋植(zhi)。春植(zhi)于2月(yue)下旬(xun)至3月(yue)中旬(xun),秋植(zhi)為10月(yue)上旬(xun)至11月(yue)上旬(xun),以春植(zhi)為宜(yi)。選(xuan)擇無風(feng)陰(yin)天栽植(zhi),定(ding)植(zhi)密度根據園塊(kuai)立(li)地條件和(he)管理水平(ping),株(zhu)行距5m*6m或6m*6m,每畝(mu)栽植(zhi)18株(zhu)-22株(zhu)。
土肥管理:幼齡樹(shu)以“促(cu)”為(wei)主,每(mei)年追肥(fei)(fei)(fei)4-5次(ci),薄肥(fei)(fei)(fei)勤施(shi),施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)量隨著樹(shu)冠擴(kuo)大(da)逐年增(zeng)(zeng)多,初(chu)(chu)期為(wei)氮肥(fei)(fei)(fei)為(wei)主,樹(shu)齡增(zeng)(zeng)大(da)后配(pei)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)磷(lin)鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei);成年樹(shu)促(cu)控(kong)結(jie)(jie)合,看樹(shu)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),以培養中庸(yong)樹(shu)勢,促(cu)進(jin)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)、提(ti)高品質,一般年施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)2-3次(ci),實行適氮控(kong)磷(lin)增(zeng)(zeng)鉀(jia)施(shi)肥(fei)(fei)(fei),氮:磷(lin):鉀(jia)的配(pei)比以1:0.3:4為(wei)宜。1)壯果(guo)肥(fei)(fei)(fei):4月下旬(xun)-5月初(chu)(chu),株(zhu)施(shi)硫酸鉀(jia)肥(fei)(fei)(fei)1kg左(zuo)右(you),同時注(zhu)意(yi)噴施(shi)硼、鋅、鉬等微量元素(su);2)采(cai)后肥(fei)(fei)(fei):6月底-7月上旬(xun),株(zhu)施(shi)硫酸鉀(jia)復合肥(fei)(fei)(fei)0.5-1kg,加生物有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)10公斤,樹(shu)勢強結(jie)(jie)果(guo)少的可(ke)少施(shi)或不(bu)施(shi);3)基肥(fei)(fei)(fei):10月底-11月,株(zhu)施(shi)生物有機肥(fei)(fei)(fei)10-15公斤。采(cai)用(yong)自然生草法,每(mei)年在采(cai)收(shou)前及伏旱前刈割2次(ci)進(jin)行樹(shu)盤覆蓋。每(mei)3-4年于秋冬季進(jin)行深翻(fan)一次(ci),以改良土壤理化性狀。
整形修剪:①幼(you)樹整(zheng)(zheng)形(xing):采用(yong)自然開心(xin)形(xing)。定干高度(du)20-30cm,主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3-5個(ge),主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)干的角(jiao)度(du)45o以上(shang)。主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)配(pei)備不同方(fang)位(wei)的副(fu)(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)3-4個(ge),副(fu)(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)上(shang)培養結(jie)(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組。采用(yong)抹芽(ya)、摘心(xin)、拉(la)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、短截、疏枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)方(fang)法,使枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)疏密適中(zhong)(zhong),分布有序,形(xing)成良(liang)好的豐產(chan)穩產(chan)樹體(ti)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)。②結(jie)(jie)果(guo)樹修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian):適當(dang)疏刪過密枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、直(zhi)立枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、交(jiao)(jiao)叉枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、病蟲枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),逐年鋸除(chu)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)直(zhi)立大(da)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),使樹冠(guan)開張(zhang),枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)生(sheng)長健壯,通風透光良(liang)好,防止樹冠(guan)內和(he)株間(jian)(jian)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)交(jiao)(jiao)叉,通過枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)梢(shao)控(kong)制保(bao)持樹體(ti)生(sheng)長與(yu)結(jie)(jie)果(guo)相對平(ping)衡。樹體(ti)高度(du)控(kong)制在(zai)(zai)3 m以下(xia),鋸口和(he)剪(jian)(jian)口宜平(ping)整(zheng)(zheng),鋸口應涂保(bao)護劑。③衰老期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian):逐年對主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或副(fu)(fu)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)適當(dang)回(hui)縮(suo),更新結(jie)(jie)果(guo)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組,恢復(fu)樹勢,延長結(jie)(jie)果(guo)年限。④修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時間(jian)(jian):休眠(mian)期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時間(jian)(jian)主(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)要在(zai)(zai)11月-翌年2月,冷空氣來臨前(qian)后不宜修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian);生(sheng)長期(qi)(qi)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)時間(jian)(jian)4-7月,采后大(da)枝(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)剪(jian)(jian)要求在(zai)(zai)7月中(zhong)(zhong)、下(xia)旬前(qian)完成。
花果管理:春(chun)(chun)季萌芽前(qian)(qian)對多(duo)花(hua)(hua)樹進(jin)行適度修剪,疏(shu)除過(guo)密、過(guo)弱的(de)花(hua)(hua)枝,以促發抽(chou)生春(chun)(chun)梢,確保(bao)適量掛果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo);少花(hua)(hua)樹則在開花(hua)(hua)前(qian)(qian)后(hou)噴(pen)硼、磷、鉀混合液保(bao)花(hua)(hua)保(bao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),并疏(shu)除樹冠(guan)中上部部分春(chun)(chun)梢保(bao)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。疏(shu)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實生理(li)落果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)結(jie)(jie)束(shu)后(hou)至果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)實迅速(su)膨大期前(qian)(qian)進(jin)行,一般分2-3次(ci)。疏(shu)除病蟲(chong)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、畸形果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、小果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),長結(jie)(jie)果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝留3-4果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),中果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝留2-3果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),短果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)枝留1果(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)。
病蟲害綜合防控:按照“預防(fang)(fang)(fang)為(wei)主(zhu),綜合防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)”的(de)(de)總(zong)方針,以(yi)農(nong)業(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)基(ji)礎,根據病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)規(gui)律,因(yin)時(shi)、因(yin)地制(zhi)宜(yi),綜合運用(yong)農(nong)業(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、物(wu)(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),盡量減(jian)(jian)少(shao)化學防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),安全、經(jing)濟(ji)、有效地控制(zhi)病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)。①農(nong)業(ye)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):加(jia)強栽培(pei)管理,培(pei)養健壯樹勢;清(qing)潔果(guo)園,及時(shi)清(qing)除枯枝、落葉、病(bing)果(guo),減(jian)(jian)少(shao)病(bing)蟲(chong)源;合理修剪,改善樹體通風透光(guang)條件,創造(zao)良好的(de)(de)楊梅生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長環(huan)境。②物(wu)(wu)理防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):采(cai)用(yong)殺(sha)蟲(chong)燈、色(se)板、性誘劑(ji)等誘殺(sha)害(hai)蟲(chong);人工捕殺(sha)尺(chi)蠖、蓑(suo)蛾類(lei)幼蟲(chong)、卵塊和蟲(chong)繭;采(cai)用(yong)避雨栽培(pei)加(jia)防(fang)(fang)(fang)蟲(chong)網防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)楊梅腐爛落果(guo)和果(guo)蠅。③生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi):保護(hu)利用(yong)天敵(di),發(fa)揮生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)作用(yong),用(yong)有益生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)消滅有害(hai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu),擴大以(yi)蟲(chong)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong),以(yi)菌治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)蟲(chong)的(de)(de)應用(yong)范(fan)圍,以(yi)維持自然界生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態平衡。④科學用(yong)藥:在11月中旬(xun)-翌年(nian)2月,用(yong)3波美(mei)度(du)石硫合劑(ji)進(jin)行冬季清(qing)園,減(jian)(jian)少(shao)病(bing)蟲(chong)基(ji)數。根據主(zhu)要病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)的(de)(de)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)情況,適(shi)期(qi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),選(xuan)用(yong)《浙江(jiang)省楊梅主(zhu)要病(bing)蟲(chong)害(hai)防(fang)(fang)(fang)治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)用(yong)藥建議(yi)》的(de)(de)推(tui)薦農(nong)藥,嚴格執行農(nong)藥安全間隔期(qi)。
1、采(cai)收(shou):分批采(cai)收(shou)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)果,具有該(gai)品種充分成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)時(shi)所特有色澤,不采(cai)未熟(shu)(shu)果。采(cai)摘時(shi)間以(yi)清晨或傍(bang)晚為(wei)主,采(cai)收(shou)人員剪平(ping)指甲(jia),以(yi)免刺傷果實(shi),輕采(cai)輕放,避免果實(shi)壓傷。
2、分(fen)級(ji)(ji):果(guo)(guo)實采收后應(ying)(ying)及時運回分(fen)級(ji)(ji)場地(di),過程(cheng)中(zhong)盡量減(jian)少震(zhen)動(dong),由(you)專人進行篩(shai)選分(fen)級(ji)(ji)和(he)包裝(zhuang),分(fen)級(ji)(ji)人員應(ying)(ying)配戴(dai)一次性手套。果(guo)(guo)實具有該品種(zhong)成(cheng)熟(shu)時色澤(ze)和(he)形狀(zhuang),肉柱豐滿,著色良(liang)好,果(guo)(guo)面應(ying)(ying)清(qing)潔,無外物(wu)污染,無異味,無腐爛。